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AGRICULTURAL BOTANY: 



AN 



ENUMERATION AND DESCRIPTION 



OF 



USEFUL PLANTS AND WEEDS, 



WHICH MERIT THE NOTICE, OR REQUIRE THE ATTENTION, 



OF 



AMERICAN AGRICULTURISTS. 



BY WILLIAM DARLINGTON, M. D. 




Hie Segetes, illic veniunt felicius Uvae : 
Arborei fetus alibi, atque injussa virescunt 
Gramina. Virgil, GeoTg. 1. %^„j[ 

Here golden harvests wave, there Vineyards glow, 
Fruit bends the bough, or Herbs unbidden grow. 

Sothely. 



PHILADELPHIA : 

J. W. MOORE, 138 CHESNUT STREET 

NEW YORK : 

MARK H. NEWMAN & CO., 199 BROADWAY. 

1847. 



^ 



cPs? 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in ilie year one thousand eight hundred 
and forty seven (Lfc4~)- in the Clerk's office 01" the District Court of the Eastern 
District of Pennsylvania. 



E. C. DARLINGTON. PRINT;:?., 
LANCASTER. PENNSYLVANIA. 



TO THE YOUNG FARMERS 

OF THE UNITED STATES, 

THIS HUMBLE ATTEMPT 

TO AID AND PERSUADE THEM 

TO CULTIVATE A DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE, 

ESSENTIAL TO AN ENLIGHTENED AGRICULTURE, 
AND 

INDISPENSABLE TO AN ACCOMPLISHED YEOMANRY, 

IS RESrECTrULLT DEDICATED BY 

THE AUTHOR. 



PREFATORY. 



Agriculture, in a broad and legitimate sense, being a compre- 
hensive system of Natural Science — involving more especially a 
practical acquaintance with the useful portion of the Vegetable 
Creation, — I have long thought it due to the Profession, and desira- 
ble in every point of view, that the young Farmers of the United 
States should acquire an exact knowledge of the Plants which it 
immediately concerns them to know ; and that they should be ena- 
bled to designate, and treat of them, with the precision and methodi- 
cal perspicuity which belong to scientific language and arrangement. 
Under this impression, and in the hope of promoting an object 
deemed so important, the present work has been compiled. In sub- 
mitting it to those for whom it is more particularly intended, I am 
not unaware that its technical features are ill-suited to the notions 
of many plodding disciples of the old school of Agriculture, who 
despise every form of knowledge derivable from Books, — and whose 
ideas never stray beyond the manual operations of the field and the 
barn-yard. It is scarcely probable, indeed, that any written trea- 
tise—though couched in the most familiar dialect— would obviate 
the objections, or conciliate the prejudices, of such antiquated tillers 
of the soil. My views, therefore, have not been directed to that 
unpromising quarter. I address myself to the youthful and aspiring 
Agriculturists of our country, who seek to elevate their noble Pro- 
fession to its just rank among human pursuits, — and who feel that 
the exercise of intellect, as well as of muscle, is indispensable to 
the accomplishment of their purpose. 

I have preferred to treat of the Plants, which it more immediately 
behoves the farmer to be acquainted with, according to the most 
approved method of our day, and in the language of Systematic Bo- 
tany. By exhibiting as much of the classification, or frame-work 
of the Science, as is requisite to present the Genera and Species, 
here described, in their natural and relative positions, the Student 
will be enabled to comprehend their connection with the other por- 
tions of the System, and to examine them, as the Geologists say, in 
situ. In that process, he will necessarily have to learn something 
of their structure, and essential character; and that I should con- 
sider as an important advantage, — even if his researches should 
there terminate. His knowledge, however limited, will be estab- 
lished on a correct basis, — and will be always available in his inter- 
course with men of science : But, to those who may subsequently 
resolve upon a more extended acquaintance with the vegetable 
kingdom, such knowledge will be a clear gain, and a valuable pre- 
liminary step ; — that step which, according to the proverb, is the 
only one which costs. 

In adopting the machinery of Science — preferring the botanical to 
the popular names of plant3, as well as arranging them in kindred 
groups — I have supposed that such a plan would be most conducive 

A* 



VI PREFATORY 

to accuracy of conception, — and would, in fact, facilitate the inves- 
tigation of their true character. By employing names, and phrases, 
which have an exclusive application, and a definite meaning, the 
study of plants is really simplified ; and the knowledge acquired — 
being thereby communicable with more readiness and precision — is 
greatly enhanced in practical value. By using, every where, the 
same terms in the same sense, men of different regions, or districts, 
can be sure that they comprehend each other's meaning,— and may 
then discuss questions understandingly. When disputes arise, touch- 
ing the merits or demerits of particular plants, both parties will have 
clear conceptions of the objects referred to, — and will consequently 
have the advantage of knowing exactly what they are talking 
about : — which is far from being always the case when they make 
use of a variable popular nomenclature. 

It is a great mistake, in my opinion, to suppose that the significant 
language of our Science must necessarily be merged in the vernacu- 
lar idiom, or degraded into a local patois, in order to adapt it to the 
capacities of intelligent practical men. An active intellect, I think, 
more readily acquires new terms, appropriate to a Science, than new 
meanings of old familiar words : and hence it is that most persons, 
as they advance in any department of knowledge, are apt to discard 
all equivocal terms, and to substitute those which are definite, tech- 
nical and peculiar. Instead, therefore, of luriting down to the level 
of boorish apprehension, I would rather see Agricultural works gra- 
dually written iip to the scientific standard. I would have bur young 
Farmers taught to appreciate the importance of scientific precision, 
and incited to take their appropriate position in the intellectual com- 
munity. 

In the present work, it is hoped and believed that with the aid of 
the copious Glossary, the Index of Common Names and Synonyms, 
and the other facilities annexed, there can be no difficulty in becom- 
ing familiar with the terms employed, nor in the investigation of the 
plants enumerated :* And the farmer who shall have accomplished 
that much, will find that he has obtained many new and interesting 
views of objects intimately connected with his Profession, — that he 
has acquired a capacity for observing and profiting by numerous pro- 
cesses and phenomena, in the vegetable economy, which had thereto- 
fore been unheeded, or imperfectly understood. A spirit of research 
will often be awakened, which, in itself, is an unfailing source of 
gratification to ingenuous minds,— and not unfrequently leads to 
important practical results. 

The study of Botany, in its widest sense — comprising, as it does, 
the entire vegetable creation, — will ever have its select votaries in 
those who can appreciate its manifold charms, and find their reward 
in the pleasures incident to the pursuit : But when regarded in a 

* As a convenient and satisfactory mode of acquiring the requisite Botanical 
knowledge — and of keeping that knowledge always within reach, in case ol" 
forget fulness. — I would recommend to the young Farmer, the formation of a se- 
lect Herbarium, containing authentic specimens — neatly prepared, and appropri- 
ately labelled — of those plants which it is his interest to be acquainted with. — 
Such a Collection could readily be obtained by every one who has the taste, or 
even the curiosity, to extend his information in that direction. It would afford 
instructive subjects for investigation, and comparison, in seasons of leisure : and 
the contents, being duly arranged, could be examined, or referred to. with the; 
like facilities, and advantages, as attend the consultation of a Dictionary. 



PREFATORY Vll 

more limited and practical point of view, it may fairly challenge the 
attention even of the most inveterate Utilitarians. There are three 
aspects, or relations of the Science, in which its importance will 
scarcely be denied by the most penurious calculator of economical 
values : namely, 1. Agricultural Botany, — 2. Medical Botany, — 
and 3. Artistical Botany, or the history of those plants which are 
employed, or afford materials, in the processes of the Arts and Man- 
ufactures. The Medical branch of the science has been often treated 
of, with something like system, by the Professional writers of Europe 
and America. The other two divisions less frequently, and with 
less method, in various Agricultural Journals, Cyclopaedias, and 
Mercantile Dictionaries. The attempt here made, is an Essay on 
the Agricultural branch, — or a systematic description of those Plants 
(both useful and pernicious) which more immediately interest Amer- 
ican Farmers — especially those in the middle States of this Confede- 
racy. The Botany of the Arts, whenever undertaken, will afford a 
highly interesting theme for some future laborer in this elegant de- 
partment of Natural History. 

In compiling this Farmer's Flora, I found it somewhat difficult to 
determine, satisfactorily, the line of demarcation between the Plants 
intitled to a place in it, and those which might properly be omitted. 
It may, perhaps, be thought by some, that the list is unnecessarily 
large, — while other* may be of opinion that there are species left 
out, which ought to have been inserted. My aim has been — not, 
certainly, to describe all the plants which an accomplished Agri- 
culturist might very properly desire to know ; but — to include 
those only (whether in the 'woodlands, the fields, or the kitchen- 
garden,) of which no intelligent Farmer would willingly be ignorant. 
When he shall have made himself familiar with these, he can extend 
his acquaintance with the Vegetable Tribes, at pleasure, by having 
recourse to more general and comprehensive works : such, for ex- 
ample, as the Flora of North America by Torrey and Gray, — or 
Prof. De Candolle's Prodromus of a Natural System, comprising 
ail the known forms of vegetation upon this terraqueous globe. 

In my humble opinion, no Education can be deemed sufficient, 
without some acquaintance with the rudiments, or first principles, 
of Botanical Science - some rational knowledge of the vast and 
multiform creation around us, known as the Vegetable Kingdom. I 
consider such knowledge just as indispensable to a rightly instructed 
people, as any of the usual elementary branches of school learning. 
By this, however, I do not mean the smattering of a few obsolete 
terms, unconnected with any available ideas — which, in too many 
instances, passes under the imposing name of "Botany": but I do 
mean, that thorough conception of the general nature and relations 
of Plants, which may be acquired by the aid of such works as the 
Botanical Text-Boo^ of Prof. A. Gray. In all other employments, 
it is very properly expected that a workman shall not only be expert 
in the manipulations of his art, but shall also be well acquainted 
with the nature of his materials : and I can perceive no good reason 
why it is not equally incumbent on a practical farmer to understand 
the true character of those plants, which it is his especial interest 
either to cultivate or to extirpate. 

If our American Youths, who are being educated with a vi6W to 



Vlll PREFATORY 

Agricultural pursuits, were thoroughly instructed in the admirable 
Text-Book, above referred to, — and were then required to make 
themselves botanically acquainted with that portion of the vegeta- 
ble kingdom which annually demands their attention, on the farm, — 
the Profession would speedily assume a new and engaging aspect. 
The labors of the field would be blended with the contemplation of 
facts and phenomena of the deepest interest to inquiring minds, — 
and Agriculture — instead of being shunned as an irksome drudgery 
— would be justly esteemed as one of the noblest employments of a 
free and intellectual people. 

If the present Essay may in any degree tend to promote that ausr 
picious result, the Author will derive a sincere gratification from the 
belief, that the time and attention devoted to its preparation have 
not been wholly misapplied. 

West-Chester, Penna. 
June, 1817. 



GLOSSARY 

OF THE 

PRINCIPAL BOTANICAL TERMS USED IN THIS WORK. 



f^T* The reader will bear in mind, that where compound descriptive terms are 
employed in this work, the last member of the compound word is intended to give 
the ■predominant character, — and that the word or syllable prefixed, merely indi- 
cates a modification of that character: — as, for example, — " ovate-lanceolate ; ' 
signifies lanceolate, but inclining somewhat to ovate j while "lance-ovate" means 
ovale with something of the lanceolate form. Sec. So of colors: " yellowish-green? 
" bluish-green? &c. signify that green is the prevailing hue, — but that it is tinged 
with a shade of ysllow, blue, &c. Terms indicative of the size of any organ, or 
portion of a plant — as <; large," "small? or "middle-sized'''' — are, of course, rela- 
tive, — and have reference to the usual or average size of such parts, or organs, 
in other species of the same genus, or family. 



Abietixeae. The Abies Sub-order, or 
Pine and Fir section, of the Order 
Coxiferae. 

Abortion, an imperfect development of 
any organ. 

Abortive, not arriving at perfection ; 
producing no fruit. 

Abrupt, not gradual ; sudden. 

Abruptly acuminate, suddenly narrowed 
to an acumination. 

Abruptly pinnate. See Even-pinnate. 

Acaulescent, apparently stemless. 

Accessory, additional, or supernumerary. 

Accumbent cotyledons, having the radi- 
cle applied to the cleft, or recurved 
along the edges of the cotyledons 
(represented by this sign, o=), — as in 
some Tetradynamous or Cruciferous 
plants. 

Aceraceae. The Acer or Maple family. 

Acerose, linear and needle-like, — as Juni- 
per leaves, &c. 

Achenium. See Akene. 

Achyraxtheae. A Tribe of the Order 

Amaraxthaceae, represented by the 
genus Achyranthes. 

Acicular, needle-shaped. 

Acrogenous plants. Plants which grow 
or develop from the apex or summit, 
only, of the stem. 

Acrogens. Apex-growers, or acrogenous 
plants; — which see. 

Aculeate, prickly; armed with prickles. 

Aculeolate, armed with little prickles. 

Acuminate, ending in a prodnced taper- 
ing point. 

Atumination. An extended tapering 
point. 

Acute, sharp; ending in an angle, or 
point ; not rounded. 

Adexostyleae. A division of the Sub- 
tribe Eupatorieae, — characterized by 
glandular styles. 



Adherent, attached to, or united with, 
another different organ,-as the calyx- 
tube to the ovary, &c. See coherent. 

Adnate, adhering laterally ; fixed or 
growing to. 

Adventitious, happening irregularly : not 
produced naturally, or usually. 

Aestivation. The mode in which sepals 
anl petals are arranged in the flower- 
bud, before they expand. 

Aftermath. The second growth of the 
grasses in the same season, after be- 
ing cut off. 

Agaricixae. A Sub-tribe of the FrxGi, — 
of which Agaricus is the type. 

Aggregated, crowded, or standing to- 
gether on the same receptacle. 

Agrostideae. The Agrostis or Herd- 
grass tribe of the Order Gramixeae. 

Ajugoideae. The Ajuga tribe of the 
Order Labiatae. 

Akene (or Achenium). A 1-seeded fruit 
with a dry indehiscent pericarp, — 
often bony or nuthke. 

Alae. Wings, or membranous expan- 
sions. 

Alate, winged; having a membranous 
border. 

Albumen. A deposit of nutritive inor- 
ganic matter, distinct from the Em- 
bryo, found in many seeds, — and 
sometimes (as in the grasses) consti- 
tuting their chief bulk. 

Albuminous seeds, furnished with, or 
containing albumen. 

Algae. The great aquatic Order, or 
family, of Sea-weeds. 

Alismaceae. The Alisma, or Water- 
Plantain, family of plants. 

Alismeae. A Sub-order of Alismaceae, 
specially typified by the genus Alisma. 

Alternate, not opposite ; placed alter- 
nately on the axis, or receptacle. 



GLOSSARY 



pits,, or cells like a 



Alveolate, havin 

honeycomb. 
Alyssineae. The Alyssu?n tribe of the 

Order Cruciferae. 
Amaranthaceae. The Amaranthus, or 

Princes'-Feather, family of plants. 
Amarantheae. A Sub-tribe of Achy- 
rantheae, — typified by the genus 
Amaranthus. 
Ambrosieae. A division of the Senecio 
tribe of Compositae. — of which divi 
sion A?7ibrosia is the type. 
Anient. A slender spike of naked and 
usually diclinous flowers, with imbri- 
cated scales or bracts. 
Ammineak. The Ammi tribe of the 

Umbelliferae. 
Amplexicaul, embracing or clasping the 

stem. 
Amygdaleae. The Amijgdalus or Al- 
mond Sub-order of the family of Ro- 
saceae. 
Anacardiaceae. The Anacardiwn or 

Cashew-nut family. 
Analogue. A body or organ resembling, 
substituted for. or equivalent to, ano- 
ther body or organ. 
Anastomosing, applied to branching 
vessels which inosculate, or unite 
again, like net-work. 
A'iatropous ovule, or seed. Turned: 
inverted on the funiculus, so that the 
orifice, or apex, points towards the 
placenta. 
AncipiiCti, two-edged ; somewhat flatted 

with opposite, edges. 
An'hogyaous, having staminate and pis- 
tillate flowers distinct, but on the 
same spike, or plant. 
.ANDRoroGONEAE. The Andropogon 01 
Indian-grass tribe, of the Order Gra- 
MIXEAE. 
Ajcgiogasteees. A Sub-tribe of the 
FONGlj — with the sporules in a ven- 
tral sac. 
Angiospermous. having the seeds con- 
tained in a distinct pericarp or seed- 
vessel. 
Angulate, having angles, or corners. 

mostly of a determinate number. 
Anisate, resembling anise-seed, in taste 

or odor. 
Annolinous. applied to leaves. &c. which 

are annual, or renewed every year. 
Annual, living or enduring but one year. 
Annular, in the form of a ring. 
Annulate, having a ring, or belt. 
Anomalous, not according to rule 01 
system ; forming an exception to usu- 
al appearances, or structure. 
Anophytes. Superior plants.— i. e. cel- 
lular plants (as Mosses) which emulate 
or resemble the forms of vascular 
plants ; a class of flowerless plants. 
Anterior, in front,— as that part of a 
flower next to the bract, or farthesl 
from the axis of inflorescence. 
Anthemideae. A Sub-tribe of Senecio- 
like plants, represented by Anthemis. 



Anther, The knob, or capsule, contain- 
ing the pollen, — usually supported on 
a filament. 
Anlheridia. The analogues, equivalents, 

or representatives of Anthers. 
Antheriferous. bearing Anthers. 
Apetalous, destitute ot petals ; not having 

a corolla. 
Apex. The summit, upper or outer end. 
Aphyllous., destitute of leaves. 
Antirrhi'neae. The Antirrhinum-tribe 

of the Order Scrophulariaceae. 
Apothecia. The cups, or shield-like re- 
ceptacles of the fructification of the 
Lichens. 
Appendicular, having some appendage 

annexed. 
Oppressed, pressed to, or lying close 

against. 
Approximate, growing or situated near 

each other. 
Aquatic, growing naturally in water, or 

in wet places. 
Araeideae. The Arabis tribe of the Or- 
der Cruciferae. 
Araceae. The Arum ox Indian Turnep 

family of plants. 
Arachnoid, resembling a spider's web. 
Araliaceae. The Aralia or Spikenard 

family of plants. 
Arborescent, approaching the size or 

height of a iree. 
Arcuate, curved, or bent like a bow. 
Areola. A small cavity,— as in the base 

of some akenes. 
Arid, dry. as if destitute of sap. 
Arillate, having an arillus. 
Ari'lus. An expansion of ihe funiculus 
or seed-stalk, forming a loose (and 
often fleshy) coating of the seed. 
Aristate, awned; having awns, or bristle- 

like processes. _ 

AristolocuiaceaE. The Anstolochia or 

Snake- root family. 
Armed, having thorns or prickles. 
Aromatic, having a spicy flavor or fra- 
grance. 
Artemisieae. A division of the Snb- 
tribe Anthemideae.— of which the 
"■enus Artemisia is the type. 
Articulated, jointed; connected by joints. 

or places of separation. 
Articulations. Joints; the places at 
which articulated members are sepa- 
rable. 
Artjndinaceae. The Arundo or Recd- 

tribe of the Order Geamineae. 
Ascending, rising Irom the ground 

obliquely. 
Asclepiadaceae. The Asclepias family. 
Asclepiadeae. The genuine or proper 

tribe of the Asclepias family. 
Asphodeleae. A Suborder of Liliaceae, 
represented by the genus Asphodelus. 
Assurgent,, rising in a curve from a de- 
clined base. 
Astereak. The division of the Sub- 
tribe Asterineae most allied to Aster. 



GLOSSARY 



XI 



AsterixeaE. The Sub-tribe of Aster- 
like plants, of which Aster is the spe- 
cial type. 
Asteroideae. The Aster-like tribe of the 

Order Compositae. 
A tripliceae. The Atriplex tribe of the 
Chenopodium family. 

Attenuated, tapering gradually until it 

becomes slender. 
Auraxtiaceae. The Aurantium or 
Orange family. 

Au.iculate, having rounded appendages 
at base, like ears. 

Avexaceae. The Arena or Oat Tribe 
of the Order Gramineae. 

Awn. A slender bristle-like process,— 
common on the chaff of Grasses: 
sometimes on anthers, &c. 

Atoned, furnished with awns, or bristle- 
like appendages. 

Awnless, destitute of awns. 

Axil. The angle between a leaf and 
stem, or branch, on the upper side. 

Axillary, growing in, or proceeding 
from, the axil. 

Axis. A central stem, or peduncle ; or. 
a real or imaginary central line ex- 
tending from Ihe base to the summit. 

Baccate, berried. — becoming fleshy or 
succulent, like a berry. 

Bald akenes, naked at summit; desti- 
tute of pappus or crown. 

Balsamifluae. The Balsam flowing or 
Sweet-Gum family. 

Bambuseae. A Sub-tribe of Festtjca- 
ceae, typified by the genus Eambusa. 

Barb. A straight process, armed witli 
one or more teeth pointing backwards. 

Basilar, originating at, or affixed to, the 
base of another organ. 

Beak. A terminal process, like a bird's 
bill. 

Beakel, having, or terminating in, a 
beak. 

Biia.d.d. crested or furnished with pa- 
rallel hairs : the term is applied, also, 
to awned wheat, &c. 

Birry. A pulpy valveless fruit, in which 
the seeds are imbedded. 

Betulaceae. The Eeiula or Birch 
family of plants. 

Bibracteate. having 2 bracts. 

Bibru cttolate, having 2 small bracts, 
bractlets, or bracteolcs. 

Bicuspidate, ending in 2 sharp points 
or cusps. 

Bidentate, furnished with 2 teeth. 

Bidentideae. A division of the Heli- 
anthus Sub-tribe, represented by the 
genus Bidens. 

Bimnial, living 2 years — in the second 
of which the flowers and fruit are 
produced — and then dying. 

B'farious, in two series, or opposite 
rows ; pointing in two directions. 

Bifid, two-cleft, or split into two seg- 
ments. 

B foliate, having or producing 2 leaves. 

Bifurcate, forked ; ending in two equal 
branches. 



Bi-gibbous. having 2 hunches, or gibbous 
productions. 

Bi-glandular, having or producing two 
lands. 

Bigxoniaceae. The Bignonia or Trum- 
pet-flower familv. 

Bignoxieae. The Tribe of Bigxoxiaceae 
specially represented by the genus 
Bignonia. 

Bi-labiale. having 2 lips. 

Bilamellate, having 2 lamellae, or thin 
plates. 

Bi'ocular, having 2 cells. 

Bipartible, separable into 2 parts. 

Bipartite, two-parted. 

Bipinnate leaf. Twice pinnate; the 
common petiole having opposite 
branches, and those branches bear- 
ing opposite articulated leaflets. 

Biptnnatifid leaf. The common petiole 
bearing opposite pinnatifid segments. 

Bi-rostrate, having 2 beaks. 

Bi-setose, having 2 bristles. 

Bisulcate, having 2 grooves or furrow?. 

Biternate leaf, twice ternate ; the com- 
mon petiole 3-parted, and each divi- 
sion, or branch, bearing 3 leaflets. 

Bicalved, having 2 valves. 

Biventricose, having 2 bellied or distend- 
ed portions. 

Bloo??i. A fine powdery coating on 
certain fruits, &c. as the plum. 

BORAGEAE. The TVlfceofBoRAGlNACEAE 

specially typified by the genus Boiago. 

Boraginaceae. The Borago family. 

Bowl-shaped, hemispherical and con- 
cave, or hollow, like a bowl. 

Brachiate, having the branches spread- 
ing, opposite and decussate. 

Bract. A floral leaf; a modified leaf, 
from the axil of which arises the 
flower-branch, or peduncle. 

Bracteate, furnished with bracts, or mo- 
dified leaves among or near the 
flowers. 

Bractcoles, or Bractlets. Small bracts. 

Bractlcss, destitute of bracts. 

Branchlets. Small branches, or subdi- 
visions of branches. 

Brass iceae. The Brassica or Cabbage 
tiibe of the Order Crtjciferae. 

Bristles. Stiffish elastic hairs, straight 
or hooked. 

Cromeae. A Sub-tribe of Festucaceae, 
typified by the genus Bromus. 

Bromeliaceae. The Bromelia or Pine- 
apple family of plants. 

Bud. A growing point, or undeveloped 
axis, covered with the rudiments of 
leaves. 

Bulb. A kind of bud, formed of fleshy 
scales, or coats, and usually seated 
on the neck of the root, — sometimes 
in the axils of the leaves. 

Bulbiferous, bearing or producing bulbs. 

Bulbous, formed of, or like, a bulb. 

Bullaie leaf, haviag bubble-like convex- 
ities on the upper surface, with cor- 
responding cavities beneath. 



Xll 



GLOSSARY 



Caducous, falling off immediately, or 

earlier than usual for such organs. 
Calcarate, spurred ; having a process 

like a horn, or spur. — usually hollow. 
Callous, firm and gristle-like. 
Callus. A compact gristle-like tubercle 

or substance. 
Calyciform, shaped like a calyx. 
Calyculate, having an additional (usually 

small) outer calyx, or calyculus. 
Calyptra. The cap, or hood (resembling 

the extinguisher of a candle,) on the 

fructification of the mosses. 
Calyx. The flower-cup, or outer (and 

sometimes the only) covering of a 

flower, usually green. 
Camelineae. The Camelina tribe of the 

Order Crttciferae. 
Campanulate, in the form of a bell. 

Campylospermae. A Sub-order of Uafr 
eelliferae, with the face or commis- 
sure of the carpels incurved on the 
margins, or apparently grooved 
lengthwise. 

Campylotropous ovule, or seed. Where 
the ovule curves upon itself, and thus 
brings the orifice, or apex, near to 
the funiculus. 

Canaliculate, channelled or furrowed. 

C'anescent, hoary; clothed with a whitish 
or gray pubescence. 

Cannabineae. The Cannabis Sub-order, 
or Hemp section, of the Urlica family. 

Capillaceous, or capillary, long and fine. 
or slender, like a hair. 

Capitate, head-form ; growing in a head. 
or globular mass. 

Capituliform, in the form of a little head. 

Caprifoliaceae. The Caprifolivm or 
Honeysuckle family. 

Capstdar, resembling, or being, a cap- 
sule. 

Capsule. A dry hollow seed vessel,— 
usually opening by regular valves. 
and definite seams. 

Carduixeae. A Sub-tribe of the Cijnara- 
like Compcsitae, of which the genus 
Carduus is the type. 

Cariceae. The Carex or Sedge tribe of 
the Order Cyperaceae. 

Carinal. belonging to the keel, or midrib. 

Carinate. keeled ; having a ridge on the 
back, like the keel of a boat. 

Carnose, fleshy ; more firm than pulp. 

Carpel. A little fruit; usually a partial 
pistil, or constituent portion of a com- 
pound fruit. 

Carpophore. A slender central axis. 
bearing the carpels, — as in Umbellife- 
rae. 

Carpophylls. The modified leaves which 
form the pericarp, — as in the capsule 
of the Gentian family. 

Cartilaginous, hard yet somewhat flex- 
ible, like gristle. 

Caruncle. A fleshy excrescence, some- 
times found at the hilum of seeds. 

Caryophyllaceae. The Caryophilluz 
or Clove-Pink family. 



Caryopsis. A fruit where the pericarp 
is very thin, indehiscent, and closely 
adherent to the surface of the seed. — as 
in the Grasses, Cyperaceae, &c. See 
Utricle. 

Cassieae. The Cassia tribe of the Order 

LEGUMIX03AE. 

Catalpeae. A Sub-tribe of Bigxonteae, 
typified by the genus Catalpa. 

Cauda. A tail. Caudate, having a tail, 
or tail-like appendage. 

Caulescent, having an evident or true 
stem. 

Cauline, belonging to, or growing on, 
the main stem. 

Cellular, made up of little cells, or cavi- 
ties, formed of membranaceous sacs. 

Cellular plants. The lower orders of 
plants (including the Mosses, and those 
below them), composed exclusively 
of cellular tissue. 

Celtideae. The Celtis Sub-order of the 
Ulmaceae or Elm family. 

Cextatxrieae. A Sub-tribe of the Cyna- 
ra tribe of Compositae, of which Cen- 
taurea is the type. 

Centrifugal inflorescence, — where the 
central flower of a cyme precedes the 
others ; -t.e. the flowering commences 
at the centre and extends successively 
to the circumference. 

Centripetal inflorescence, where the 
outer flowers of a corymb or umbel 
precede the inner ones, — i. e. the flow- 
ers expand, in succession, from the 
circumference to the centre. 

Cephaladia. The knobs, or head-shaped 
fructifications, of some of the Liciie- 

KES. 

Cereal, pertaining to Ceres ; belonging 
to those farinaceous grains, or seeds, 
of which bread is made, — and over 
which the Goddess Ceres was suppos- 
ed, by the ancients, to preside. 

Cernuous, nodding ; the apex or summit 
drooping, or turned downwards. 

Cespitose, having many stems growing 
from the same root, forming a tuft, or 
tussock. 

Chaff. A dry membrane, — usually the 
small husks, or seed-covers, of" the 
grasses ; also the bracts on the recep- 
tacle of many compound and other ag- 
gregated flowers. 

Chaff i), bearing chaff j also resembling 
chaff. 

Channels. Longitudinal grooves ; the 
interstices between the ribs on the 
fruit of umbelliferous plants. 

Channelled, grooved or furrowed. 

Character (in Natural History). The 
features of objects, or classes of ob- 
jects, by which they are known, and 
distinguished from each other. 

Chartaceous, of a texture resembling 
that of paper. 

Chexopodiaceae. The Chenopodium or 
Goose-foot family. 



GLOSSARY 



Sill 



ChenopodeeaE. The Tribe of proper 
Chenopodiutns, of the Order Ciiekopo- 

DlACEAE. 

Chlokeae. A Sub-tribe of Gextianeae, 
represented by the genus Chlora. 

Chlorideae. A Tribe of Grasses, typi- 
fied by the genus Chloris. 

Chrysanthemeae. A division of the 
Anthemis Sub-tribe, of which Chyan- 
tfwmum is the type. 

Chrysocomeae. A division of Aster-like 
plants, of which the genus Chrysocoma 
is the type. 

Cicatrice. A scar, — such as that left at 
the place of articulation, after the fall 
of a leaf, &c. 

Cichoraceae. The Tribe of Compositae 
of which Cichorium is the type. 

Cilia. Hairs arranged like eye-lashes, 
along the margin of a surface. 

Ciliate, fringed, or edged with parallel 
hairs, like eye-lashes. 

Ciliate-serrate, having serratures resem- 
bling cilia, or short eye-lashes. 

Cimicifugeae. The Cimicifuga tribe 
of the Urder Ranuncolaceae. 

Cinereous, of the color of wood-ashes 

Circinate, with the apex rolled back on 
itself, like the young fronds of a fern 

Circumscissed, cut round transversely, or 
opening horizontally, like a snuff-box. 

Cirrhose, bearing tendrils, or terminating 
in a tendril. 

Cirrhus. A tendril, — which see. 

Class. One of the higher or primary di 
visions of plants, or other natural ob 
jects, in a systematic arrangement. 

Clavate, club-shaped ; thicker towards 
the summit, or outer end. 

Clavellate, in the form of a little club, — 
i. e. larger at summit. 

Claw of a petal. The slender tapering 
portion at base, or below the middle. 

Cleft, split, or divided, less than half way 
to the base : sometimes the division 
itself is called a cleft. 

Clypeate, in the form of an ancient 
shield or buckler. 

Coaetaneous flowers, appearing at the 
same time with the leaves. 

Coarctate, contracted, or crowded into a 
narrow compass. 

Coccus (plural cocci). A kind of semi- 
baccate indehiscent carpel. 

Cochleate, coiled like a snail-shell. 

Ccelospermae. A Suborder of Umeelli- 
ferae, with the face or commissure 
of the carpels concave by the incurv- 
ing of base and apex. 

Coherent, united with an organ of the 
same kind, — as stamens coherent with 
each other, &e. See adherent. 

Collateral, placed side by side ; or on the 
same side of another organ. 

Colored, of any other color than green 

Columella. A little column. 

Column. The axis or central pillar of a 
capsule: or the combined filaments 



and style of a Gynandrous or Orchi- 
daceous plant. 

Coma. A terminal tuft of hair, bracts, 
&c. 

Commissure. The line of junction of 
two bodies, — as the face of the car- 
pels (or mericarps), in Umbelliferae. 

Common (petiole, peduncle, &c), be- 
longing to, or sustaining, several simi- 
lar subordinate parts. 

Comose, having a tuft or topknot of 
hairs, bracts, or leaves, at summit, or 
at one end. 

Compact, condensed,or pressed together. 

Co?nplete flower, having both calyx and 
corolla. 

Compositae. The family of Compound^ 
or Syngenesious aggregated flowers. 

Compound, not simple, — but made up of 
similar simple parts. 

Compound flower. An aggregated clus- 
ter, or head of syngenesious florets, 
seated on a common receptacle, and 
embraced by an involucre, or many- 
leaved common calyx. 

Compound leaf. Consisting of several 
leaflets, or laminae, each articulated 
with the common petiole, and ulti- 
mately falling from it. 

Compound Ovary. Consisting of 2 or 
more carpels, or simple ovaries, co- 
hering together. 

Compound Umbel. An Umbel in which 
each primary peduncle, or ray, bears 
a small umbel at summit. 

Compressed, flatted, as if squeezed or 
pressed. 

Compressed Akene (in compound flow- 
ers), flatted, with one edge to the front, 
or periphery. See obcompressed. 

Concave, presenting a hollow or depres- 
sed surface. 

Concentric layers, or circles. Circles of 
different sizes, or diameters, with a 
common centre. 

Concrete* grown together, or united. 

Ccnduplicate, doubled lengthwise, or 
folded together like a sheet of paper, 
or the leaves of a book. 

Cone. The woody ament of the Pines ; 
also the fruit of the Hop, &c. 

Conic, Conical, or CoHoid, having the 
figure of a cone. 

Confluent, blended, or running together ; 
forming a junction. 

Congener. A plant belonging to the same 
genus: nearly related. 

Conglomerate, clustered or heaped to- 
gether. 

Coniferae. The family of conebearing 
plants, — as the Pines, &c. 

Coxiomycetes. A Tribe of the Order 
Fungi, or Mushroom family : minute 
powder-like fungi. 

Conjugate, in pairs ; coupled. 

Connate, growing together, or cohering. 

Connective, or Connectivum. The organ 
which connects the two cells of an 

B 



XIV 



GLOSSARY 



anther,— conspicuous in some of the 
Laeiatae. 

Connivent, the summits meeting, or bend- 
ing towards each other. 

Constant, invariable ; also never failing, 
or wanting. 

Contiguous, so near as to seem to touch. 

Continuous, without interruption, or ar- 
ticulation. 

Contorted, twisted j or obliquely over- 
lapping. 

Contracted, narrowed, or reduced into a 
smaller compass. 

Contrary dissepiment. Not parallel, but 
at right angles, or nearly so, with the 
valves of the pericarp. 

Convex, presenting an elevated rounded 
surface. 

Convolute, rolled into a cylindrical form. 

Convolvulaceae. The Convolvulus or 
Bind- weed family. 

Con'volvuleab. The proper Convolvulus 
Tribe of the Order Coxvolvttlaceae 

Coraloid, resembling coral, in appear- 
ance. 

Cordate, heart-shaped, with the sinus or 
notch at the base. 

Cordate-oblong, oblong, with a cordate 
base. 

Coriaceous, tough and leather-like. 

Coriandreae. The Coriandrum Tribe 
of the Order Umbelliferae. 

Cormophytes. Plants having a stem, or 
axis of growth. 

Conn us. A fleshy subterraneous stem, of 
a round or oval figure, and an uniform 
compact texture, as m the Arum, or 
Indian Turnep. 

Coenaceae. The Cornus or Dog-wood 
family. 

Corneous, having the consistence or ap- 
pearance of horn. 

Corniculate, having little horns or spurs. 

Cornute, having appendages like horns. 

Corolla! The delicate inner covering of 
the flower, between the calyx and sta- 
mens, mostly colored. 

Coroniform, in the shape of a crown. 

Corrugated, contracted into wrinkles. 

Cortical, belonging to the bark. 

Corymb. A mode of flowering : a kind 
of raceme, with the lower peduncles 
elongated so as to form a level top. 

Corymbose, in the manner of a corymb. 

Corymbulose, having the flowers in little 
corymbs. 

Coryphixae. A Tribe of the Order Pal- 
mae, of which the genus Corypha is 
the type. 

Costate, ribbed. 

Cotyledons. The seed-lobes, or first 
crude leaves of a plant, — formed in 
the seed ; and sometimes becoming 
green leaves in vegetation. 

Creeping, running along the ground, and 
putting forth small roots. 

Crenate, notched on the edge, with the 
segments rounded, and not inclining 
towards either extremity. 



Crenulate, very finely crenate. 

Crested, having an appendage resembling 

a cock's comb. 
Crisp, curled, or wavy at the edges. 
Cristate, crested ; having a crest. 
Cross, or cross-breed. A hybrid, or mule, — 

produced by the mixing of two nearly 

allied species. 
Crotoneae. A Tribe of Euphoreiaceae, 

represented by the genus Croton. 
Crowded, thickly set ; standing in close 

order. 
Crown. A circular series of petaloid 

appendages at the throat of a corolla : 

also of chaffy scales at the summit of 

an akene. 
Crowned, having appendages resembling 

a crown. 
Crown-shaped, resembling the figure of 

a crown. 
Cruciate, or cruciform, having 4 petals 

arranged in form of a cross, — as in 

Tetradynamous flowers. 
Crtjciferae. The cross-bearing family 

of plants: Tetradynamous plants with 

4 petals arranged in the form of a 

cross. 
Crustaceous, having a dry brittle shell. 
Cryptogamous plants. Plants which are 

destitute of visible genuine flowers. 
Cucullate, in the form of a cowl ; the 

edges rolled in so as to meet at base, 

and spreading above, — like a hood 

thrown back. 
Ctjcurbitaceae. The Cucurbiia or Gourd 

family. 
Cucureiteae. The special Gourd tribe, 

of the Order Cttcerbitaceae. 
Culm. The stem of the Grasses, and 

Cyperaceous plants. 
Cuneate, or cuneiform, wedge-shaped 5 

tapering with straight edges to the 

base. 
Cupressixeae. The Cupressus or Cy- 
press Sub Order of the OonifeRae. 
Cupule. The cuplike involucre of the 

acorn, &t. 
Cipuliferae. The family of cupule- 

bearing trees and shrubs, — as the 

Oaks, &c. 
Cuscuteae. The Cuscuta or Dodder 

tribe of the Coxvolvexaceae. 
Cusp. A stifnsh tapering sharp point. 
Cuspidate, tapering to a straight stifhsh 

sharp point. 
Cuticle. The outer skin, — usually thin 

and membranaceous. 
Cyclclobeae. A Sub Order of Chexo- 

podiaceae, in which the embryo is 

coiled in a circle round the albumen. 
Cylindric, long, round, and of uniform 

diameter. 
Cyme. A kind of panicle, depressed 

nearly to the form of an umbel,— with 

the principal peduncles rising from the 

same centre, but the subdivisions irre- 
gular. 
Cymose, with Ihe flowors in cymes, or 

approaching that form. 



GLOSSARY 



XV 



Cymules. The reduced cymes, or cy- 
mose clusters, of the Labiatae ; some- 
times called Verticil'asters. 

Cyxareae. A Tribe of Compositae, of 
which the genus Cijnara is the type. 

Cvnoglosseae. A Subtribe of Borageae 
represented by Cynoglossum. 

Cyperaceae. The Cyperus or Sedge 
family of plants. 

Cypeueae. A Tribe of the Sedge family, 
specially typified by the genus Cyperus. 

Dalieardeae. A Sub tribe of the Ordei 
Rosaceae, typified by the genus Bali- 
bar da. 

Dattjreae. The Datura or Thorn-apple 
tribe of the Order Solanaceae. 

Dattcineae. The Daucus or Carrot tribe 
of the Umbelliferae. 

Decandrous, having ten distinct stamens. 

Deciduous, falling off at the usual time, 
or at the end of the season ; more du- 
rable than Caducous, — which see. 

Declinate, or declined, bent off horizon- 
tally ; or curved downwards. 

Decompound, twice compound ; compo- 
sed of compound parts. 

Decumbent, leaning: upon the ground, 
with the base only erect. 

Decurrence. A running or extending 
down, or backwards. 

Decurrent leaf. When the two edges are 
continued down the stem, like wings. 

Decussate, growing in opposite pairs and 
alternately crossing each other 

Definite, clearly defined, or limited ; also 
of a constant or determinate (and not 
large) number. 

Deflected, bent off, or downwards. 

Dehiscent, gaping, or opening naturally 
by seams, at maturity. 

Deltoid, triangular in the outline, — like 
the Greek letter Delta. 

Demersed, growing or being under water. 

Dense, closely arranged ; compact. 

Dentate, toothed ;. edged with tooth-like 
projections. 

Denticulate, having very small teeth. 

Depauperated, with a starved or stunted 
inflorescence ; few-flowered. 

Depressed, flatted vertically, or pressed 
down at summit. 

Depressed-globose, globular, with the base 
and apex flatted. 

Diadelphous, having the filaments united 
in 2 parcels, — usually 9 and 1, with a 
papilionaceous corolla. 

Diandrous, having 2 stamens. 

Diaphanous, transparent; permittin 

light to pass through. 
JD ich oto mal flower. Situated in the fork 

of a dichotomous stem or branch. 

Dichotomous, forked ; regularly divided 

and subdivided, in two equal branches 

Diclinous, having the stamens and pistils 

in distinct flowers, — whether on the 

same or different plants. 

Dicotyledonous plants. Where the era 

bryo has 2 lobes, or cotyledons. 
Didymous, twin ; growing in pairs, and 
more or less united. 



Didynamous, having 2 long and 2 shorter 
stamens, mostly in a bilabiate, ringent, 
or personate corolla. 

Diffuse, spreading widely in a loose irre- 
gular manner. 

Digitate leaf. Where a simple petiole 
connects several distinct leaflets, fin- 
ger-like, at its summit, — as in the Horse 
Chesnut. 

Digynous, having 2 pistils, or 2 distinct 
stigmas. 

Dilated, made wider; stretched or ex- 
panded. 

Dimerous, composed of two parts, — as a 
dimerous calyx or corolla, when there 
are 2 sepals or petals. 

Dimidiate, halved,— as if one side, or half 
had been cut off. 

Dingy, of a dull, soiled, smoky,or leaden- 
brown color. 

Dioicous, having staminate and pistillate 
flowers on distinct plants. 

Dioicously polygamous, having perfect 
and imperfect flowers on different 
plants. 

Dipetalous, having 2 petals. 

Dipsaceae. The Dipsacus or Teasel 
family. 

Discoid' flower, or head. A disk of com- 
pound flowers, without ray-florets. 

Disejjalous, having 2 sepals. 

Disk. The surface of the leaf ; also the 
face, or central part, of a head of com- 
pound flowers. 

Dissected, cut into segments, or lobes. 

Dissepime?it. The partition betw een the 
cells of seed-vessels. 

Distant, having a larger intervening 
space than usual. 

Distichous, two-rowed ; bearing leaves, 
flowers, &c. in 2 opposite rows. 

Distinct, separate ; not connected with 
each other, nor with any contiguous 
organ. 

Divaricate branches. Spreading so as to 
form more than a right angle with the 
stem above. 

Divergent, spreading widely ; making a 
right angle, or nearly so,with the stem. 

Divided, separated or cleft to the base,— 
or to the midrib, if a leaf. 

Dorsal, belonging to, or growing on, the 
back. 

Dorsal suture. The line or seam on the 
back of a carpel, or folded leaf,— being 
at the place of the midrib: the oppo- 
site of ventral suture,— which see. 

Dorsally compressed, flatted on the back. 
Dots. Minute tubercles, or specks. 

Dotted, covered with dots, specks, or mi- 
nute and slightly elevated points. 
Downy, clothed with soft fine hairs. 
Drooping, inclining downwards, more 

than nodding. 
Drupaceous, drupe-like,— of a structure 
resembling a drupe, or what is usually 
called stone-fruit. 
Drupe. A fleshy, succulent, or spongy 
pericarp, without valves, containing a 
1 or 2-seeded nut, or stone. 



XVI 



GLOSSARY 



Drupel. A little drupe; a constituent por- 
tion of a compound berry, — such as 
that of Rubus. 

Dryadeae. A tribe of Rosace ah, typified 
by the genus Dryas. 

Ebenaceae. The Ebenum or Ebony 
family. 

Ebracteate, destitute of bracts. 

Ebracteolate, destitute of bractlets. 

Ecaudate, destitute of a cauda, or tail. 

Echieae. A Subtribe of Borageae, rep- 
resented by the genus Echium. 

Echhiate, hedge hog-like ; covered with 
prickles. 

Elaters. Minute clubshaped filaments, 
which are coiled round the spores of 
certain cryplogamous plants,— and by 
unrolling, assist in dispersing those 
spores. 

Elliptic, or elliptical, oval ; longer than 
wide, with the two ends narrowing 
equally. 

Elongated, exceeding the usual or aver- 
age length. 

Elongating, becoming gradually and 
finally elongated. 

Emarginate, having a notch or sinus at 
the end. 

Embryo. The young plant in the rudi- 
mentary state, as it exists in the seed. 

Emersed, raised out of water. 
Endocarp. That membranous or bony 
portion of the pericarp which lines the 
cavity, or forms the cells for the seeds 

iex. gr. the stone, or hard shell, in a 
)rupe). 

Endogenous plants. Those which have 
a single cotyledon,— and grow by cen 
tral deposites of new matter, distend 
ingor pushing the older deposites out 
wards. 

Endogens. Inside-growers ; plants which 
increase by central or internal depo- 
sites of new matter. See Endogenous 
plants. 

Enneandrons, having 9 stamens. 

Ensiform, sword-shaped ; two-edged 
and tapering from base to apex. 

Entire, having a continuous even margin; 
without incision, notch, or tooth. 

Entophyti. A Subtribe of parasitic 
Fungi which develope themselves 
within the tissue of other, and usually 
living, plants,— as mildew', &c. 

Envelope. An integument, or covering. 

Ephemeral, diurnal; enduring one day 
only. 

Epicarp, The outer coating of the peri- 
carp, or fruit. 

Epigynous, adnate to the ovary so that 
the upper portion is apparently inser- 
ted on its summit, — as sepals, petals, 
and more especially stamens : exem- 
plified in UmbelUferae and Araliaceae. 

Epipetalous, inserted on the petals. 

Equal, similar parts equal among them- 
selves, — as calyx-segments, sepals 
petals, stamens, &c. 

Equisetaceae, The Equiselum family 



Equitant leaves. "When alternate dis- 
tichous leaves are infolded lengthwise 
and towards each other, the outer 
ones inclosing or embracing the in- 
ner. 

Erechtiteae. A division of the Senecio 
subtribe of Compositae, represented 
by the genus Erechtites. 

Erect ovules, or seeds. When they arise 
from the bottom of the ovary, or base 
of the cell, and point upwards. 

Ericaceae. The Erica or Heath fami- 
ly of plants. 

Ericikeae. The Sab-order of Ericaceae, 
of which the genus Erica is the spe- 
cial type. 

Eroded, or erose, irregularly notched, as 
if gnawed by insects. 

Esculent, eatable; fit or safe to be eaten. 

Etiolation, the blanching of plants, — or 
rendering them white by the exclu- 
s ; on of light; as practised with Celery, 
Endive, Sec. 

Eu, a greek adverb, meaning clearly, or 
certainly. — often prefixed to the names 
of Sub-tribes, or Divisions, indicating 
their genuineness, or close affinity to 
the typical genus. 

Eu-anthemideae. A division of the 
Chamomile Sub-tribe of Compositeae, 
embracing plants of the true Anthemis 
structure or type. 

Eu-astereae, The Sub-division of As- 
ter-like plants, which includes Aster 
itself, and the most nearly allied ge- 
nera. 
Eu-heltantheae. A division of the He- 
lianihus Sub-tribe, specially repre- 
sented by that genus. 
Eupatoriaceae. The Eupatorium Tribe 

of the Order Compositae. 
Eupatorieae. The Sub-tribe of Eupato- 
rtaceae. specially typified by the 
genus Eupatorium. 
Eu-phaseoleae. A Sub-tribe of Phaseo- 
leae. eminently and clearly allied to 
Phaseolus. 
Euphorbiaceae. The Euphorbia family 

of plants. 
Euphoreieae. A tribe of Euphorbiaceae, 
specially typified by the genus Eu- 
phorbia. 

Eu-senecioxeae. A division of the Se- 
necio tribe, specially represented by 
that genus. 

Evanescent, disappearing ; speedily van- 
ishing. 

Even-pinnate leaf. With the leaflets all 
in pairs, or without a terminal odd 
one ; often termed abruptly pinnate. 

Evergreen, continuing green, and per- 
sisting all the year. 

Exalbuminous, destitute of albumen. 

Excentric, deviating from the axis, or 
centre. 

Exfoliate, to throw off layers or plates,- 
as bark, &c. 

Exogenous plants. Those which have 
2 (or sometimes more) cotyledons, — 



GLOSSARY 



XV11 



and grow by annual layers of wood 
(or new matter) on the outside, be- 
tween the old wood and bark. 
Exogens. Qutside-growers; plants which 
increase by annual additions to the 
outside. See Exogenous plants. 
Ersert, or exserted, projecting, or pro- 
truding out, — as stamens from the 
tube of the corolla. 
Exstipulate, destitute of stipules. 
Extrorse anthers. Having the cell 
turned outwards, or from the pistils, — 
and the filament, or connective, ex- 
lending up the inner side. 
Falcate, sickle-shaped ; curved like a 

sickle, or scythe. 
Family of plants. A definite group of 
kindred plants, called also an Order.— 
sometimes of numerous genera and 
species — sometimes comprising but a 
single genus. 
Fan-shaped, cuneate below, and spread- 
ing above,— like a lady's fan. 
Farinaceous, mealy; reducible to a 

meal-like powder. 
Fascicle. A little bundle, or bunch, of 
flowers, leaves, &c. originating from 
nearly the same point. 
Fasciculate, growing in bundles, or 

bunches, from the same point. 
Fastigiate. level-topped ; the summits 
of the branches all rising to the same 
height. 
Favose. deeply pitted ; somewhat like a 

honeycomb. 
Feather-veined leaf. "Where the lateral 
veins (or nerves) diverge regularly 
f.om each side of the midrib, — like the 
plumage of a quill. 
Ferruginous, of the color of rust of iron ; 

reddish-brown. 
Fertile, having perfect pistils, and pro- 
ducing fruit. 
Festucaceae. The Festuca or Fesoue 

tribe of the Order Gramixeae. 
Fibrous, composed of fibres, or thread 

like processes. 
Fide, on the faith, or authority, of. 
Filament. That part of the stamen 
(usually thread-like) which supports 
the anther. 
Filices. The family of Ferns. 
Filicoid. fern-like; belonging to or re- 
sembling ferns. 
Filiform, very slender and terete > like 

a thread. 
Fimbriae. Fringes, or fringe-like pro- 
cesses. 
Fimbriate, finely divided at the edge. 

like a fringe. 
Fimbriilate. clothed with ftmbrillae (i. e 
membranaceous, linear or subulate, 
filaments) — as the receptacle of this- 
tles, &c. 
Fissure. A slit, crack, or narrow open 

ing. 
Fxstular, hollow and terete, like a pipe 

tubular. 
Flabehliform, fan-shaped, — which see 



Flaccid, so limber as to bend by its own 

weight. 
Flagelliform, long, slender, and pliable,- 

like a whip lash. 
Flaviflorae. The yellow-flowered tribe 

of the Order Lauraceae. 
Flexuose, serpentine, or with a succes- 
sion of short alternating curves. 
Floccose, or flocculent, covered with 
flocks, or flakes, or little matted 
bunches of partly detached tomentum. 
Floral, belonging to, or situated near, a 

flower. 
Floral envelopes. The verticils, or cover- 
ings of flowers, — usually known as 
calyx and corolla; sometimes as chaff. 
Floret. A little flower; usually one of 
the number in compound or aggre- 
gated flowers. 
Floriferous, bearing flowers. 
Foliaceous, of a leaf-like form and tex- 
ture ; resembling a leaf. 
Follicle. A capsular fruit opening longi- 
tudinally by a suture on one side. 
Follicular, resembling, constructed like, 

or being, a follicle. 
Foramen (plural, foramina), a roundish 

hole, or opening. 
Fragarieae. A Sub-tribe of the Order 
Rosaceae, typified by the genus Fra- 
garia, or Strawberry. 
Fraxineae. The Fraxinus or Ash tribe 

of the Order Oleaceae. 
Free, not adhering to each other, nor to 

any adjacent organ. 
Frond. The leaf, or leaf-like expansion, 

of Cryptogamous plants. 
Frondoae, leafy or with leaf-like appen- 
dages. 
Fructification. The flower and fruit, 

with their parts. 
Fruit. The mature ovary or seedvessel, 

and iis. contents. 
Frutescent, becoming shrubby, or hard 

and woody. 
Fruticose, shrub-like, or shrubby. 
Fugacious, fleeting; of short duration. 
Fulvous, tawny, fox or tan-colored. 
Fungi. The Order of Mushrooms. 
Fungous, of rapid growth and soft tex- 
ture, like the fungi. 
Funiculus. The little cord by which 

seeds are attached to the placenta. 
Funnel-form, tubular below, and ex- 
panding above, — like a funnel. 
Fuscous, greyish-brown, or deep brown 

with a tinge of green. 
Fusiform, spindle-shaped; terete and 

tapering to a point. 
Galea. A helmet ; the arched upper lip 

of a ringent corolla.. 
Galeate, hetmeted; resembling a casque, 

or helmet. 
Galegeae. The Galega tribe of the 

Order Legumevosae. 
GamopetaloitSy having the petals all 
more or less united. — forming what is 
called (rather incorrectly) a monope- 
talous corolla. 
5* 



XV111 



GLOSSARY 



Gamosepalous, having the sepals all 

more or less united, — forming a mon- 

osepalous calyx. 
Gasteromycetes. A tribe of Fungi 

with the spores in a ventral sae. 
Generic, pertaining or relating to a 

genus. 
Geniculate, forming an angle at the 

joints, like a bent knee. 
Gentianaceae. The Gentiana or Gen 

tian family. 
Gentianeae. The proper Gentian tribe 

of the Order Gentianaceae. 
Genus (plural, genera). A group of 

species which agree with each other 

in the structure or essential characters 

of the flower and fruit : sometimes a 

genus comprizes but a single species. 
Germ. The growing part of a bud. 
Germen. The old name for the ovary 
Germination, the sprouting, or incipient 

growth, of a seed. 
Gibbous, hunched, or swelled out, on 

one or both sides. 
Gills. The fruit-bearing membranes of 

the Agarics, or Mushrooms. 
Glabrous, very smooth ; without any 

roughness or pubescence. 
Gland. A small roundish organ, or 

appendage, which often secretes a 

fluid. 
Glandular, furnished with glands. 
Glandular-hispid, or glandular-pubes- 

ctnt, hairy or pubescent, and the hairs 

tipped with glands. 
Glaucous, silvery ; pale bluish- or 

greenish-white; covered with a 

greenish-white mealiness. 
Globose, or globular, spherical ; round on 

all sides. 
Glomerate, densely clustered in small 

heaps, or irregular heads. 
Glomerules. Small dense roundish 

clusters. 
Glumaceous, chaff-like; resembling chaff 

or glumes 
Glumes. The bracts, or outer chaff, em 

bracing the spikelets of the grasses(ca 
' lyx, of Linn.). See Palea. 
Glumose, bavins? glumes (or, sometimes. 

having conspicuous glumes). 
Glutinous, viscid ; covered with an ad- 
hesive fluid. 
Gnaphalieae. A Sub^tribe of Senecio 

like plants, represented by the genus 

Gnaphalium. 

Gramineae. The family of true Grasses. 
Gramineous, grass-like ; resembling 

grasses 
Graniferous, bearing a grain, or grains. 
Granular, formed of grains, or smali 

particles. 

Grossulaceae. The family of Goose- 
berries and Currants. 

Gymnospermousj having the seeds na- 
ked — i. e. not inclosed in a pericarp. 

Gynandrous. having the stamens grow- 
ing on, or adhering to, the pistil. 

Gynostegium. The pistil-covering, or 



tube, formed by the connate filaments 
of the Asclepias family. 

Habit of plants. Their general external 
appearance and mode of growth, by 
which they are recognized at sight. 

Habitat, or habitatio. The natural or 
native place of growth. 

Halved, one-sided, — as if one half had 
been cut off. 

Hastate, shaped like a halbert; lanceo- 
late, with a divarieate lobe on each 
side of the base. 

Head. A dense roundish cluster of ses- 
sile flowers. 

Heliantheae. A Sub-tribe of Senecio- 
like plants, typified by the genus He- 
lianthus. 

Helleeoreae. The Hellehoru* tribe of 
ihe Order Ranuncclaceae. 

Heptandrous, having 7 stamens. 

Herbaceous, not woody ; of a tender 
consistence, and usually destructible 
by frost. 

Herbarium. A collection of dried speci- 
mens of plants. 

Herbs. Plants which are not woody — of 
a more tender structure than trees and 
shrubs, and usually killed by frost. 

Heterocephalous flowers. Heads of Syrt- 
genesious florets of different sexual 
character (i. e. staminate and pistillate 
heads distinct) on the same plant,— as 
in Ambrosia, Sec. 

Heterogamous heads. Heads of Synge- 
nesious flowers, containing florets of 
different structure and sexual charac- 
ter. 

Heterophyllous, having leaves of differ- 
ent forms. 

Hexamerous, consisting of 6 parts. 

Hexandrous, having 6 stamens of equal 
length. 

Hilum. The scar left on a seed, at the 
point of attachment to the funiculus. 

Hippocastanaceae. The Horse-chesnut 
family. 

Hirsute, rough-haired; clothed with 
stiffish hairs. 

Hispid, bristly ; beset with rigid, spread- 
ing, bristle-like hairs. 

Hoary, covered with a white or whitish 
pubescence. 

Homogamous heads. Heads of S}">ige- 
nesious flowers,, in which all the flo- 
rets are of similar structure and the 
same sexual character. 

Hooded. See cucullate. 

Hordeaceae. The Hordeum or Barley 
tribe of the Gramineae. 

Horizontal ovules. When they project 
from the side of the cell, pointing 
neither to base nor apex. 

Horn. A process or elongation resem- 
bling a horn. See Spur. 

Horny, of a texture or consistence like 
horn, See corneous. 

Humus. The mould, or soil, formed by 
the decomposition of vegetable matter. 

Hyacintheae. A tribe of the Sub-order 



GLOSSARY 



XIX 



AspnoDELEAE, represented by the ge- 
nus Hyacinthus. 

Hyaline, transparent, like glass. 

Hybrid. A mule; a cross-breed between 
two varieties, or nearly allied species, 
partaking of each but different from 
both. 

Hymenini. A section of the tribe Hyme- 
Nomycetes, — i. e. Fungi with the spo- 
rules contained in a superficial mem- 
brane, or in gills. 

Hymenium. The membrane containing 
the sporules of certain Fungi; the 
plates, or gills, on the under side of 
the pileits of the Agarics. 

Hymenoseycetes A tribe of the Order 
Fungi, containing the sporules in a 
membrane, or htpnenium. 

Hyoserideae. A Sub-tribe of Cichora- 
ceae, represented by the genus Hyo- 
seris. 

Hypericaceae; The Hypericum or St. 
John's Wort family. 

Hypericeae. The tribe of Hypericaceae-. 
of which Hypericum is the special 
type. 

Hypodermia. A division of the Sub-tribe 
of Entophytes : minute Fungi, seated 
under the skin or epidermis of living 
plants. 

Hypogaean, situated, growing, or re- 
maining, under ground. 

Hypogynous.inseneA beneath the ovary. 
— i. e. on the receptacle, and free from 
the surrounding organs. 

Icon. An image, figure, or representa- 
tion. 

Icosandrous, having about 20 stamens, 
which are perigynous, — i. e. growing 
to, or apparently inserted on the rim 
of, the calyx. 

Imbricate, or imbricated, the edges lying 
closely and regularly over the next 
series, — like shingles on a roof, or 
scales on a fish. 

Imperfect flower. When either stamens 
or pistils are deficient. 

Incised, cut, or gashed; separated by 
incisions. 

Inclinate, or inclined,bent over towards 
the ground, or some other object. 

Included, wholly contained within a 
tube, or cavity j the opposite of ex- 
serted. 

Incomplete flower. When either Calyx 
or Corolla is wanting. 

Incrassate, thickened upwards, or to- 
wards the summit. 

Incumbentjlyi ng upon.against. or across. 

Incumbent anther. Attached at or near 
its middle, and lying horizontally 
across the summit of the filament. 

Incumbent cotyledons. Having the ra- 
dicle bent over and applied to the 
back of one of the cotyledons (repre- 
sented by this sign, o||). 

Incurved, bent or curved inwards. 

Indefinite, not distinctly limited, or de- 
fined ; numerous, and of no constant 
or determinate number. 



Indehiscent, not opening at maturity. 

Indigenous, native ; growing naturally, 
or originally, in a country. 

Induplicate, folded inwards. 

[ndurated, hardened ; become hard. 

Indusium. The membrane, or veil, 
which covers the young Sorus (or 
cluster of fruit) on the Ferns. 

Inferior calyx. Having the ovary above, 
and free from the calyx. 

Inferior ovary. Situated apparently be- 
low the calyx, or rather its segments ; 
— i. e. adnate to the tube of the calyx, 
and consequently bearing the segments 
(if any) at its summit. 

Inflated, distended or swelled like a 
blown bladder. 

Inflected, or in flexed, bent suddenly in- 
wards. 

Inflorescence. The disposition or ar- 
rangement of flowers and their foot- 
stalks on a plant, — such as Umbel, 
Panicle, Raceme, &c. 

Inserted, fixed upon, or growing out of. 

Internode.. That portion of a culm, or 
stem, between the nodes or joints. 

Interpetiolar stipules. Situated or origi- 
nating between the petioles of oppo- 
site leaves. 

Interrupted, having intervals ; or the 
continuity broken. 

Interruptedly pinnate, having smaller 
pinnae, or leaflets, between each pair 
of larger ones. 

Inlra-petiolar stipules. Situated within 

and above the petioles, usually 

sheathing the branch above the axil 
of the leaf; as in Platanus. 

Inirorse anthers. Having the cells turned 
inwards,. or towards the pistils. — and 
the filament,.or connective, extending 
up the outer side. 

Inversely, in a contrary position ; end for 
end, or upside down. 

Involucel. The verticil of leaflets at the 
base of an umbellet 

Involucellate, having involucels. 

Tnvolucrate. having an involucre. 

Involucre. An assemblage of modified 
leaves accompanying certain forms 
of inflorescence, — usually verticillate 
at the base of an Umbel, — or in im- 
bricated series beneath or around the 
heads of aggregated flowers. 

Involute, rolled inwards. 

Irregular, the component parts differing 
in size and shape. 

Juglandaceae. The Juglans or Wal- 
nut family. 

Juncaceae. The Juncus or Rush family 
of plants. 

Keel. A longitudinal central ridge on 
the back of a leaf, sepal, &c. resemb- 
ling the keel of a boat: Also, the 
lower pair of united petals in a papi- 
lionaceous flower. 

Keeled, having a keel. See Carinate. 

Kernel. The nucleus, or seed contained 
in a nut. 



XX 



GLOSSARY 



Knot. A node ; a solid, inseparable, and 
often swelling joint,— as in the stem 
of the grasses. &c. 

Kochieae. A Sub-tribe of Chexopodi 
eae tvpified by the genus Kockia. 

Labiatae. The family of labiate or 
two-lipped flowers. 

iaeeraze.divided into irregular segments, 
as if torn. 

Laciniate, jagged; the margin irregularly 
cut into unequal segments. 

Lactescent, milky ; containing a milky 
or whitish juice. 

Lacttjceae. A Sub-tribe of Cichona- 
ceae, typified by the genus Lactuca 
or Lettuce. 

Lamellae. The plates or gills (Hyme- 
nium) of the Agaric, or common Mush- 
room. 

Lamellate, divided or dilated into thin 
plates. 

Lamina. A thin layer or plate ; the 
expanded or flat portion of a leaf, or 
petal, as distinguished from the peti 
ole, or claw. 

Lanate, woolly ; clothed with wool. 

Lanceolate, tapering gradually from near 
the base to the apex,— like the head 
of an ancient Lance, or Spear. 

Lance-tinear, Lance-ovate, &c, linear, 
ovate, &c, with something of the 
lanceolate form. 

Lance-ovoid, egg-shaped, or terete, with 
a swelling base and tapering apex. 

Lanuginous, cloihed with a loose wool. 

Lateral, at the side. 

Laterally compressed,, flatted on the 
sides ; the lateral edges pressed to- 
wards each other. 

Latticed, obliquely cross-barred, with 
open spaces like net-work. 

Laueaceae. The Laurus or Bay-tree 
family of plants. 

Lax. loose, or limber ; not compact. 

Leafltts. Partial leaves; the constitu- 
ent leaves of a compound leaf. 

Leaf-like (foliaceus), having a texture 
and expansion resembling a leaf. 

Leafy (foliosus), furnished or abounding 
with leaves. 

Legume. A Bean.— or fruit formed of a 
single carpel of 2 valves, with the 
seeds affixed along the upper suture, 
only. 

Legumixosae. The family of Legume- 
bearing plants. 

Leguminous, having the structure of a 
Legume : bearing or producing the 
fruit called a Legume, or Bean.. 

Lenticular, having the form of a lens ; 
orbicular and compressed, but con- 
vex on both faces. 

Lepidixeae. The Lepidhim. tribe of the 
Order Crt/cifebae. 

Lichenes. The family of Lichens ; an 
Order of flowerless Thallophytes, or 
vegetable expansions. 

Ligneous, woody ; of a. firm woody tex- 
ture. 



Lignescent, becoming somewhat woody. 

Ligulaeflobae. The third Sub-order of 
Compositae, in which all the florets 
are ligulate. 

Ligulnte, strap shaped, or ribband-sha- 
ped ; flat and linear. 

Ligule. The usually membranous ap- 
pendage at the base of the leaf, or 
summit of the sheath, in the grasses. 

Liliaceae. The Lilium family, or Or- 
der of Lily-like plants. 

Limb. The summit of a monosepalous 
calyx ; or the upper spreading part 
of a monopetalous corolla. 

Lixaceae. The Linum or Flax family. 

Line. The twelfth part of an inch. 

Linear, of an uniform width ; long and 
narrow with parallel sides. 

Linear-lanceolate, &c, partaking of both 
forms, but more of the latter. 

Lip. The upper or under division of a 
labiate flower ; or the lower perianth- 
segment of many Orchidaceous flow- 
ers. 

Litiiospeemeae. A subtribe of Boba- 
geae. represented by the genus Lith- 

OSPEEMUM. 

Lobe. The division, or segment, of a 
petal, or leaf: the free portion of a 
gamopetalous corolla. 

Lobate, or lobed, cut or divided into 
lobes. 

Lobeliaceae. The Lobelia family. 

Lobelieae. The tribe of Lobeliaceae, 
specially represented by the genus 
Lobelia. 

Loculicidal dehiscence. "When the peri- 
carp opens naturally on the back of 
a cell (i. e. at the dorsal suture) di- 
rectly into the cavity. 

Lament. An indehiscent 2 or several- 
seeded legume, contracted between 
each seed, and finally separating at 
the joint-like contractions. 

LoMENTAeEAE. A division of the Order 
Cruciferae, containing plants with 
lomentaceous pods. 

Lomentaceous legume, or pod. A pod of 
2 or more seeds, with a joint-like con- 
traction, or transverse partition, be- 
tween the seeds. 

Longitudinal, length wise ; parallel with 
the axis, — or in a direction from the 
base towards the summit or apex. 

Lunate, or lunulate, having the figure 
of a new moon. 

Lyccpodiaceae. The Lycopodium or 
club-moss family. 

Lyrate, lyre-shaped ; pinnatifid, with 
the terminal segment largest and 
mostly rounded. 

Magxoliaceae. The Magnolia family 
or Order. 

Magxolieae. The tribe of Magnolia- 
ceae, of which the genus Magnolia is 
the special type. 

Malvaceae. The Malva ox- Mallow 
family. 



GLOSSARY 



XXI 



Marcescent, withering and shrivelling on 

the stem, instead of falling off. 
Margin. The edge or circumference of 
a leaf, or other expansion ; also, the 
thin wing-like border of certain seeds, 
&c. 
Marginal, belonging to, or situated at. 

the margin. 
Marginate, or margined, having a bor- 
der or edging of a texture or color 
different from that of the disk ; sur 
rounded by a wing-like expansion, 
or narrow membrane. 
Medullary rays. Bands or thin plates of 
cellular tissue, which pass from the 
pith to the bark, in woody stems. 
Melampodineae. A Sub-tribe of Senecio- 
like plants, of which the genus Me- 
lampodium is the type. 
Meliaceae. The Melia or Pride of In- 
dia family. 
Melissineae. The Melissa or Balm tribe. 

of the Order Labiatae. 
Melliferous, producing or containing 

honey. 
Membranaceous, or membranous, thin, 
flexible, and often slightly translu- 
cent. 
Menthoideae. The Mentha or Mint 

tribe, of the Order Labiatae. 
Mericarp. A name given to the inde- 
hiscent carpel of the Umbelliferae. 
Micropyle. The small foramen, or open- 
ing in the proper coats of a seed, to 
which the radicle always points. 
Midrib. The main central nerve of a 
leaf. — apparently a continuation of 
the petiole. 
Monadelphous, having the filaments all 
united in one set, — usually forming a 
tube. 
Monandrous, having a single stamen. 
Moxardeae. The Monarda or Horse 

mint tribe of the Order Labiatae. 
Moniliform, arranged like, or resem 

bling the beads of a necklace. 
Monoclinous, having the stamens and 

pistils in the same flower. 
Mono cot yledonous plants. AVhere the 
embryo has but a single lobe, or co- 
tyledon. 
Monograph. A description (usually am- 
ple and elaborate) of a single thing. 
or class of things,-r-as of a Genus, 
Tribe, or Family, &c. 
Monogynous, having but one pistil. 
Mono icons, having staminate and pistil- 
late flowers distinct, but on the same 
plant. 
Monoiconsly polygamous y ha.vmg perfect 
and imperfect flowers on the same 
plant. 
Monopetalous, having but one petal ; or. 
more correctly, the petals united into 
one. See gamopetalous. 
Monophyllous, consisting of a single leaf. 
Monosepalous, consisting of one sepal, 
— or rather, several sepals united 
more or less completely. See gamo 
sejpalons. 



Moeeae The Morus Sub-order, or Mul- 
berry section of the Urticaceae, or 
Nettle family. 
Mucoroidei. A Sub-tribe of the Gas- 
teromycetes. or closed Fuxgi. typi- 
fied by the genus Mucor, or Mould. 
Mucronate, terminated by a mucro, or 
small projecting point, — usually the 
prolongation of "the midrib, in leaves. 
Mucronulate, having a small mucro, or 

terminal projecting point. 
Mult' fid, many-cleft ; cut into numer- 
ous segments. 
Multiple. A number containing another 
number several times without a frac- 
tion, or remainder ; — as 9 is a multi- 
ple of 3. 
Multiple fruits. "Where there is a com- 
bination of several flowers into one 
aggregate mass,-as in the Pine- apple, 
Mulberry, &c. 
Muricate, armed or covered with short 
spreading points, or acute excrescen- 
ces, — like a Murex. 
Mrsci. The family of Mosses. 
Mutic, or mut icons, awnless or" point- 
less: the opposite of mucronate. 
Naked, destitute of the usual covering, 
or appendage, — as a stem, without 
leaves, or scales — leaves without pu- 
bescence—corona without a calyx, or 
crown— seeds without a pericarp— a 
receptacle without chaff, or hairs— an 
Umbel without an involucre, &c. 
Napiform, turnep-shaped. 
Natural Order, family, or tribe. An as- 
sociation or group of kindred genera, 
—or of plants which are nearly rela- 
ted in their structure, and most im- 
portant characters. 
Nectary. That organ, or portion of a 
flower, which secretes honey ; a term 
formerly applied to all disguised or 
modified forms of petals and stamens. 
Xepeteae. The Nepeta or Catnep tribe, 

of the Order Labiatae. 
Nerved?, having nerves, or coarse rib- 
like fibres. 
Nerves. Rib-like fibres (in leaves, &c.) 
which usually extend from the base 
to, or towards, the apex. 
Neuter, or neutral flower. Having nei- 
ther stamen nor pistil. 
Nicotianeae. The Nicotiana or Tobac- 
co tribe, of the Order Solanaceae. 
Nodding, turning downwards ; some- 
what drooping. 
Node. The knot, or solid and often tu- 
mid joinl, of a stem or branch. 
Nodose, having numerous nodes, or tu- 
mid joints. 
Normal, according to rule; agreeing 

with the pattern or type. 
Nuciform, nut-like ; resembling a nut. 
Nucleus. A central body ; the seed, or 

kernel of a nut. 
Nucules. Little nuts, or nut-like fruit. 
Nut. A hard 1-celled indehiscent fruit, 
usually containing a single seed. 



XXII 



GLOSSARY 



Ob, a preposition which inverts the 
usual meaning of the word to which 
it is prefixed. 

Obcompressed akenes (in the CoMPOSI- 
tae). Flattish, with the greatest di- 
ameter from right to left,— or with the 
flatted side to the front, or periphery 
of the head. 

Obconic, inversely Conical,— i. e. with 
the point or apex downwards. 

Obcordate, heart-form, with the sinus at 
summit, and the narrowed point al 
place of insertion. 

Oblanceolate, inversely lanceolate, — or 
with the widest part above the mid- 
dle, and tapering gradually to the 
base. 

Oblique, a position between horizontal 
and erect; also descriptive of the base 
of a leaf, &c. when it is unequal, or 
produced on one side. 

Oblong, longer than wide, with the sides 
parallel, or nearly so. 

Obovate, inversely ovate, — or with the 
broadest end above. 

Obovoid, inversely ovoid. 

Obsolete, indistinct, as if worn out. 

Obtuse, blunt, or rounded. 

Obversely, turned contrary to the usual 
position. 

Obvolute leaves. When one of the mar- 
gins of each folded leaf is exterior, 
the other interior ; also termed half- 
equitant. See Equitant. 

Ochrea. A membranous stipular sheath 
embracing the stem like a boot-leg , 
as in Polygonum, &c. 

Ochrcleucous, yellowish-white, or cream 
colored. 

Ocimoideae. The Ocimum or Sweet 
Basil tribe, of the Order Labiatae 

Octandrous, having 8 stamens. 

Odd-pinnate leaf. Having the leaflets 
in opposite pairs, with a terminal odd 
one ; often termed impari-pinnate. 

Oenothereae. The Oenothera section 
or Sub-tribe of the Oxagraceae. 

Officinal, used in, or belonging to, a 
shop, or medical office. 

Oleaceae. The Olea or Olive family. 

Oleixeae. The tribe of Oleaceae spe- 
cially typified by the genus Olea. 

Oleraceous, of the nature or quality of 
pot-herbs. 

Onagraceae. The Onagra or Evening 
Primrose family. 

Onagreae. The proper Onagra tribe 
of the Order Onagraceae. 

Opaque, not transparent. 

Opercular, opening like a lid that is fix- 
ed by a hinge at one side. 

Opposite, situated directly against each 
other, or at the same height, on con- 
trary sides of the stem. 

Orbicular, circular and flat, like a coin: 
the length and breadth equal and the 
circumference an even circular line : 
a term applied to leaves, or flatted 
bodies. See Terete. 

Orchidaceous, or Orchideous, belonging 



to, or resembling, plants of the Orchis 
family. 

Order. A family or group of allied na- 
tural objects ; a subdivision of a Class, 
embracing kindred Genera. 

Ordinal, belonging to the Orders, or to 
an Order. 

Ordinal names. The names of the Na- 
tural Orders, or families of plants. 

Orthospermae. A Sub-order of Umbel- 
liferae, in which the face, or com- 
missure of the carpels, is straight and 
flat. 

Orthotropous ovule, or seed. Straight; 
not curved, nor turned from its origi- 
nal or natural direction. 

Oryzeae. The Oryza or Rice tribe, of 
the Order Gramixeae. 

Oval, longer than broad, with the two 
ends of equal breadth and curvature, 
and the sides curving from end to end. 

Ovary. The young seedvessel, or fruit; 
the hollow portion at the base of the 
pistil, containing the ovules, or bodies 
destined to become seeds. 

Ovate, flat, with the outline of a longi- 
tudinal section of an Egg ; a some- 
what oval figure, but broader near the 
base. 

Ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate, inclining to 
ovate at base. 

Ovate-oblong, oblong, with an ovate di- 
latation near the base. 

Ovoid, egg-shaped ; terete, and swelling 
near the base— i. e. having the outline 
of an entire egg. 

Ovoid-oblong, the ovoid form lengthened 
out. 

Ovules. The rudiments of future seeds, 
contained in the Ovary, or young 
fruit. 

Palate. The prominence in'the lower lip 
of a personate corolla. 

Palea (plural, paleae). Chaff; a term ap- 
plied to the inner, or immediate, flo- 
ral covering of the Grasses. (Corolla, 
of Linn). See Glumes. 

Paleaceous, chaffy ; of a chaffy texture, 
— or furnished with chaff-like scales. 

Palmae.. The Pabn family. 

Palmate, hand-shaped; deeply divided, 
with the segments nearly equal and 
spreading like fingers on the open 
hand. 

Palmately veined,, or cleft, — having the 
veins or segments divergent, like the 
spreading fingers of an open hand. 

Panduraeform, fiddle-shaped ; oblong 
with the sides contracted, like a vio- 
lin. 

Paxiceae. The Panicum tribeofthe Or- 
der Gramixeae. 

Panicle. A loose irregular compound 
raceme, — in which the peduncles are 
unequally elongated, and variously 
and irregularly subdivided ; as in 
Oats, &c. 

Paniculate, disposed in the form of a 
panicle. 



GLOSSARY 



XX1U 



PaPavepjiceae. The Papaver or Poppy 

family. 
Papilionaceae. A Sub-order of Legit- 
mujosae, containing the papiliona- 
ceous corollas. 
Papilionaceous corolla. Butterfly-sha- 
ped ; when complete, consisting of 5 
pelals, — the upper one (mostly larg 
est) called the vexilhim or banner, — 
the 2 lateral ones termed the alae or 
wings, — the 2 lower ones more or less 
cohering by their lower margins, and. 
from their form, denominated the keel. 
Papillate, or papillose, having the sur 
face covered with fleshy dots, or 
points, like minute teats. 
Pappus. The crown of the fruit, — be- 
ing the segments, or free portion of 
an adherent calyx, in the Comfositae. 
and some other plants, — usually hair- 
like, or plumose, — sometimes in the 
form of minute chaff, or scales. 
Parasite. A plant growing on, or deri- 
ving sustenance from, another plant; 
as Dodder, Missel to. &c. 
Parasitic, being or relating to, a Para- 
site. 
Parenchyma. The soft spongy cellular 
tissue (often green), which forms the 
pith of stems, the pulp of leaves and 
young fruit, and fills the interstices of 
woody or vascular fibres. 
Paries (plural, parietes). The outside 
wall, or inclosing shell, which cir^ 
cumscribes the cavity of a pericarp. 
Parietal, affixed to, or belonging to. the 
paries or outer wall of the seed-cell ot 
a pericarp. 
Parietal placentae. When the placen- 
tae are borne upon the walls, instead 
of the axis, of the ovary, or pericarp. 
Parted, divided deeply, almost to the 

base. 
Partial, a term applied to constituent 

portions of a compound whole. 
Partition. See Dissepiment. 
Patellulae. Small orbicular receptacles 
of the Lichenes. resembling little dish- 
es ; sometimes termed spangles. 
Pectinate, finely, regularly and deeply 
cleft, so as to resemble the teeth of a 
comb. 
Pedaliaceae. The Pedalium family of 

plants. 
Pedalineae. The tribe of Pedalia- 
ceae, of which the genus Pedalium is 
the special type. 
Pedate leaf. Like a bird's foot; divided 
nearly to the petiole in narrow seg- 
ments, with the lateral ones diverging. 
Pedicel. A partial peduncle; the ulti- 
mate branch, or division (next to the 
flower, or fruit), in a compound inflo- 
rescence. 
Pedicellate, having, or being supported 

on, a pedicel. 
Peduncle. A simple flower-stem ; also, 
the common footstalk of a compound 
inflorescence. 
Pedunculate, having a peduncle j not 
sessile. 



Pellucid, transparent ; pervious to light. 

Pellucid-punctate, having punctures 
which permit light to pass through. 

Peltae. Little flat receptacles on the Lich- 
enes, resembling targets, or shields. 

Peltate, 1 ike a shield ; having the foot- 
stalk affixed to the under surface, and 
not to the margin. 

Pencil-fcrm, resembling a painter's pen- 
cil, or little brush. 

Pendulous, hanging down ; attached at 
one end. and swinging loosely. 

Pendulous ovules, or seeds. When their 
direction is downwards. 

Penicillate, tipped or tufted with hairs, 
like a painter's pencil. 

Penninerved leaf. Having the lateral 
nerves pmnately arranged, or feather- 
like. See Feather-veined. 

Pentagonal, having 5 angles, or corners. 

Pentagynous, having 5 pistils. 

Peniamerous, composed of 5 parts. 

Pentandrous, having 5 stamens. 

Pentapetalous, having 5 petals. 

Penultimate, next to the last; the one 
next to the terminal one. 

Pepo, An indehiscent, fleshy or inter- 
nally pulpy fruit, usually composed 
of 3 carpels invested by the calyx- 
tube, and with a firm rind ; as the 
Melon, &c. 

Perennial, living more than two years, 
and for an indefinite period. 

Perfect flower. Having both stamen 
and pistil (1 or more of each), and 
producing fruit. 

Perfoliate, having the stem apparently 
pierced through the leaf. 

Perianth. A term for the envelopes of 
a flower, where the calyx and corol- 
la are not clearly distinguishable. 

Pericarp. The seed vessel, or fruit ; the 
ovary in a mature stale. 

Perichaeth. or perichaetium. The verti- 
cil, or cluster of bract-like leaves, 
round the base of the seta, or footstalk 
of the urn. in Mosses, — often called 
perichaetial leaves. 

Peridknn. A term applied to the outer 
sac. or envelope of the sporanges, in 
some of ihe Fuxgi. 

Perigonium. A name for the envelope 
of the flower. — said to be double when 
there is both calyx and corolla: but 
ofien used synonymously with Peri- 
anth — which see. 

Perigynhcm. The sac (formed by the 
union of 2 bractlets) which encloses 
the ovary ofthe Carices. 

Perigynous petals and stamens. Insert- 
ed'on the calyx. — or rather adhering 
1o ihe inner surface ofthe calyx-tube 
— and thus surrounding the pistils. 

Peripherical, fixed or coiled round the 
circumference, or periphery. 

Perisperm. A deposit in many seeds, 
affixed to, or surrounding, the embryo 
— synonymous with albumen — which 
see. 

Peristome. The circle of teeth, or bris- 



XXIV 



GLOSSARY 



tie-like processes, which surround the 
orifice of the Theca or capsule of the 
Mosses 
Persistent, not falling off; remaining be- 
yond the time when similar organs 
usually fall off. 
Personate corolla. Masked ; having the 
throat closed by a prominent palate. 
— as in Linaria. 
Petal. The (usually) delicate colored 
flower leaf. In a flower of one petal 
(or united petals), the corolla and petal 
are the same: in a flower of more 
than one petal, the corolla is the whole, 
and the petals are the parts. 
Peialoid, petal-like ; delicate and color- 
ed, or expanded, like a petal. 
Petiolar, seated on, or belonging to, the 

petiole. 
Petiolate, having, or being supported on, 

a petiole ; not sessile. 
Petiole. The stem or footstalk of a leaf. 
Pctiolulate, having a partial or subdivid- 
ed peiiole. 
Petiolule. A little or partial petiole ; the 

footstalk of a leaflet. 
Peucedaxeae. The Peucedanum tribe of 

the Order Umbelliferae. 
Fhaenogamous, or phanerogamous, hav- 
ing visible genuine stamens or pistils ; 
bearing true flowers. 
Phalaridbae. The Phalaris or Canary- 
Grass tribe of the Order Gramineae. 
Phaseoleae. The Phaseolus or Garden 
Bean tribe of the Order Legumixosae. 
PhyUodium. The imitation, analogue, 
or substitute of a leaf— usually the 
dilated foliaceous petiole of an abor- 
tive compound leaf. 
Piiytolaccaceae. The Phytolacca c 

Poke family of plants 
P.leati. A division of the Hymenini 
sub-tribe of Fungi, having the recepta- 
cle dilated and orbicular, like a cap or 
hat. 
Pikus. The cap, or hat-like receptacle, 
borne on the stipe of a mushroom ; as 
in the Agarics. 
Pilose, hairy 5 composed of, or clothed 

with, distinct straighlish hairs. 
Pinnae. The paired or opposite leaflets 

of a pinnate leaf. 
Pinnate leaf. Having distinct articulated 
leaflets in pairs, on opposite sides of a 
simple petiole. . 

Pinnatifid leaf, or frond. Cleft in a pin- 
nate manner, but the segments united 
or confluent at base. 
Pinnatifidly, in a pinnatifid manner. 
Pinnatisert, pinnately dissected or divid- 
ed,— but the segments not articulated 
with the petiole. . 

Pinnules. The leaflets or subdivisio as of 
a bi- tri- or multi-pinnate leaf, or frond. 
Pistil. The central organ of a fertile 
flower,— consisting usually of ovary, 
style, and stigma : sometimes the style 
is wanting,— or, in other words, the 
stigma is sessile. 



Pistillate flowers. Those which have 

pistils, but not stamens. 
Pistillidia. Small bottle-shaped bodies, 
— the analogues or substitutes of pis- 
tils, in the Mosses. 
P istilliferous , bearing pistils. 
Placenta (plural, placentae). That part of 
a pericarp to which the seeds are at- 
tached ; the line, or iidge projecting in 
the cavity of the ovary, which bears 
the ovules. 
Placental, pertaining to the placenta. 
Placentiferous, bearing the placenta. 
Plane, flat, and with an even surface. 
Plano-convex, flat on one side and con- 
vex on the other. 
Plantaginaceae. The Plantago or Plan- 
lain family. 
Platanaceae. The Platanus or Button- 
wood family. 
Plicate, plaited j folded or crimped, like a 

fan, or ruffle. 
Plumose, feather-like. A pappus is plu- 
mose, when each hair has other hairs 
arranged on opposite sides of it,— as in 
Cirsium. 
Pod. A dry seed-vessel, narrow and more 
or less elongated, and usually of 2 val- 
ves. The term is often applied indis- 
criminately to both Legumes and Sili- 
ques. 
Podetia. The pedicels or footstalks 
which support the knobs {Cephalodia) 
of the Lichenes. 
Pollen. The fertilizing powder contain- 
ed in the anthers. 
Pollen-masses, or Pollinia. The waxy 
masses of pollen, in the Asclepias and 
Orchis families. 
Polyadelphous, having the filaments uni- 
ted in 3 or more parcels. 
Polyandrous, having more than ten hy- 

pogynous stamens. 
Polygalaceae. The Polygala family. 
Polygamo-dioicous, having perfect and 
imperfect (or fertile and sterile) flow- 
erson distinct plants 
Polygamous, having some flowers per- 
fect, and others either staminate, pis- 
tillate, or neuter. 
Polygonaceae. The Polygonum or 

Knot- weed family. 
Poly gone ae. Th e tribe of Polygonace a e 
specially typified by the genus Poly- 
gonum. 
Polymorphous, variable ; assuming, or 

apt to assume, many different forms. 
Polypetalous, having many distinct pe- 
tals,— or, at least, more than one. 
Polysepalous, having many distinct se- 
pals, — or more than one. 
Pome. An apple ; a fleshy fruit formed 
of several cartilaginous or bony car- 
pels, imbedded in pulp and invested by 
the lube of the adherent calyx. 
Pomeae. A Sub-order of Rosaceae, cha- 
racterized by bearing pomes. 
Porous, full of holes, cells, or tubular 
openings. 



GLOSSARY 



XXV 



Poet^Lacaceae. The Portulaca or 
Purslane family. 

Praemorse, end-bitten; ending blunt, as 
if bitten off. 

Prickle. A sharp process arising from 
the bark, only,— and not originating 
in the wood. 

Primary, first in a series, in order of 
time, or in importance, — opposed to 
secondary. 

Primordial, first in Order ; usually ap- 
plied to the first genuine leaves, — or 
those which are next above the coty- 
ledons or seminal leaves. 

Prismatic, like a prism ; having several 
angles and intermediate flat faces. 

Process. A protuberance, eminence, or 
projecting part. 

Procumbent, lying on the- ground, with- 
out putting forth roots. 

Prodromus. A herald, or harbinger, — 
usually the fore-runner of another 
more complete and extensive work 
on the same subject. 

P.oduced, extended, or lengthened out. 

Proliferous, producing its like in an un- 
usual way, — as lateral bulbs; or put- 
ting forth a young and unusual acces- 
sory growth, from the centre of an 
umbel, flower, &c. 

Prostrate, lying flat, or close on the 
ground. 

Protophytes. First plants ; a term ap- 
plied to the Algae, which are sup- 
posed to have been the earliest created 
tenants of our earth. 

Pru'.nose, covered with a glaucous 
mealiness, like a plum. 

Pstudo- pinnate, falsely or imperfectly 
pinnate, — the leaflets (or rather seg- 
ments) not articulated at base: See 
Pinnatisect. 

Puberulent, covered with a minute, short 
and fine pubescence. 

Pubescence. A general term for the 
hairy covering of plants. 

Pubescent, clothed with hairs.-especially 
with short weak hairs. 

Pulp. A soft, fleshy or juicy mass. 

Pulverulent, dusty; composed of, or 
covered with, a fine powder. 

Punctate, appearing as if pricked full 
of small holes, or covered with in- 
dented points. 

Puncticulate, having very minute punc 
tures, or indented points. 

Pungent, sharp-pointed, or prickly at 
apex ; also acrid. 

Pyramidal, tapering upwards ; usually 
applied to 4- sided solids which dimin- 
ish to the apex. 

Pyriform, shaped like a pear; largest 
at the upper end. 

Fyroleaje. A Sub-order of Ericaceae 
of which the genus Pyrolais the type. 

Quadrangular, four-angled. 

tjuadrifarious, in 4 rows, or directions ; 
facing or pointing 4 ways. 

Quairifid, 4-cleft. 



Quaternale, 4 together; arranged in 
fours. 

Quinate, 5 together : arranged in fives. 

Quinqueplicate, having 5 plaits or folds. 

Race of plants. A fixed and peculiar 
form or modification, — produced by 
the crossing or blending of distinct 
varieties : or sometimes, perhaps, ac- 
cidental forms rendered permanent 
by culture, or other influences. 

Raceme. A mode of flowering, in which 
the common peduncle is elongated, 
with the flowers on short lateral 
simple pedicels. 

.Race?ttose,having the flowers in racemes. 

Rachis. The common peduncle, or 
elongated receptacle, on which florets 
are collected in a spike ; also the mi- 
drib of a pinnatisect frond. 

Radiate, having rays (i. e spreading 
ligulate florets) at the circumference ; 
as the heads of many Compositae. 

Radiate-veined,\vhere the veins of a leaf 
diverge from a common centre, or 
point, at the summit of the petiole. 

Radiatiform, a term applied to heads of 
compound flowers in which all the 
florets are ligulate, and directed to- 
wards the circumference. 

Radical, belonging to, or growing im- 
mediately from, the root. 

Radicating, sending out roots, or strik- 
ing root at the nodes. 

Radicle. A little root; the slender fi- 
brous branch of a root. 

Rameai } pertaining or belonging to the 
branches. 

Ramentaceous. covered with ramenta — 
t. e. the scales, or persistent remains 
(vestiges, or debris.) of leaves, or other 
previously .existing organs. 

Ramification. The branching or division 

, of an organ into several parts. 

Ramose, branching. 

Rank. A row, or arrangement in a line. 

RanunculAceae. The Ranunculus or 
Butter-cup family. 

RanunculeAe. A tribe of Ranuncula- 
ceae, specially represented by the 
genus Ranuncidus. 

Raphaneae. The Raphanus or Radish 
tribe of the order Cruciferae. 

Raphe. The line, or little ridge, on one 
side of anatropous (i. e. inverted) 
ovules and seeds, — formed by the ad- 
hesion of a portion of the funiculus. 

Ratoon .{Span. Retono). A sprout from 
the root of a plant which has been cut 
off (chiefly used in reference to the 
Sugar-cane). 

Rays. The spreading ligulate florets 
round the disk of a compound flower : 
also, the footstalks, and enlarged mar- 
ginal flowers, of an umbel. 
Receptacle. The apex of the peduncle 
(much dilated in the Compositae), on 
which the parts of a flower (or entire 
florets) are inserted ; the seat of the 
fruit, or of seeds and their equivalents. 



XXVI 



GLOSSARY 



Recurved, curved backwards. 

Reduplicate, with the edges folded oi 
turned outwards. 

Reflexed, bent or doubled backwards. 

Regular, having the parts uniform and 
equal among themselves,-as the lobes 
or petals of a corolla. 

Remote, seated or growing at an unusual 
distance. 

Reniform, kidney-shaped. 

Repand, having the margin slightly in- 
dented with shallow sinuses. 

Replicate, folded back on itself. 

Replum. A name given 1o parietal pla- 
centae when separated from the 
valves ; also, the persistent border ol 
a fallen legume. 

Resupinate, turned upside down. 

Reticulate, netted ; having veins or 
nerves crossing each other, or branch- 
ing and reuniting, like network. 

Retrorse,or retrorsely, pointing backwards 
or downwards. 

Refuse, having a shallow sinus at the 
end. 

Revolnte, rolled backwards,or outwards. 

Rhizoma. A root-stock, — or root-like 
subterraneous stem. 

Rhomboid, rhomb-shaped; having four 
sides, with unequal angles. 

Ribbed, "having ribs, or longitudinal 
parallel ridges. 

Ribs. Parallel ridges, or nerves, extend- 
ing from the base to, or towards, the 
apex. 

Rigid, stiff, inflexible, or not pliable. 

Ringent. gaping, with an open throat. 

Root-stock. See Rhizoma. 

Rosaceae. The Rose family. 

Rosaceae proper. The Sub-order of 
Rosaceae, of which the genus Rosa is 
the special type. 

Roseae. Thetribe of Rosacea ei Ro r ER 
immediately represented by the Rose 

Rostrate, beaked ; having a process re- 
sembling the beak of a bird. 

Rosulate, in a rosette; arranged m cir- 
cular series, like the petals of a double 
rose. 

Rotate corolla. Wheel-shaped ; mono- 
petalous(or gamopetalous)and spread 
ing almost flat, with a very shori 
tube. 

Rottboelliaceae. A tribe of the ordei 
GramiiNEae, represented by the genus 
Rottbotllia. 

Rough, covered with dots, points, oi 
short hairs, which are harsh to tht 
touch. 

Round, circular, or globular; not angu- 
lar. See globose, orbicular, and tente. 

Rubiaceae. The Rubia or Maddei 
family. 

Rudiment. An imperfectly developec 
organ. 

Rufescent, becoming reddish-brown, 01 
rust-colored. 

Rufous, reddish-brown, or rust-colored 

Rugose, wrinkled. Rugulose, fine)) 
wrinkled. 



Ruminated, a term applied to a varie- 
gated albumen — i. e. when its sub- 
stance is wrinkled or plicate, and the 
investing membrane prolonged within 
the folds. 

Runcinate, resembling the teeth of a 
mill-saw; somewhat pinnatifid, with 
the segments acute and pointing back- 
wards. 

Runner. A slender shoot, producing 
roots and leaves at the end, only. — 
and at that point giving rise to another 
plant : exemplified in the Strawberry- 
plant. 

Sabali\eae. A Sub-tribe of the Palmae, 
represented by the genus Sabal. 

Sac. A membranous bag, or boundary 
of a cavity. 

Saccate, having, or being in the form of, 
a sac, or pouch. 

Sagittate, arrow-shaped ; notched at 
base, with the lobes (and frequently 
the sinus) acute. 

ISaltcaceae. The Salix or Willow 
family. 

Salver-form, or salver-shaped, tubular, 
with the limb abruptly and flatly or 
horizontally expanded. 

Samara. A kind of Akene, or dry in- 
dehiscent pericarp, having a winged 
apex, or margin. — as the Maple. Ash, 
Elm, &c. 

Samaroidy winged or margined like a 
Samara. 

Sambfceae. The Sambvcus or Elder 
tribe of the order Caprifoliaceae. 

Santalaceae. The Santalum or San- 
dal-wood family. 

Sarcocarp. The fleshy portion of a pe- 
ricarp (ex. gr. of a Drupe), between 
the Epicarp and the EnJocarp. 

Sarmentose, having, or sending forth, or 
being in the form of, runners. 

Sarmenlum. A runner — which see. 

Satureineae. The Satureja or Marjo- 
ram tribe of the Order Lafiatae. 

Saxifragaceae. The Saxfraga family. 

Saxifbageae. The Sub-order of Saxi- 
fragaceae, specially typified by the 
genus Saxif/aga. 

Scabrous, rough with little points, or 
hairs. 

Scales. Small thin plates, or leaf-like 
processes; also the leaflets of the in- 
volucre, in the Co.\irosiTAE. 

Scandent. climbing, — usually by means 
of tendrils. 

Scape. A peduncle proceeding directly 
from the root, and mostly naked. 

Scarious, dry and skinny. — generally 
transparent. 

Scattered, disposed or distributed thinly, 
without any regular order. 

Scirfeae. The Scirpus or Club-Rush 
tribe of the Order Cypfkaceae. 

ScorzoneKEae. A Sub-t, ibe of Cicuo- 
raceae, typified by the genus Scor- 
zenrra. 

Scrobicidate, having the surface exca- 
vated into little pits, or hollows. 



GLOSSARY 



XXV11 



Scrophulariaceae. The ScTophularia 

family. 
Scutellae. The little shield-like orbicular 

sessile receptacles of some of the Li- 

CHENES. 

Scutellarixeae. The Scutellaria tribe 
of the Order Labiatae. 

Scutellate, shaped like, or resembling, a 
target or shield. 

Seam. See Suture. 

Secund, one-ranked ; all seated on, or 
turned to, the same side. 

Segment. The division, or separated 
portion, of a cleft calyx, leaf, &c. 

Semi, half; as semi-b halved, half-2- 
valved, — semi-terete, half-round, &c. 

Sempervircnt. always green ; living 
through the winter, and retaining its 
verdure. 

SL'enecioneae. A Sub-tribe of the Sene- 
cio-like plants, specially typified by 
that genus. 

Sexecionideae. The Senecio or Ground- 
sel tribe of the Order Compositae. 

Sepal. The leaflet, or distinct portion, of 
a calyx. 

Sepal aid, resembling sepals; green and 
not petal-like. 

Sepiicidal dehiscence. When a com- 
pound pericarp opens by splitting the 
dissepiments — i.e. the carpels separate 
from each other, and open to the seeds 
by the ventral suture. 

Septiferous, bearing a septum. 

Septif,agal dehiscence. When the dis- 
sepiments remain attached to lhe axis, 
while the valves break away from 
them. 

Septum. The partition which divides the 
cells of fruit. 

Sericeait&,sl\ky; coveredwith soft smooth 
glossy appressed hairs. 

Series. A division, or comprehensive 
group, of objects in Natural History ; 
also, a continued succession of things 
of the same Order. 

Serrate, sawed ; having sharp teeth on 
the margin, pointing towards the 
apex. 

Serratures. The teeth, or sharp segments, 
of a serrate margin. 

Serrulate, finely serrate ; having small 
teeth or serratures. 

Seselixeae. The Seseli tribe of the Or- 
der Umbelliferae. 

Sessile, silting closely; without any 
footstalk or pedicel. 

Seta (plural, Setae). A bristle ; a stiffish 
elastic hair. 

Setaceous, bristle-like ; resembling a 
bristle in size and figure. 

Setose, bristly ; having the surface cov- 
ered with bristles. 

Sheath. A membranous expansion 
which is tubular, or convolute, and 
inclosing or embracing a stem. 

Sheathed, inclosed or embraced by a 
sheath. 

Sheathing, embracing the stem with a 
sheath. 



Shining, glossy smooth and bright. 
Shrub. A small woody plant, branching 

near the ground, — often without any 

principal stem. 
Shrubby, hard and woody ; of the texture 

and size of a shrub. 
Sileneae. The Silene tribe of the Order 

C ARYO Jt»H YLLAC EAE. 

Silicle. A little or short silique, nearly 
as wide as long. 

SiLicrjLosAE. A division of the Order 
Cruciferae, comprising the plants 
bearing Silicles, or short pods. 

Silique. A long slender pod, or mem- 
branous seedvessel of 2 valves, hav- 
ing the seeds fixed alternately along 
both sutures. 

Siliquosae. A division of the Order 
Cruciferae, comprising the plants 
with Siliques, or long pods. 

Siliquose, having siliques, — or resem- 
bling a silique. 

Simple, undivided; not branched; not 
compound. 

Simple Umbel. When each ray termi- 
nates in a single flower, — instead of 
a secondary or partial umbel. 

Sinuate, having sinuses, scallops, or 
gashes which are open and rounded 
at bottom. 

Sinuate-dentate -Sinuate-serrate, having 
teeth, or serratures, with the clefts or 
openings rounded at bottom. 

Sinus. An open notch ; a rounded in- 
cision, or scallop. 

SisyM3RIEae. The Sisymbrium tribe of 
the Order Cruciferae. 

Smilaceae. The Smilax family. 

Smyrmeae. The Smyrnium tribe of the 
Order Umbelliferae. 

Soboli/trous, producing young plants 
from the roots, 

Solanaceae. The Solanum, Potato, or 
Nightshade family. 

Solaneae. The tribe of SclaNACEAe 
specially typified by the genus Sola- 
num. 

Solidagineae. A Sub-division of Aster- 
like Compositae, of which Solidago, 
or Golden Rod, is the type. 

Solitary, standing alone ; one only in a 
place. 

Sopiioreae. The Sophora tribe of the 
Order Lesuminosae. 

Sori (plural of Sorus). Small clusters 
of granules, or sporanges, on the back 
of the fronds of Ferns. 

Spadix. A sort of dense-flowered, fleshy 
or club-like Spike-usually enveloped 
by, or proceeding from, a sheathing 
involucre called a Spathe. 

Spathaceaus, having a spathe, or resem- 
bling a spathe. 

Spathe. A sheathing kind of bract, 
common calyx, or involucre, open on 
one side,-often containing the spadix. 

Spathulale, or spatulate, like a spatula ; 
obovate-oblong, or larger and rounded 
at the end, and tapering to the base. 

Species. The lowest permanent division 



XXV111 



GLOSSARY 



of natural objects, in a systematic 
arrangement; a group comprising all 
similar individuals. 

Specific, belonging to, or distinguishing, 
the species. 

Spermoderm. The proper coating of a 
seed. 

Sphacelate, dark-colored, as if gangre- 
nous, or dead. 

Sphagnous, full of bog-moss, or Sjrfiag- 
num. 

Spicate, in the form, or after the manner 
of a spike. 

Spike. A kind of inflorescence in which 
the flowers are sessile on the sides of 
a long common peduncle, or rachis 

Spikelet. A little spike, — or sub-division 
of a compound spiko. 

Spine. A thorn; a sharp process origi- 
nating in the wood — i. e. a pointed 
abortive branch. 

Spinellose, armed with minute spines. 

Spinescent, becoming thorny ,— or inclin 
i»g to be thorny. 

Spinose, thorny ; armed with thorns. 

Spinulose, covered with, small spines. 

Spongioles. The delicate sponge-like 
tissue, forming the growing-points of 
roots. 

Sporange. The pericarp of the crypto 
gamous plants ; the membranaceous 
envelope of the sporules. 

Spores, or sporules. The seminal equi 
valents, or analogues of seeds, in 
cryptogamous plants. 

Sporidia. Spore-like bodies ; or some 
times the cells, or sacs, which contain 
the sporules of the Fumgi. 

Sporocarp, a synonym of Sporange. 

Sporules. Dimin. of Spores;-, which see 

Spur. A tapering hollow production of 
the base of a petal, or sepal, — usually 
called a nectary. 

Spurred, having a spur, or spur-like 
elongations. 

Squamose, scaly ; covered more or less 
with soales. 

tSquarrose.jagged; having spreading tips, 
or divaricate points, all round, — as 
the scales of some involucres. 

Stachydeae. The St&chys or Hedge- 
nettle tribe of the Order Labiatae. 

Stamen. The organ of a flower which 
prepares the pollen, — usually consist- 
ing of a filament and anther., and situ- 
ated between the corolla and the 
pistil. 

Staminate flower. Having stamens,. bui 
not pistils. 

Staminiferous, bearing or supporting the 
stamens. 

Staminodia. Imperfect organs occupy- 
ing the position of, and resembling 
Stamens, — being in the transition stage 
between petals and stamens. 

Stellatae. A Sub-order of Rubiaceae 
distinguished by whorled or stellatt 

. leaves. 

Stellate, like a star; arranged like the 
rays of a star. 



Stellular, radiating after the manner 6f" 
little stars. 

Stellidar pubescence. Compound or 
fasciculate hairs, with the branches 
spreading like rays. 

Stem. The main axis or body of a plant ; 
the common supporter of branches, 
leaves, flowers and fruit. 

Stemless, having no visible or aerial 
stem : applied to plants where the 
stem is suppressed, or so short as to 
be apparently wanting. 

Sterile, barren, or unproductive ; applied 
to flowers which produce no fruit. 

Stigma. The summit of the style, — or 
that portion of the pistil through which 
the pollen acts. 

Stigmatic, belonging or relating to the 
stigma. 

Stigmatiferous, or stigmatose, bearing, or 
belonging to, the stigma. 

Stipe. A little pedicel, or footstalk, of 
seeds, &c. also, the petiole of the frond, 
in ferns. 

Stipellaie, furnished with stipelles, — i. e. 
the stipules of leaflets, in compound 
leaves. 

Stipelles. The stipular appendages, or 
little stipides, of leaflets, in compound 
leaves. 

Stipitate, having a stipe ; supported on 
a little pedicel. 

Stipitiform, resembling a stipe. 

Stipular, belonging or relating to sti- 
pules. 

Stipulate, furnished with stipules. 

Stipules. Leaflets, or leaf-like append- 
ages, at the base of a petiole, or leaf. 

Stole (corruptly, stool), to put forth stoles 
(or stolones) — i. e. suckers, or branches, 
from the root: usually applied to 
young wheat, in autumn and spring. 

Stole-bearing, producing stoles. See stu- 
lonifcrous. 

Stoles (i. e. stolones — corruptly, stools). 
The shoots, suckers, or otf-sets, from 
the base of the stem, or roots, of 
plants : usually applied to young win- 
ter grain, — as wheat, &c. See Tiller. 

Stoloniferous, having suckers, off-setts, 
or running shoots (stolones), from the 
base of the stem, or crown of the root. 

Striae. Fine parallel ridges, or lines. 

Striate, marked with longitudinal lines, 
or stripes. 

StriaterSidcaie, scored with minute lon- 
gitudinal grooves and ridges. 

Strict^ straight and rigidly upright. 

Strigose, armed with spreading bristly 

. hairs, which taper from base to apex. 

Strobile. The cone, or collective fruit, of 
the Pines, Firs, &c. 

Strophiole. A little crown, or fungous 
appendage to the hilum of a seed. 

Style. The columnar (usually slender) 
portion of the pistil, between the ovary 
and the stigma. — sometimes wanting. 

Styliferous, bearing or producing a style, 
or styles. 

Sttfl 'op odium. The foot or thickened base 



GLOSSARY 



XXIX 



Of the style (or united styles), at thef little squares, or checquers, like a 

junction with the epigynous disk, — as chess-board. 

in UmbelliferaE. Testa. The outer integument, or proper 



Stylostegium. The hood or covering of 
the style, — as in the Asclepias family. 
See Gynostegium. 
Sub — a preposition signifying under, or 
a division. — as a Si/i-class. Sub-order, 
&c. : also employed as a diminutive^ 
or qualifying term, equivalent to al- 
most, somewhat, or about, — as sub-ses- 
sile, nealy sessile, &c. 

Suberose, of a texture resembling cork. 

Subulate, shaped like an awl-blade ; 
linear or cylindric below, angular and 
tapering to a sharp point at summit. 

Succulent, juicy ; full of juice. 

Sucker. A shoot, or offsett, from the 
root, or base of the stem. 

Suffrutescent, almost shrubby. 

Suffruticose, somewhat shrubby ; shrub- 
by at base. 

Sulcate, furrowed, or grooved. 

Super, or supra.a. preposition signifying 
above or upon, biyond or more than. — 
as super-axillary, situated above the 
axil. 

Super — or Supra-decompound , more than 
decompound ; many times subdivided, 
or compounded. 

Superior, above ; a term applied to the 
ovary when it is above the calyx, or 
fiee in the flower; also to the calyt. 
when the tube is adherent to the ovary, 
and the segments borne on its sum 
mit. 

Suppression, the non-production, or fail- 
ure in the developement, of an organ. 

Surculose, bearing suckers, or offsets. 

Suspended ovules, or seeds. When they 
are attached to the summit of the ova- 
ry, or pericarp, and hang perpendicu- 
larly in the cavity. 

Suture. The line, or sean, formed by the 
junction of two margins. 

Sy)nmetrical flower. When there is an 
equal number of parts in each series, 
or venicil. 

Syngenesotis, having- the anthers united, 
— as in the ConrosiTAE. 

Synonym. Another name for the same 
thing. 

Ttna.ions, sticky or adhesive ; also, 
holding on by means of little hooked 
points. 

Ttnd.il. A filiform twining branch, or 
appendage, by which some plants 
climb, or sustain themselves: in the 
grape vine, it is an abortive raceme. 

Teiete, round, like a column, — and either 
cylindric or tapering; appl.ed to stems, 
or stem-like bodies. See orbicular- 
Terminal, situated at, or proceeding 
from, the end or summit: 

Ttrnary, arranged in threes ; consisting 
of three parts, or elements. 

Tematt, three-fold ; three together, — as 
the leaflets of clover, &c. 

Tessellated, resembling mosaic work ; i^ 



coat, of a seed. 

Tetrad ynamo us, having 4 long and 2 
short stamens, in a cruciate flower. 

Tetragonous, 4-comered, or having 4 
angles-. 

Tetramerousy consisting of 4 parts, or 
constituent portions. 

Telrandrous, having 4 stamens of equal 
length: 

Thallogenoxis plants. Plants destitute of 
stem, or ax.s ; consisting of Thalli, or 
mere expansions of cellular vegetable 
growth. 

Thallophytes. A Class of flowerless 
plants,— consisting wholly of Thallus, 
or vegetable leaflike expansion. 

Thallus. A name for lhestemless,fronc- 
like expansion, of which many Cryp- 
togamous plants are entirely compo- 
sed. 

Theca (plural, Thecae). A name for the 
little case, sac, or capsule, (sporocarj n 
containing the spores of certain Cryp- 
tog-amous plants (ex. gr. the Mosses). 

Tho.n. A sharp process from the woodv 
part of a plan:, — being a stunted, or 
abortive branch. 

Throat. The orifice or passage into the 
tube of a corolla. 

Thyrsoid, resembling, or being in the 
form of, a Thyrsus. 

Thyrsus. A kind of contracted, or dense, 
ovoid panicle, — as in the Lilac, Horse- 
Chesnut,- &c. 

Tiliaceae. The Tilia or Linden family 

Tiller. A sucker, or young shoot, of 
Wheat, Rye, &c. 

Tilhr. or tillow, to put forth suckers, or 
new shoots, from the root, or base of 
the stem — as Wheat, <&c. See Stole, or 
stool. 

Tissue. Web, or fabric ; the intimate oi 
ganic structure, or composition, of bo- 
dies,— especially those which are, or 
have been, alive. 

Tomentose, covered with a curled, or mat- 
ted, cottony pubescence. 

Tomentum. A matted downy or cottony 
pubescence. 

Toothtd. See dentate. 

Torose, or torulose, swelled out In obtuse 
ridges. 

Tortuous, bentm different directions. 

Torus. The bed, or receptacle, at the 
apex of a flowerstalk, on which are 
inserted all the parts of the flower. 

Translucent, clear, or transmitting light 
faintly. 

Transvtrse,- transversely, across; cross- 
wise ; at right angles with lengthwise. 

Triadelphous. having the filaments unit- 
ed in 3 parcels. 

Triandrous, having 3 stamens. 

Triangular, having 3 angles, corners, oi 
points. 



XXX 



GLOSSARY 



Tribes. Groups of kindred plants, inter 

mediate between Orders and Genera. 
Tribracteate, having 3 bracts. 
Trichotomous, three-forked ; dividing by 

3 equal branches. 
Tricoccous, composed of three separable 

mdehiscent carpels (or cocci). 
Tricuspidate, having, or terminating in 

3 sharp points. 
Trifarious, facing, or pointing, in 3 di- 
rections. 
Tr'fid. three-cleft ; partially cut or di 

vided into 3 segments. 
Trifoliate, having 3 leaves ; or the leaves 

arranged in threes. 
Trifolieae. The TrifoAum or Clover 

tribe, of the Order Legltkunqsae. 
Trigonous, three-cornered. 
Trigynous, having 3 pistils. 
Trilobate, three-lobed. 
Trimerous, consisting of 3 parts, 
Tripartite, three- par texL. 
Tripetalous, having 3 petals* 
Tripinnate. thrice- pinnate ; the common 

petiole 3 limes divided, or with bipin 

nate divisions on each side. 
Tripinna.ifid, pinnately dissected, with 

the primary divisions twice pinnatifid 
Triplinerved, having 3 principal nerves 

from the base. 
Triquetrous, having 3 angles and 3 flat 

sides, — as the culms of many Cypera- 

ceae. 
Trisipalous, having 3 sepals. 
Triternate leaf. When the petiole is twice 

divided lernately,and each final branch 

bears 3 leaves, 
Tropaeolaceae. The T.opaeolum or 

Nasim ts'.um family. 
Truncate, having ihe end blunt, as if 

transversely cut off. 
Tube, a pipe, or hollow cylinder. 
Tuber. A solid fleshy knob, attached to 

roots. 
Tureraceae. A division of the Subtribe 

Angiogasteres, typified by the genus 

Tubtr, or Truffle. 
Tubercle. A small excrescence, knob, or 

point, on a surface — making it rough, 

or uneven. 
Tubercula. The partial receptacles of some 

of the Lichens. 
Tuberrulate, covered with tubercles. 
Tuberiferous, bearing or producing tubers. 
Tubeious, consisting of, or fleshy and 

solid like tubers. 
Tubular, having a tube, or constructed 

like a tube. 
Tubuliflorae. The first Sub-order of 

CojirosiTAE, with the perfect or disk 

florets all tubular. 
Tuft. A bunch, or fascicle, growing from 

the same root, or originating nearly ai 

the same point. 
Tumid, swelled, or enlarged like a swel- 
ling. 
Tunicate, coated ; having concentric 

coats, or thin layers. 
Turbinate, top-shaped ; resembling ar 

inverted cone. 



Turf The green sward, or grassy sod. 
Turgid, swelled, but not inflated. 
Tuiion. A thick, tender, young shoot of 

a plant, — as of Asparagus, Hop, &c. 
Tussock. A dense tuft or bunch formed 

at the root, — as in some species of 

Carex, Grasses, &c. 
Twin, two of the same kind connected, 

or grow ing together. 
Twining, winding round and ascending 

spirally. 
Tuo-ranked (or lowed), See distichous. 
Typhaceae. The Typha or Cat-tail fam- 
ily of plants. 
Ulmaceae. The Ulmus or Elm family. 
Ulmeae. The Sub-order of Ulmaceae, of 

which the genus Ulmus is the special 

type. 
Umbel. A kind of inflorescence, in which 

the flower-stalks proceed from a com- 
mon centre, like rays or the braces of 

an umbrella. Umbels are simple, or 

compound : which see. 
Umbellate, in the form or manner of an 

umbel. 
Umbellit. A partial umbel ; one of the 

subdivisions of a compound umbtl : 

which see. 
UMEtLLiFtRAE. The Order or family of 

Umbel bearing plants. 
Umbellfnous, bearing the flowers in 

umbels. 
Umbilirate, navel-like ; having a central 

pit, or depression. 
Una.nnd, without lhorns or prickles. 
Uncinate, hook-shaped ; hooked at the 

end. 
Undulate, wavy ; curved, or rising and 

depressed, like waves. 
Unequal, the paits not corresponding in 

length, size, form or duration. 
Unguicu'ate, having a slender or narrow 

base, like an unguis, or claw. 
Uniform, or unifo.mly, in one form, or 

manner; equally and alike. 
Unilateral, on one side; growing, or in- 
serted, all on one side of a stem, or 

common peduncle. 
Unisexual, of one sex — i. e. staminate, 

or pistillate, only. 
Urce.clate, pitcher-shaped, or urn shaped ; 

swelling below, and contracted to a 

neck, above. 

Urticaceae. The Urtica or Nettle fami- 
ly of plains. 

Urticeae. The Sul-order of Urtica- 
ceae, specially typified by the genus 
Unica. 

Utricle. A little sac, or thm membrana- 
ceous perica'p, which incloses, but 
does not adhere to, thes^ed. See Cary- 
opsis. 

Vaccinieae. A Sul-order of Ericaceae, 
repiesented by the genus Vaccinittm. 

Vallate aestivation. When the sepals or 
1 elals are folded together, and fit by 
their edges, without overlapping. 

Valves. The several parts of a regularly 
dehiscent pericarp, — especially of a 



GLOSSARY 



XXXI 



capsule : also, the scales which close 
Ihe tube, in some corollas; and the 
chaffy pieces which cover the flowers 
of the Grasses. 

Var (Varietas), a variety, or modifica- 
tion of a species. 

Variety. A new or unusual form, or mo- 
dification of a plant, produced by acci 
dental causes, — such as crossing, soil, 
climate, culture, &c. but not perma- 
nently, or at least, not specifically, dis 
tinct. 

Vascular plants. The higher Orders of 
plants (including all above the Mosses), 
— composed more or less of woody 
fibres, and elongated cells, or vessels, 
ID the form of slender tubes. 

Vau ted, arched over, like the roof of the 
mouth. 

Veil (of the Fung ). A delicate mem- 
brane or fringe, in certain jSgarics, 
which in an early stage connects the 
margin of the pi!eus with the stipe. 

Ve 'ned, having Ihe vessels variously 
branching, over the surface. 

Venation of a leaf. The distribution of 
the veins, or frame work, in the lami 
na or blade. 

Ventral, contained in, or belonging to, the 
belly. 

Ventral suture. The line or seam of a 
carpel, or folded leaf, formed by the 
union of its margins: the opposite of 
do sal. 

Ventricle, bellied ; swelling out in the 
middle, or below it. 

Vekbasceak. The Veibascnm or Mullein 
tr.be, of the Order Sceophulakiaceae 

Verrenaceae. The Verlena or Vervain 

family. 
Vernation. The m<de in which young 

leaves are folded and lacked :n a bud. 

V;:k.\ox aceae. The Vernonia or Iron 
weed tribe of the Older Compos.tae. 

Verxonceab. The Sirt-t.ibe of Vernon- 

iaceae, of which the genus Vernon: ( 

U the specnl type. 
Vertucose, warty; covered with wart 

like exeresence.s. 
Versatile anther. When it is fixed by the 

middle on the point of the filament, 

and moves round lightly and readily, — 

as in the Grasses, &c. 
Vertical, or vertically; in a perpendicular 

direction ; from the zenith, or highest 

point directly downwards. 
Veitical leaves. When they stand edge 

up, or present their margins — and not 

their faces^-lo the earth and skj : in- 



dicative rather of Fhyllodia, than of 
true leaves. 

Verticil. A whorl ; flowers, leaves, or 
other organs, arranged in a horizontal 
ring, round a stem, or at its summit. 

Verticillastcr. A spurious verticil ; a 
condensed cyme, or cluster resembling 
a verticil,— as in many Labtatae. 

Yerticil'ate, growing or arranged in a 
verticil, whorl or horizontal ring. 

Ves'cles, Little bladder-like vessels. 

Vesicular, or vesiculose, made of, or re- 
sembling, little bladders. 

Vespertine flowers. Those which expand 
in the evening. 

Vexillum. The banner, or broad uppei^. 
petal of a papilionaceous corolla. 

Vicieae. The Vicia or Vetch tribe, of 
the Order Legtjminosae. 

Vil'ose, or villous, velvety ; clothed with 
numerous, and rather long, soft hairs. 

Villus (plural, r/rt"). The velvet-like pu- 
bescence on a villous plant. 

Virescent, inclining to, or becoming, 
green. 

Yi -gate, wand-like ; long, slender, and 
straight. 

Viridescent, greenish. 

Viscid, clammy ; covered with a sticky 
or adhesive moisture. 

Vitaceae. The Villa or Grape family. 

Vittae. Fillets; linear receptacles of 
oily matter on the carpels of Umbelli- 
ferous plants. 

Viviparous, producing a collatcal off- 
spring by means of bulbs ;. or having 
the seeds to germinate before they are 
detached from the parent plant. 

Vo'mbi'e, ascending spi ally, or climb- 
ing by embracing another object. See 
Twining. 

Volva. The wrapper, or outer covering 
of a young Mushroom (Agaric). — 
which bursts by the rapid development 
of the plant, leaving its remains adhe- 
rent to the base of the stipe. 

Vu'gn, commonly called (in the vernacu- 
lar) ; in common parlance. 

Wary, — See undulate, 

V.'hc.r', — See verticil. 

Winged, having a thin extended margin. 

Wing*. The side-petals of a papilionace- 
ous corolla : also, ihe membranous ex- 
pansion at the summit or margin of 
certain pericarps, and on the sides of 
some petioles. 

Woolly, clothed with a long, curled or 
matted pubescence, resembling wool. 

Xanthoxylaceae. The Xanthoiylonot 
Prickly Ash family of plants. 



ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES. 



o= The sign of Cotyledons decumbent 

o|| " " Cotyledons incumbent 

Ach. Eric Acharius, Swedish Botanist 

jUdans. Michel Adanson, French. 

Agardh. Car. Ad. Agardh, Swedish. 

A. Gr. Asa Grav. American. 

Ait. Wm. & Win. T. Aiton, English. 

All. Car. Allioni, Italian. 

A'ph. Dc. AlphonseDe Candolle,French 

Bartl. Friedr. G til. Bartling, German. 

Bartr. John & Wm.Bartram, American 

Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois, French. 

Benth.. George Bentham, English. 

Benth. Lab. Labiatarum Genera et Spe- 
cies. By Geo. Bentham. 1 vol. 8 vo. — 
London, 1S32-G. 

Bess. Wilib. Besser, German. 

B'.ume. Carl Ludw. Blume, German. 

B-onn. Heinr. Geo. Bronn, German. 

Brot. Feiix Avellar Brotero, Portuguese 

C. A. Meij. Carl Ami. Meyer, German. 

Cass. Alex. Hen. Garb, de Cassini, Ital- 
ian. 

Chav. M. Chavannes, French. 

Cliois. Jaq. Denis Choisy. French. 

Correct. Abbe Correa de Serra, Portu 
guese. 

Crantz, Heinr. Joh. Nepom. Crantz. 
Geiman. 

DC. Aug. PyramusDe Candolle, French 

DC. (Alph.) Alehouse De Candolle. 
French. 

Dene. J. Decaisne, French. 

DC. Prolr. Prodromus Systematis Na 
turalis Regni Vegelabilis : Auctore 
Aug. Pyr. De Candolle. 10 vols. 8 to. 
1821-46 

Desf. Rene Louis Desfontaines, French 

De Iheis. Alexandre de Theis, French 

Dilhn. Joh. Jac. Dillenius, German. 

Don. David & Geo. Don, English. 

Duby. Jean Etienne Duby, French. 

Duham Hen. Louis Duhaniel, French 

Dunal. Michel Felix Dunal, French. 

Ehrh. Fnedrich Ehrhart, German. 

Ell- Stephen Elliott, American. 

Endl. Stephen Endlieher, Hungarian. 

End I. Gin. Genera Plantarum secundum 
Ordines Naturales d sposita: Auctore 
Stephano Endlieher. 1 vol. 8 vo. 1836- 
40. 

excl. syn. excluding the synonyms. 

ex. gr. {exempli gratia) for the sake of 
example. 

fig. a figure or representation. 

Fl. Flowers expanded. 

Fl. Cestr. Flora Cestrica : By Wm. 
Darlington, 1. vol. 12 mo. 1837. 

Fl. Lend. Flora Londinensis : By Wm 
Curtis & Wm. J. Hooker. 4 vols, in 
Folio. 1815. 



Foist. George (John, &c ) Forsler, Eng- 
lish. 
Fr. in the French language; also, Fruit 

mature. 
Fries. Elias Fiies, German. 
Gaertn. Jos. & Carl Friedr. Gaertner, 

German 
Gaudich. M. Ch. Gaudichaud, French. 
Germ, in the German language. 
Gloc. Ben). Petr. Gloxin, "German. 
Gooden. Saml. Goodenough. English. 
Gray. Gram. North American Grami- 

neae and Cyperaceae : By Asa Gray. 

2 vols. Folio. 1834-5. 
H. B. K. Humboldt, Bonpland, & Kunth. 
Hall, or Haller. Albeit von Haller, Dutch. 
Hoffm. Geo. Fr. (el al.) Hoffmann, Ger- 
man. 
Hoffmsg. J. C. Count Hoffmannsegg, 

Cieiman. 
Hook. Sir Wm. J. Hooker, English. 
Huds. Wm Hudson, English. 
Juss. Ant. Laur. de Jussieu, French. 
Koch. Wilh. Dan Jos. Koch, German. 
Kunth. Car. Sigism. Kunth, German. 
Kunth, Enum. Enumeratio Plantarum 

omnium hucusque cognitarum. &c. 

auctore C. S. Kunth. 4 ioIs. S vo. 1S3;> 

43. 
L. Car. Linnaeus, Swedish. 
Lam. J. Bapt. Monet de la Marck, 

French. 
Lan.b. A. B. Lambert. English. 
1. c. {loco citato) in the place already cited 

or referred to. 
Less. Chr. Fr. Lessing, German. 
Lesiib. Fr. Jos. Lesliboudois, Belgian. 
L'vdl. JohnLindley, English. 
Link. Heinr. Friedr. Link, German. 
Loddig. Conrad Lod 'iges, English. 
Marsh. Humphry Marshall, American. 
Mart. Carl Friedr. Phil, von Martius, 

German. 
Mdik. Fried. Casim. Medikus. German. 
M.y. {C. A ) Carl. Ant. Meyer, German. 
Mich. Pet. Ant. Micheli, Italian. 
Mill. Philip Miller, English. 
Mi.b. C. F. Bnsseau-Mirbel, French. 
Moench. Conrad Moench, German. 
Maid. Henry Muhlenberg, American. 
Mx. Andr. Michaux, French. 
Mx. Fl. Bor. Am. Flora Boreal i-Ameri- 

cana : 2 vols. 8 vo. Paris, 1803. 
Mx. Sijlva. The North American Sylva : 

By F. Andiew Michaux. 3 vols. 8 vo. 

1S17-19. 
Neck. Natal. Jos. de Necker, French. 
Nees. Chr. Gottfr. Nees von Esenbeck, 

German. 
Nutt. Thomas Nuttall, Anglo-American. 
Obs. Observation, or remarks. 



XXXIV 



ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES 



Ters. Chr. Henri Persoon, Dutch ? 

Ph. or Pursh. Fredk. Pursh. 

Presl. CarlBoriwogPiesl, Hungarian. 

R if. or Rafm. C. Raunesque-Schinaltz ; 
Sicilian. 

Ft. Br. Robert Brown, Fnglish. 

Rich. Louis Claude Richaid, French. 

Risso. A. Risso, French ? 

Roxb. Wm. Roxburgh, English. 

Humph. Geo. Everh. Rumphius, Dutch 

Satisb. fiichd. Anth. Salisbury, English. 

Sa i. Gaetano Savi, Italian. 

Schott. Heinrich Schott, German. 

Sehrad. Heinr. Adolph. Schrader, Ger- 
man. 

Sclireb. Jon. Chr. Dan. von Schreber 
German. 

Sclium. Chi. Fr. Schumacher, German. 

Scop. Joh. Ant. Scopoli. Italian. 

FtT. Nich. Charles Seringe, Swiss ? 

Siltk. Joh. Sibthorp, English. 

Soland. Dan. Cmr. Solancier, Swedish. 

Fj.an. in the Spanish language. 

Fpreng. Kurt Sprengel, German. 

Sic. Olaus Swatz, Swedish. 

tab. (tabula) a plate, or sheet containing 
one or more tiguies. 

Theis. (De.). Alexandre de Theis 
French. 



Tode. Ileinr. Jul. Tode, German. 

Torr. jr Gr. Jno. Torrey & Asa Gray, 
American. 

Torr. f Gr. Fl. N. Am. A Flora of North 
America: By John Torrey and Asa 
Gray. vols. 8 vo. 1838-4 . 

Torr. N. Am. Cyp. Monograph of N. 
American Cyperaceae : By John Tor- 
rey. 1836. 

Toumef. Jos. Pilton de Toumefort, 
French. 

ttin. Car. Bern. Trinius, German. 

Vahl. Martin Vah I, Danish. 

Vaill. Sebastian Vaillant, French. 

Vtnt. Etienne Pierre Vemenal, French. 

Vill. D. Villars, French. 

Wa'.p. Repert. Repertorium Botanices 
Systematicae : Auclore Gul. Geraido 
Walters. 2 vols. 8 vo. 1842-3. 

Walt. Thomas Walter, Anglo-American. 

Wangtnh. Fr. Ad. Jul. Wangenhehn, 
German. 

Weih. Aug. Weihe, German. 

XVilld. Carl Ludw. Willdenow, German. 

Willd. Sp. PL Caroli a. Linne* Species 
Plantaium : Curante Carolo Ludovico 
"Willdenow. 5 vols. 8 vo. 1797-lSiO. 

With. Win. Withering, English- 



LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT 

OF THE GENERA TREATED OF IN THIS WORK. 



D^Tor the convenience of those who are accustomed to investigate 
Genera by the Linnaean Method, the following Synopsis is here in- 
serted. 

DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 

A. Flowers complete, regular. Fruit a Berry. 

Li gust RUM. Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Corolla 4-lobed ; lobes 
ovate, spreading. Berry 2-celled ; cells 2-seeded. Ord. C V. Olea- 
ceae. page 136. 

B. Flowers mostly incomplete. Fruit a Samara. 

Fraxinus. Dioicously polygamous: Calyx 0, or 3-4-parted. 

Corolla 0, or 4-petaled. Capsule (or Samara) 2-celled, compressed, 

with a thin wing-like extension at apex. Ord. CV. Oleaceae.^. 131. 

[Catalpa. Ord. LXXXVIII. Bignoxiaceae. p. 107.] 

[Hedeoma, and Salvia. Ord. XCIII. Labiatae. p. 111.] 

DIGYNIA. 

[Anthoxanlhum. Ord. CLX. Gramixeae. p. 210.] 

TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA, 

[For the Genera belonging here, See Ord. CLIX. CypERAcrAE. p. 199.] 

[Juncus communis. Ord. CLV. Jvncaceae. p. 199.] 

DIGYNIA. 

[The Genera belonging here, are the true Grasses, — and will be found in Ord. 
CLX. Gramixeae. p. 204.] 

[Amaranthus albus. Ord. CIX. Amaraxtiiaceae. p. 141.] 

TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 
A. Ovary inferior, a. Corolla monopetalous. 
Dipsacus. Flowers in ovoid heads : Calyx minute, cup-shaped, 
entire. Corolla tubular ; limb 4-cleft, erect. Fruit akene-like, 
1-seeded, crowned with the calyx. Receptacle conical, chaffy. 
Ord. LXXXIV. Dipsaceae. p. 73. 

Rubia. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla 4 or 5-parted, rotate. Style 
bifid. Fruit didymous, subglobose, baccate or succulent. Ord. 
LXXII. Rueiaceae. p. 72. 

b. Corolla tetrapetalous . 

Cornus. Calyx 4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong. Drupe with a 2 or 
3-celled nut. Ord. LXIX. Cor.naceae. p. 70. 



XXXVI LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT 

B. Ovary superior, a. Flowers complete. 

Puntago. Calyx mostly 4-partecl. Corolla monopetalou s, marces- 
cent ; limb 4-cleft, reflexed. Stamens much exserted. Capsule 
2-celled, circumscissed (or opening horizontally). Ord. LXXXIV. 
Plantaginaceae. p. 105. 

b. Flowers incomplete. 
Symplocarpus. Spathe conch-shaped, acuminate. Spadix roundish- 
oval. Calyx deeply 4-parted, persistent; segments cnneate, trun- 
cate and somewhat cucullate, becoming thick and spongy. Style 
4-sided, tapering ; stigma minute. Seeds solitary, imbedded in the 
spadix. Ord. CXXXV. Araceae. p. 189. 

DIGYNIA. 

[Cuscuta epilinum. Ord. XCIX. Convolvvlaceae. p. 127.] 

PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA, 

A. Flowers complete. § 1. Ovary superior. 

a. Corolla monopetalous. f Seeds or Nuts 4, apparently naked. 

*Nuts fixed to the bottom of the calyx. 

Lithospermum. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla small, funnel-form ; 
limb 5-lobed ; throat open. Stamens included. Nuts imperforate 
at base, bony, rugose or sometimes smooth. Ord. XCIV. Boragi- 
naceae. p. 123. 

Echium. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla irregular, subcampanulate ; 
limb unequally and obliquely 5-lobed; tube short; throat open. 
Nuts imperforate at base, tuberculate. Ord. XCIV. Boragina- 

CEAE. p. 122. 

* * Nuts affixed to the Style or central cohimn. 

Cynoglossum. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form ; throat closed 
by 5 obtuse connivent scales. Nuts (or Ahenes') echinate, somewhat 
depressed, ovate, convex externally and angular on the inner side. 

OKD. XCIV. BoRAGINACEAE. p. 124. 

f f Seeds in an evident Pericarp. * Fruit a Capsule. 

Sabbatia. Calyx 5 to 12-parted. Corolla sub-rotate, 5 to 12-parted. 
Stame?is sometimes 6 ; anthers finally revolute. Stigmas 2, spirally 
twisted. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved. Ord. CI. Gentianaceae.^?. 132. 
Convolvulus. Calyx 5-sepaled, naked or with 2 bracts at or near 
the base. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form ; limb obsoletely 5- 
lobed, plicate. Filaments dilated at base. Stigmas 2, linear-terete, 
often revolute. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved. Ord. XCIX. Convol- 
vulaceae. p. 125. 

Batatas. Calyx 5-sepaled. Corolla campanulate ; limb quinque- 
plicate. Filaments scarcely dilated at base. Stigma capitate, 2- 
lobed. Capsule 3 — 4-celled, 3 — 4 valved. Ord. XCIX. Convol- 
vulaceae, p. 124. 

Datura. Calyx tubular, 5-angled, 5-cleft at summit, deciduous. 
Corolla funnel-form ; limb 5-angled, plicate. Capsule ovoid, mostly 
muricate, 2 to 4-celled, 4-valved. Ord. C Solanackae.jp. 128. 

Nicotiana. Calyx somewhat urceolate, 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla 



OF THE GENERA TREATED OP XXXVU 

funnel-form ; limb spreading, plicately 5-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 
smooth, bisulcate, 2-celled, 2 to 4-valved. Ord. C. Solanaceae. 
p. 127. 

Verbascum. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate ; limb unequally 5- 
lobed. Stamens declined ; filaments (or some of them) hairy. Cap- 
stele ovoid or globose, 2-celled, 2-valved. Ord. XCI. Scrophula- 
riaceae. p. 109. 

* * Fruit a Berry. 
Solanum. Calyx 5 to 10-cleft. Corolla rotate or sub-campanulate : 
limb plicate, mostly 5-lobed. Anthers erect, connivent, opening by 
2 pores at summit. Berry globose, 2 to 4-celled. Ord. C. Solana- 
ceae. p. 129. 

Lycopersicum. Calyx 5 to 10-parted. Corolla rotate; limb pli- 
cate, 5 to 10-lobed. Anthers cohering by an elongated membrane 
at summit, opening longitudinally. Berry mostly depressed-globose 
and often torose, 2 to 3-celled. Ord. C. Solanaceae. p. 131. 
Capsicum. Calyx mostly 5-cleft. Corolla, sub-rotate ; limb plicate, 
mostly 5-lobed. Anthers connivent, opening longitudinally. Berry 
without pulp, polymorphous, imperfectly 2 — 3-celled. Ord. C. So- 
lanaceae, p. 129. 

b. Corolla mostly pentapetalous : Fruit a Berry. 

Vitis. Often Dioicously polygamous : Calyx minute, 5-toothed. 
Petals cohering at apex, caducous. Stigma subsessile, obtuse. 
Berry 2-celled, 4-seeded ; cells and seeds often abortive. Ord. 
XL VI. Vitaceae. p. 28. 

§ 2. Ovary inferior, a. Corolla monopetalous. 
Lobelia. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular, irregular, cleft on the 
upper side nearly to the base. Stamens more or less united; anthers 
coalesced into a tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule sometimes half 
superior, 2 or 3-celled, opening at summit. Ord. LXXVI. Lobe- 
liaceae. p. 101. 

b. Corolla pentapetalous . 

Ribes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-cleft ; segments more 
or less colored. Petals small, inserted alternately with the stamens 
in the throat of the calyx. Style 2 to 4-cleft. Berry crowned with 
the shrivelled remains of the flower, 1 -celled, pulpy, many-seeded. 
Ord. LIX. Grossulaceae. p. 56. 

B. Flowers incomplete. 
Nyssa. Dioicously polygamous : StaminaTe Fl. Calyx 5-parted. 
Corolla 0. Stamens 5 to 10 or 12, inserted round a peltate disk. 
Pistillate Fl. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 0. Stamens 5, or wanting. 
Drupe oval; nut striate." Ord. CXIV. Santalaceae. p. 149. 

[Acer rubrum. Ord. XLI. Aceraceae. p. 27.] 

DIGYNIA. 
A. Ovary superior, f. Flowers complete. 
Cuscuta. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla globose-urceolate, 4 or 5- 
lobed. Stamens adnate to the tube of the corolla, alternating with 
the lobes, supported by fringed scales at base. Capsule 2-celled, 
circumscissed. Ord. XCIX. Convolvulaceae. p. 126. 



XXXVih LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT 

Asclepias. Calyx 5-parteJ. Corolla 5-parted; lobes reflexed. 
Stamineal crown 5-lobed ; lobes erect, cucullate, each with a subu- 
late process projecting from within. Antheridia 5-angled, trun- 
cate, opening at the winged angles by 5 vertical fissures. Pollinia 
5 distinct pairs, compressed, pyriform, pendulous. Ovaries 2, one 
mostly abortive. Follicles ventricose. Okd. CIII. Asclefiada- 
ceae. p. 133. 

f f Floivers incomplete. 

Chenopodium. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla 0. Styles very 
short. Utricle thin, membranaceous. Seed 1, vertically depressed, 
lenticular. Odd. CVII. Chenopodiaceae. p. 139. 
Beta. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, adhering to the base of the fruit. 
Corolla 0. Seed 1, subreniform-cochleate, imbedded in the base of 
the calyx. Ord. CVII. Chenopodiaceae. p. 138. 
Ulmus. Calyx small, campanulate, 5 to 8-cleft. Corolla 0. Sta~ 
mens 5 to 8. Samara 1-celled, 1-seeded, flat, with a broad mem- 
branous margin. Ord. CXVII. Ulmaceae. p. 150. 
Celtis. Monoicously roLYGAiious : Staminatg Fl. Calyx G- 
parted. Corolla 0. Stamens § (fide Nutt.). PjrfectFl. Calyx 
deeply 5-parted. Corolla 0. Stigmas subulate, elongated. Drupe 
globose, 1-seeded. Ord. CXVII. Ulmacfae. p. 151. 

B. Ovary inferior, f Flowers in simple Umbels. 
Panax. Dioicously polygamous: Staminate Fl. Calyx small, 
turbinate ; limb nearly entire. Perfect Fl. Calyx obsoletely 5- 
toothed. Petals 5. Stamens inserted under the margin of the epi- 
gynous disk. Styles 2 or 3 (rarely 1). Fruit a fleshy or subcoria- 
ceous berry, 2 or 3-celled ; cells 1 seeded. Ord. LXVIII. Aralia- 
.ceae. p. 69. 

f f Floiccrs in compound Umbels. 
[The Genera of this division all belong to Ord. LXVII. Umeelliferae. p. 08.] 

TRH3YNIA. 

a. Ovary inferior : corolla 'monopetalous. 

Sambucus. Calyx mostly 5-cleft ; limb small. Corolla sub-rotate, 
mostly 5-lobed. Stame?is sometimes 6 or 7. Berry subglobose, 1- 
celled, 3 to 5-seeded. Ord. LXXI. Caprifoliaceae. p. 71. 

b. Ovary superior : Corolla pentapetalous. 

Rhus. Dioicously Polygamous : Sterile Fl. Stamens 5, mostly 
shorter than the petals. Stigmas mostly 3. Ovary abortive. Fek- 
tile Fl. Stamens 5, or often wanting. Stigmas mostly 3, sub- 
sessile. Drupe small, nearly or sometimes quite dry ; nut bony. 
Ord. XXXIX. Anacardiaceae. p. 23. 

PENTAGYNIA. 

a. Ovary inferior. 

Aralia. Calyx 5-toothed or entire. Petals 5. Styles spreading, 
persistent. Berry 5-celled, 5-seeded. Ord. LXVIII. Araliaceae. 
p. 69. 

b. Ovary superior. 

Linum. Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, unguiculate. 



OF THE GENERA TREATED OF XXXIX 

Stamens united at base in a hypogynous ring, with intermediate 
teeth. Capsule globose, 10-celled, 10-valved. Seeds solitary, com- 
pressed, ovate. Ord. XXXI. Linaceae. p. 21. 

HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 

a. Perianth mostly Corolla-like* f Flowers with a Spathe. 

Alltm. Spathe membranaceous: Flowers in a dense terminal 
umbel, or head. Perianth 6-parted. Filaments sometimes tricus- 
pidate (i. e. in threes, the anthers on the lateral ones abortive). — 
Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. Ord. CLII. Liliaceae.jp. 195. 

f f Flowers destitute of a Spathe. 

Asparagus. Perianth 6-parted; segments linear-oblong, erect. 
Stigmas 3, subsessile. Berry 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. Ord. CLII. 
Liliaceae. p. 19S. 

Ornithogall'M. Perianth deeply 6-parted; segments spreading 
above the middle. Filaments dilated at base. Capsule roundish, 
somewhat trigonous, 3-celled. Ord. CLII. Liliaceae, p. 195. 
Tillandsia. Perianth deeply 6-parted, — the outer verticil nearly 
distinct and calyx-like ; segments of both lanceolate and of equal 
length. Capsule 1 to 3-celled. Seeds crowned with a tuft of hair. 
Ord. CXLVI. Bromeliaceae. p. 192. 

b. Perianth calyx-like, f Flowers on a Spadix. 

Acorus. Spadix terete, sessile on the side of an ensiform leaf-like 
scape. Perianth of 6 glumaceous oblong subcucullate sepals, 
thickened at apex. Capsule angular, 3-celled, indehiscent. Ord. 
CXXXVIII. AftACEAE.i?. 190. 

f f Flowers more or less Paniculate. 
Juncus. Perianth of 6 glumaceous persistent sepals, bibracteate at 
base. Stamens sometimes 3. Stigmas 3, subsessile. Capsule 
mostly 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Ord. CLY. Juncaceae. 
p. 198. 

[Sabbatia angularis. Ord. CI. Gentiaxaceae. j>. 132.1 
DIGYNIA. 

f Polygonum Persicaria, Pennsylvanicum, and arifolium. Ord. CXI. Poltgo 

naceae. p. 144.] 

[Oryza sativa, and Zizania aquatica. Ord. CLX. Gramineae. p. 206.] 

TRIGYNIA, 

Sabal. Flowers on a branched Spadix, with numerous incomplete 
Spathes. Calyx 3-parted. Corolla of 3 petals. Ovaries 3, at first 
distinct, finally united. Drupe simple and subglobose or 2 or 3-lobed. 
Ord. CXXXIV. Palmae. p. 188. 

Romrx. Floiocrs sometimes dioicous. Perianth calyx-like, per- 
sistent, deeply 6-parted, the outer segments smaller. Stigmas 
many-cleft. Seed (Akene, Nut, or Caryopsis) tricmetrous. Ord, 
CXI. Poi.ygonaceae. p. 142. 

[Sambucus Canadensis. Ord. LXXI. Caprifoliaceae. p. 71.] 

HEPTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 

Aesculus. Calyx tubular, somewhat ventricose. Corolla of 4 or 



XL LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT 

5 unequal petals. Stamens sometimes 6 or 8. Capsule 3-celled, 
mostly 1-seeded by abortion. Seed large. Ord. XLII. Hippocas- 

TANACEAE. p. 27. 

OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 

a. Ovary inferior. f Fruit a Capsule. 
Oenothera. Calyx tubular, 4-eleft ; limb reflected, and with part 
of the tube caducous. Petals 4, obcordate or obovate. Stigma 4- 
lobed, or spherical. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds not comose. 
Ord. LIV. Onagraceae. p. 55. 

f f Fruit a Berry. 
Oxycoccus. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla deeply 4-parted; lobes 
linear-lanceolate, revolute. Stamens connirent ; anthers bifid, tu- 
bular. Berry globose, 4-celled, many-seeded. Ord. LXXVIII. 
Ericaceae.jp. 103. 

b. Ovary superior, f Flowers perfect. 
Tropaeolum. Calyx colored, 5-parted, — the upper segment spurred 
at base. Petals 5, unequal, — the 2 upper ones sessile — the 3 lower 
ones unguiculate. Fruit composed of 3 connate carpels, fleshy or 
subcoriaceous ; carpels, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Ord. XXXV. Tro- 
paeolaceae. p. 22. 

f f Flowers mostly polygamous. 
Diospyros. Dioicously polyoamous : Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 
urceolate, 4-cleft. Staminate Fl. Stamens often 16. Ovary abor- 
tive. Fertile Fl. Stamens 8 to 12, mostly abortive or imperfect. 
Ovary 4-angled. Berry subglobose. Ord. LXXX. Ebenaceae. 
p. 105. 

Acer. Flowers polygamous, or sometimes dioicous : Calyx 5- 
cleft or 5-parted — sometimes truncate with the limb entire. Petals 
5, or none. Stame?is about 8, — but ranging from 3 to 12. Samarae 
in pairs, winged at apex, diverging. Ord. XLI. Aceraceae. p. 26. 

DIGYNIA. 

[Ulmus Americana. Ord. CXVII. Ulmaceae. p. 150.] 
TRIGYNIA. 

Polygonum. Perianth mostly 5-parted, persistent, often colored. 
Stamens 5 to 9, mostly 8. Styles 2, or 3. Akene solitary, compressed 
or triquetrous according as the styles are 2, or 3. Ord. CXI. Poly- 

GONACEAE. p. 144. 

Fagopyrum. Flowers sometimes polygamous : Perianth deeply 
5-parted, persistent, colored. Stamens alternating with 8 hypogyn- 
ous glands. Akene triquetrous. Ord. CXI. Polygojjaceae. p. 146. 

ENNEANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 

Sassafras. Dioicously polygamous : Perianth 6-parted, colored. 
Sterile Fl. Stamens 9, in three series, all perfect, — the 3 inner 
ones with a gland on each side at base. Ovary wholly abortive. 
Fertile Fl. Stamens 6, imperfect. Ovary ovoid, acuminate ; 
stigma discoid. Drupe ovoid-oblong. Ord. CXIII. Lauraceae. 
p. 147. 



OF THE GENERA TREATED OF XL1 

Benzoin. Mostly dioicous : Perianth 6-parted, colored. Sterile 
Fl. Stamens 9 perfect, and 6 to 9 imperfect in an inner series. 
Ovary a mere rudiment. Fertile Fl. Stamens 1 5 to 18, imperfect, 
filiform, acute. Ovary subglobose ; stigma 2-lobed. Drupe oval. 
Ord. CXIII. Lauraceae. p. 148. 

TRIGYNIA. 

Rheum. Perianth colored, narrowed at base, 6-parted, persistent. 
Ovary triquetrous; stigmas multifid, reflexed. Al-ene triquetrous,— 
the angles membranaceously margined. Ord. CXI. Polygonaceae. 
p. 142. 

DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 

a. Ovary inferior : Corolla monopetalous . 
Vaccinium. Calyx mostly 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate or ur- 
ceolate, mostly 5-cleft. Berry globose, 4 or 5-celled, many-seeded, 
crowned with the persistent calyx-teeth. Ord. LXXVIII. Erica- 
ceae, p. 102. 

b. Ovary superior, f Corolla monopetalous . 
Andpomeda. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla tubular, subeyl- 
indric cr ovoid ; limb 5-cleft, reflexed. Anthers awnless or awned 
at summit. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, loculicidal. Ohd. LXXVIII. 
Ericaceae, p. 103. 

f f Corolla pen t ape tal otis. 

Ciiimaphila. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish-obovate. Ovary 
depressed-globose, umbilicate ; style very short, immersed in the 
umbilicus of the ovary; stigma peltate, orbicular. Capsule depress- 
ed-globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, loculicidal at apex. Ord. LXXVIII. 
Ericaceae, p. 104. 

Melia. Calyx 5-parted. Petals linear-spatulate. St amine al tube. 
subcylindric, 10-cleft at summit, bearing the anthers in the throat- 
Stigma 5-rayed. Drupe globose ; nut 5-celled. Ord. XXIX. Me- 
liaceae. p. 20. 

[Ccrcis . Ord. XLVIII. I.egum kosae. p. 40.] 
DIGYNIA. 
Saxifraga. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, often adnate to the base of 
the ovary. Petals 5, entire, with short claws. Capsule 2-celled, 2- 
beaked (or rather 2 acuminate connate carpels), opening between 
the beaks. Oi>d. LXV. S\xifkagaceae. p. 61. 

PENTAGYNIA. 

Lychnis. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, naked at base. Petals 5, with 
slender claws, often crowned. Capsule 1-celled, or 5-celled at base, 
opening with 5 teeth at summit. Of,D. XXI. Cakyophyllaceae p. 15. 

DECAGYNIA. 
Phytolacca. Perianth corolla-like, deeply 5-parted. Ovary su- 
perior, vertically depressed, orbicular. Berry 10-celled, 10-seeded. 
Ord. CXII. Phytolaccaceae. p. 146. 

ICOSANDRIA (CLASS). 
[For the Genera of this Class, See Ord. XLIX. Rosaceae. p. 41.] 

D* 



XL11 LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT 

POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 

BG^ Ovary mostly superior. 

Citrus. Calyx urceolate, 3 to 5-cleft. Petals 5 to 8. Filaments 
dilated, united in parcels. Stigma hemispherical. Fruit a pulpy 
berry, with a subcoriaceous coat. Ord. XXVIII. Auraktuce.e. 
p. 19. 

Tilia. Calyx 5-parted, deciduous. Petals 5, naked within, or 
each with an internal scale or accessory petal {staminodium). Fila- 
ments distinct, or somewhat united in parcels. Ovary globose, vil- 
lous. Nut coriaceous or bony, by abortion 1-celled. Oi:d. XXVI. 
Tiliaceae. p. 18. 

Portulaca. Ca 7 yx adnate to the base of the ovary, 2-parted, final- 
ly circumscissed near the base and deciduous. Petals mostly 5, in- 
serted on the calyx. Stamens 8 to 15. Stigmas 3 to 8. Capsule 
subglobose, circumscissed, 1-celled, many-seeded. Ord. XXIII. Por- 

TULACACEAE. p. 15. 

Papaver. Calyx of 2 concave caducous sepals. Petals 4. Stigmas 
sessile, radiated. Capsule obovoid, opening by small valves under 
the crown formed by the stigmas. Seeds numerous, affixed to pla- 
centae which form incomplete dissepiments. Ord. XI. Papavera- 
ceae. p. 5. 

Cimicifuga. Calyx of 4 or 5 caducous sepals. Petals (or stami- 
nodia) 3 to 5 or 8, caducous, — sometimes 0. Carpels 1 to 8, follicu- 
lar, many-seeded. Ord. I. Raxuxculaceae. p. 3. 

[Diospj'ros. Crd. LXXX. Eeexaceae. p. 1C5.] 
DI-PENTAGYXIA. 
Hypericum. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Petals 5. Filaments united 
in parcels. Styles 3 to 5. Capsule membranaceous, 3 to 5-celled, 
many-seeded. Ord. XIX. Hypericacfae. p. 14. 
Delphixium. Calyx of 5 irregular petaloid deciduous sepals,— the 
Upper one spurred at base. Petals 4, irregular,— the two upper 
ones spurred and introduced into the spur of the calyx. Carpels 1 
to 5, follicular, many-seeded- Ord. I. RixuxctiLAiE.iE. p. 2. 

TOLYGYNIA. 
f Carpels dehiscent. 
Magnoma. Calyx of 3 deciduous sepals. Petals 6 to 9 or 12, in 
concentric series. Carpels crowded in a strobile-iike spike, persist- 
ent, opening on the back, 1-seeded. Seeds in a fleshy coat, sus- 
pended by a long funiculus. Ord. II. Magxolmceae. p. 3. 

t t Carpels indehiscent . 
Liriodexdron. Calyx of 3 somewhat petaloid caducous sepals.— 
Petals mostly 6. Carpels samaroid, densely imbricated in a cone, 
deciduous, 1 or 2-seeded. Ord. II. Magnoliaceae. p. 4. 
Ranunculus. Calyx of 5 deciduous sepals. Petals 5 (sometimes 
10), each with a nectariferous scale, or pore, at base on the inside. 
Carpels compressed, mucronate, striate, smooth or tuberculate, ar- 
ranged in a head. Ord. I. Ranunculace.e. p. 1. 

DID YN AMI A GYMNOSPERMIA, 

[For the Genera belonging here, See Oiu>, XCIII. Labiatae.jj. 111.] 



OF THE GENERA TREATED OF XLlll 

ANGIOSPERMIA. 

Cataipa. Calyx 2-parted. Corolla campanulate, with a -ventri- 
cose tube ; limb 5-lobed. Stamens 2 perfect, and 2 to 3 abortive 
(sometimes perfectly Didyn amous). Capsule very long, terete, 2- 
celled, 2-valved. Seeds flat, margined and fringed at each end. 
Okd. LXXXVIII. Bigxoxiaceae. /;. 107. 

Martyxia. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla subcampanulate, — the limb 5- 
lobed. Capsule oblong, much acuminate, finally woody with a co- 
riaceous coating, 4-celled, 2-valved, — the acumination splitting into 
two long incurved claw-like beaks. Okd. LXXXIX. Pkdaliaceae. 
p. 108. 

Lixaria. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate ; upper lip bifid, re- 
flexed ; lower lip trifid, — the throat closed by the prominent palate ; 
tube inflated, spurred at base. Capsule ovoid, 2-celled, opening 
with several valves at apex. Seeds numerous, margined. 0. d. 
XCI. Scrophulariaceae. p. 110. 

Veiibexa. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, somewhat 
funnel-form, — the limb 5-lobed. Capsule thin and evanescent, 2 or 
4 celled; cells 1-seeded. Ohd. XCII. Vehbexaceae. p. 111. 

TETRADYNAMIA (CLASS). 
[The Genera of this Class all belong to Ord. XIII. Criciferae. p. 5.] 

MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA. 

[Lobelia. Crd. LXXXVI. Lobeliaceae. p. 101.} 
POLYANDRIA. 
[For the Genera belonging- here, See Crd. XXV. aIalvaceae p. 1G.] 
DIA DELPHI A OCTANDRIA. 
Polygala. Sepals 5, irregular, — the 3 outer ones smaller, bract- 
like—the 2 inner ones wing-like, petaloid. Petals 3 to 5, somewhat 
cohering, united with the stamens, — the lower one keel-shaped. 
Capsule compressed. Seeds pubescent. Ohd, XLVII. Polygala- 

CEAE. p. 30. 

DECAXDRIA. 
[For the Genera belonging here. See Crd. XLVIII. LeciUMINosae. p. 31.] 

SYNGENESIA (CLASS). 
[The Genera of this Class belong to Ord. LXXV. Comtositae. p. 74.] 

GYNANDRIA HEXANDRIA. 

Atust lochia. Perianth tubular, ventricose near the ovary, — the 
limb dilated, somewhat 3-lobed. Ovary inferior ; stigmas 6, sub- 
sessile. Capsule G-angled, 6-celled, many-seeded. Os-.d. CVI. 

AuiSTJLCCH ACEAE. V. 137. 

MONOECIA MONANDRIA. 
Eutholbia. Flowers naked, in involucrate clusters. Involucre mo- 
nophyllous, subcampanulate, with 5 petaloid segments, which have 
externally 5 gland-like teeth, alternating with them. Stamixate 
Fl. numerous-, — each consisting of an anther with its filament arti- 
culated in the middle. Pistillate Fl. solitary, central; ovary 
pedicellate ; styles 3, bifid. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled : cells 1-seed- 
ed, bursting elastically on the back. Ord. CXXII. Euphorbia- 
ceaf. p. 152. 



XL1V LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT 

DIANDRIA. 

[Fraxmus. Ord. CV. Oleaceae. p. 134.] 
TRIANDRIA. 

Typha. Florets in a long dense cylindric Spike, — the stamiv ate ones 
above. Stajiinate Ft. Perianth 0. Stamens united by threes on 
1 filament, which is inserted on the hairy receptacle. Pistillate 
Fl. Perianth 0. Ovary pedicellate, surrounded at base with a 
tuft of pappus-like hairs. Ord. CXXXVIII. Typhaceae. p. 190. 
[Carex. Ord. CL1X. Ctp£Race\e. p. 200.] 
[Zea. Tripsacum. Ord. CLX. Gramlneae. p. 207.] 

TETRANERIA. 
Urt:ca. Flowers sometimes Dioicous : Staminate Fl. Perianth 
of 4 roundish sepals, with the cup shaped rudiment of a pistil in 
the centre. Pjstillate Fl. Perianth mostly of 2 persistent sepals. 
Stigma villous. Nut (or Akene} compressed, orbicular-ovate, shin- 
ing. O..D. CXXXI. Urticaceae.^. 179. 

Morls. Flowers in ament-like spiles, — sometimes Dioicous. Sta- 
minate Fl. in rather loose spikes. Perianth 4-parted. Pistillate 
Fl. in dense spikes, which are sometimes androgynous. Perianth 
4-parted, — the segments becoming baccate. Nut small, compress- 
ed, ovate, covered by the succulent perianth. Okd. CXXXI. Ur- 
ticaci af. p. 176. 

Alnus. Staminate Fl. Anient long, cylindric, — the scales cune- 
ate, truncate, 3-lobed, 3-flowered. Perianth 4-parted. Pistillate 
Fl. Anient ovoid-oblong ; scales subtrifid, 2-flowered. Perianth 0. 
Nut compressed, not margined. Ord. CAXVII. Betulaceae. p. 170. 

PENTANDRIA. 

Amaranthus. Stagnate Fl. Perianth deeply 3 or 5-parted, 
mostly colored, persistent. Stamens sometimes 3. Pjstillate Fr . 
Perianth as in the staminate flowers. Capsule 1-celled, circum- 
scissed. Seed 1. 0=id. CIX. Amarantiiaceae. p. 140. 

[Xanthium. Ambrosia. Okd. LXXV. Couro. itae. p. 74.] 

[Celiis. Ord. CXVII. Ulm.-.ceae. p. 151.] 

[Que re us. Or.D. CXXV. CuruLiFERAE. p. 1G0.] 

1IEXAXDRIA. 

[Zizania. Okd. CLX. Cramineae. p. 20G.] 

POLYANDRIA. 

Sagittaria. Perianth deeply G-parted, — the 3 outer segments se- 
paloid, persistent — the 3 inner ones petaloid, deciduous. Pistillate 
flowers below the staminate ones. Ovaries numerous, in a globose 
head. Carpels compressed, margined, 1-seeded, not opening. Ohd. 
CXXXIX. Aljsmaceae. p. 191. 

Arum. Often dioicous : Spathe cucullate, convolute at base. — 
Spadix naked at summit, staminate in the middle, and pistillate at 
base. Perianth 0. Berry 1-celled, many-seeded. Ord. CXXX V. 
Araceae. p. 188. 

Qukkcus. Staminate Fl. in loose Aments. Perianth mostly 5-cleft. 
Stame?is 4 or 5 to 10. Pistillate Fl. Involucre of numerous 



OF THE GENERA TREATED OF XLV 

scales, united to form a cup. Perianth closely investing the ovary, 
6-toothed. Ovary inferior, 3-celled ; styles united into 1 ; stigmas 
3. Ntit (or Acorn) by abortion 1-celled, 1-seeded, coated by the 
enlarged persistent, coriaceously woody perianth, and seated in the 
cup-snaped involucre. Ord. CXXV. Cupuliferae. p. 160. 
Castanea. Staminate Fl. numerous, interruptedly clustered in 
long ament-like Spiles. Perianth 5 or 6-parted. Pistillate Fl. 
usually 3, within an ovoid squarrose ormuricate involucre. Perianth 
urceolate, 5 or 6 cleft, containing the rudiments of 10 or 12 abortive 
stamens. Ovary inferior, connate with the perianth ; stigmas pen- 
cil-form, exserted, cartilaginous. Nuts 1 to 3, included in the en- 
larged echinate 4-valved involucre. Ord. CXXV. Cupuliferae. 
p. 167. 

Fagus. Staminate Fl. in pendulous globose Aments. Perianth 
campanulate, 6-cleft. Pistillate Fl. mostly 2, in an ovoid squar- 
rose involucre. Perianth urceolate, with 4 or 5 minute segments at 
apex. Ovary inferior, connate with the perianth; stigmas 3. Nuts 
usually 2, triquetrous, included in the coriaceous, muricate, 4-cleft 
involucre. Ord. CXXV. Cupuliferae. p. 166. 

Corylvs. Staminate Fl. imbricated in cylindric Aments ; scales 
3-cleft, — the middle segment covering the 2 lateral ones. Perianth 
0. Stamens about 8. Pistillate Fl. numerous, in a terminal 
squamose cluster. Perianth obsolete. Stigmas 2. Nut bony, 
roundish-ovoid, sub-compressed, embraced by the foliaceous lace- 
rate-dentate involucre. Ord. CXXV. Cupuliferae. p. 159. 
Ostrya. Stam nate Fl. Ament cylindric ; scales orbicular-ovate, 
acuminate, ciliate. Anthers bearded at summit. P.stillate Fl. 
Ament loosely imbricated, bracteate, with the flowers in pairs ; 
scales in pairs, dilated and cohering by the margins, forming a 
membranous sac, or involucre, inclosing each flower. Perianth 
slightly urceolate, closely adherent to the ovary. Nut somewhat 
compressed, lance-oblong, included in the bladder-like sac. ORr. 
CXXV. Cupuliferae. p. 158. 

JBetula. Staminate Fl. Aments cylindric; scales ternate — the 
middle one bearing the stamens. Pistillate Fl. Aments ovoid- 
oblong ; scales trifid, 3-flowered. Nut* compressed, margined or 
samaroid, 1-seeded. Ord. CXXVII. Betulaceae. p. 169. 
Platanus. Aments all globose, on long peduncles. Stam: nate Fl. 
very minute. Perianth 0. Stamens numerous, mixed with sub- 
clavate scales. P.stillate Fl. Perianth 0. Ovaries numerous, 
inversely pyramidal, mixed with spatulate scales; style subulate ; 
stigma recurved. Nuts coriaceous, clavate, mucronate with the 
persistent style, invested at base with pappus-like hairs. Ord. 
CXXX. Platanaceae. p. 175. 

Liquidambar. Flowers in conical and globose Aments,— each ament 
embraced by a 4-leaved caducous involucre. Staminate Fl. in 
compound conical or ovofd-oblong aments. Perianth 0. Anthers 
numerous, subsessile in capitate clusters. Pistillate Fl. in globose 
aments. Ovaries surrounded by numerous scales, all cohering to- 
gether and enlarging. Styles 2, subulate. Capsule 2-lobed, 2-celled, 
opening between the diverging styles. Ord. CXXIX. Balsamifluae. 
p. 174. 



XLV1 LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT 

Jqglans. Staminat?. Ft. Aments simple, cylindric, loosely imbri- 
cated ; Scales 5 or 6-parted, sometimes bracteate at base. Stamens 
numerous, subsessile, on a glandular disk. Pistillate Fl. Perianth 
double, — the outer one 4-toothed— the inner one longer, 4-parted. 
Ovary inferior, ovoid ; style short ; stigmas 2, subclavate, spread- 
ing, — the upper surface lacerate or fringed. Drupe globose or oval, 
the epicarp spongy or coriaceous, and indehiscent; nut rugose and 
irregularly sulcate, imperfectly 4-celled, 2-valved, 1-seeded. Ord. 

CXXIV. JUGLANDACEAE. p. 154. 

Carya. Staminate Fl. Aments mostly ternate, slender, imbrica- 
ted ; scales 3-parted. Stametis 3 to 6 or S. Pistillate Fl. Peri- 
anth, single, 4-cleft. Ovary inferior ; stigma 4-lobed, sessile. Drupe 
with a coriaceous epicarp, which finally opens by 4 valves; nut 
oval, somewhat quadrangular, — the surface even and smooth. Okd. 

CXXIV. JlTGLANEACEAE. /?. 156. 

MOXADELPxIIA. 

PiNUS. Staminate Fl. Aments mostly in clustered terminal spikes ; 
scales peltate. PioTIllate Fl. in terminal ovoid or oblong aments 
{cones, or strobiles), clustered or solitary ; scales closely imbricated, 
enlarging and becoming woody, often thickened at apex and mucro- 
nate. Seeds naked, in pairs at the base of the scales, margined, — 
the margin deciduous, or sometimes persistent. Ord. CXXXII. 
Coniferae. p. 181. 

Taxodium. Stagnate Fl. Aments numerous, crowded in pyra- 
midal terminal spikes ; scales excentrically peltate. Pistillate Fl. 
Aments ovoid, in pairs at the base of the staminate spikes : scales 
imbricated, acute, recurved — spreading at apex, — finally somewhat 
peltate, and woody, forming a subglobose strobile. Seeds naked, 
irregularly angular, not margined. Ord. CXXXII. C on i ferae. p. 184. 

Thuja. Staminate Fl. Aments ovoid, terminal, very small; scales 
excentrically peltate, loosely imbricated. Pistillate Fl. Aments 
terminal, small, somewhat depressed ; scales quadrifariously imbri- 
cated, slightly recurved at apex, — forming an ovoid or subglobose 
tuberculaie strobile, at first closed, finally opening. Seeds naked, 
with a narrow margin. Ord. CXXXII. Coniferae. p. 185. 
Ricinus. Staminate Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens numerous. 
Pistillate Fl. Perianth 3-parted. Style short ; stigmas 3, bifid. 
Capsule muricate, 3-celled; cells 1-seeded. Ord. CXXII. Euphor- 
biaceae. p. 153. 

Lagenaria. Calyx campanulate or turbinate. Petals 5, obovate, 
adnate to the calyx below its border., Staminate Fl. Stamens 5, 
triadelphous: anthers very long and tortuous. Pistillate Fl. 
Ovary inferior ; stigmas 3, 2-lobed, subsessile. Fruit a ligneous 
pepo, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. Seeds arillate, with tumid 
margin. Ord. LXIII. Cucureitaceae. p. 57. 

Cucumis. Ca-yx tubular-campanulate. Petals 5, nearly distinct 
and free from the calyx. Staminate Fl. Stamens 5, triadelphous ; 
anthers very long and tortuous. Pistillate Fl. (sometimes perfect): 
Ovary inferior, oblong ; stigmas 3, 2-lobed, subsessile. Fruit an 
oblong fleshy 3 to 6-celled pepo. Seeds not arillate, acute at base 
and on the margin. Ord. LXIII. Cucurbitaceae. p. 58. 



OF THE GENERA TREATED OF XLVU 

Citrullus. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-parted. Petals 5, ad- 
nate to the calyx. Staminate Fl. Stamens 5, triadelphous ; anthers 
long and tortuous. Pistillate Fl. Ovary inferior, subglobose ; 
stigmas 3, convex, reniform-cordate. Fruit a globose or elliptic 
pepo, 3 to 6-celled, succulent or fleshy. Seeds obovate-oblong, 
truncate at base, obtuse on the margin. Ord. LXIII. Cucurbita- 
ceal. p. 59. 

Cucukbita. Corolla campanulate, — the petals cohering with each 
other and with the calyx. Staminate Fl. Calyx campanulate, with 
a short tube. Stamens 5, triadelphous and syngenesious ; anthers 
straight and parallel, with the base and apex abruptly curved. 
Pistillate Fl. Ovary inferior; calyx with an obovoid tube, cir- 
cumscissed below the limb after flowering ; stigmas 3, thick, 2-lcbed. 
Fruit a fleshy or subligneous 3 to 5-celled pepo^ of various form — 
either subglobose, oval, obovoid, clavate, or depressed and clypeate. 
Seeds ovate, with the margin scarcely tumid. Ord. LXIII. Cucur- 
bitaceae. p. 59. 

DIOECIV BIANDRIA. 

Saltx. Aments cylindric; sca'es imbricated, 1-flowcred. Perianth 
0. Staminate Fl. Stamens 2 to 5, with a nectariferous gland at 
base. Pistillate Fl. Ovary acuminate, with a nectariferous gland 
at base ; stigmas 2, bifid. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved. Seeds mi- 
nute, comose. Ord. CXXVlIl. Salicaceae. p. 171. 

[Fraxinus. Ord. CV. Oleaceak. -p. 134.] 
TRIANDRIA. 
Ficus. Flowers numerous and very minute, on the inner surface of 
the hollow turbinate carnose receptacle ; orifice of the receptacle 
closed by small scales. Staminate Fl. Perianth 3 -par ted. Pistil- 
late Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Ovary 1-celled ; style lateral ; stigma 
bifid. Utricles minute, membranaceous, dry, I -seeded, lining and 
filling the cavity of the succulent pyriform receptacle. Ord. CXXXI. 
Urticaceae. p. 178. 

TETR ANURIA . 
Maclura. Staminate Fl. racemose. Perianth 4-parted ; segments 
ovate. Ovary abortive. Pistillate Fl. coalesced in a dense glo- 
bose head. Perianth 4-sepaled, — the sepals cucullate-concave. 
Ovary sessile, compressed, 1-celled ; styles 2, — one usually abortive, 
the other elongated and very villous. Al-enes 1 -seeded, included in 
the baccate coalesced perianths. Ord. CXXXI. Urticaceae. p. 177. 

Broussonetia. Staminate Fl. Spikes ament-like. Perianth 4- 
parted. Pistillate Fl. crowded in a dense capitate compound 
cluster, mixed with hairy scales. Perianth urceolate, 3 or 4-toothed. 
Ovary ovate, 1-celled; style filiform, excentric. A&ene subcarnose, 
elevated on the baccate receptacle, and partially embraced by the 
perianth. Ord. CXXXf. Urticaceae. p. 178. 

[Moms. Urtica. Crd. CXXXI. Urticaceae. p. 170-9.] 
PENTANBRIA. 
Htjmulus. Staminate Fl. Perianth of 5 equal sepals. Ovary 
wholly abortive. Pistillale Fl. Aments ovoid-oblong; scales or 
bracts membranaceous, entire, imbricated, enlarging, 2-flowered. 
Perianth urceolate, thin and transparent, closely embracing the 



XLVill LINNEAN ARRANGEMENT, ETC. 

ovary. Ovary ovate, 1-celled; stigmas 2, subulate. Ahenes resi- 
nous-glandular. Ord. CXXX1. Urticaceae. p. 180. 

Cannabis. Stajiinate Fl. racemose. Perianth deeply 5-parted. 
Pistillate Fl. glomerate. Perianth ventricose at base, acuminate, 
including tbe ovary, slit on one side. Ovary subglobose, 1-celled ; 
stigmas 2, subsessile, elongated, pubescent. Nut ovoid, 1-seeded, 
indehiscent. Ord. CXXXI. Urticaceae. p. 180. 
Spinacia. Staminate Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Pistillate Fl. Pe- 
rianth ventricose-tubular, 2 or 3-toothed. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled j 
stigmas 4, subsessile, long and filiform. AJcene roundish-ovoid, in- 
closed in the persistent indurated (and sometimes muricate) perianth. 
Or.D. CV1I. Chenopodiaceae. p. 138. 

[Rhus. Okd. XXXIX. Axacardiaceae. p. 23.] 

[Acer. Ord. XLI. Aceraceae. p. 2G.] 

[Vitis. Ord. XLVI. Vitaceae. p. 28.] 
[Nysaa. Ord. CXIV. Santalaceae. p. 149.] 
KEXANDRIA. 
Smilax. Perianth colored, campanulate, deeply 6-parted. Pistil- 
late Fl. Ovary superior ; stigmas 3, subsessile. Berry globose, 1 
to 3-celled, 1 to 3-seeded. Ord. CL1. Suilaceae. p. 193. 

[Glechtschia. Ord. XLVIII. Legumixosae. p. 41.] 

[Rumex Acetosella. Ord. CXI. Polygoxaceae. p. 143.] 

[Sabal. Ord. CXXXIV. Palmae. p. 188.] 

OCTANDRIA. 

Populus. Aments cylindric ; scales lacerately fringed. Perianth 

sub-turbinate, oblique, entire. Ovary superior, 1-celled; stigmas 2, 

elongated, bifid, subsessile-. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds minute, comose. 

Ord. CXXVIII. Salicaceae. p. 172. 

ENNEANDRIA. 
[Sassafras. Benzoin. Ord. CXIII. Latjraceae. p. 147-S.] 
DECANDRIA. 
Ailanthus. Dioicously Polygamous : Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5- 
petaled. Staminate Fl. Stamens as long as the corolla, — the alter- 
nate ones opposite the petals, and a little shorter. Ovaries 5, or 
fewer, abortive rudiments. Pistillate Fl. Ovaries 3 to 5, free, 
compressed, 1-celled ; style lateral ; stigma subcapitate. Samarae 
3 to 5, or fewer by abortion, oblong, tumid in the centre. Perfect 
Fl. with 2 or 3 stamens. Ord. XL. Xanthoxylaceae. p. 25. 

MONADELPHIA. 
Juniperus. Staminate Fl. Aments ovoid-oblong ; scales excentri- 
cally peltate, imbricated. Pistillate Fl. Aments ovoid, axillary, 
bracteate at base. Involucre of 3 to 6 scales, which coalesce and 
become a subglobose drupaceous tuberculate fruit, inclosing 2 or 3 
naked angular nut-like seeds. Ord. CXXXII. Coniferae. p. 186. 

CRYPTOGAMIA (CLASS). 

The few Genera, in the present work, which belong to this Class, 
will be found in the Series of Flowerless Plants, — where they can 
be as readily determined by their natural characters, as by any arti- 
ficial arrangement. In fact, the Cryptogamoits plants are necessa- 
rily disposed in conformity with the Natural Method. 



Le Naturaliste place a c6te les uns des autres tous les etres qui ont le plus 
grand nombre d' organes communs ou semblables, et separe ceux qui u'en pos- 
sedent en communqu'un petit nombre ; d'oii resulte que, tandisquela perfection 
d'un systeme artificiel est de ne compliquer le caractere des classes que du plus 
petit nombre d'idees possible, une methode naturelle, au contraire, est d'autant 
plus parfaite, que les caracteres des classes peuvent exprimer un plus grand 
nombre d'idees. De Candolle. 



The true Naturalist arranges or groups together all those beings which have 
the greatest number of organs in common, or of similar structure, — and sepa- 
rates those which possess but a small number of them in common: whence it 
results that, while the perfection of an Artificial System consists in connecting 
with the character of the Classes the smallest possible number of ideas. — a Na- 
tural Method, on the contrary, is so much the more perfect, as the characters of 
the Classes are expressive of a greater number of ideas. 



GROUPS AND ORDERS 

NOTICED IN THIS WORK. 



The Vegetable Kingdom is arranged, by Prof. A. Gray in his 
Botanical Text-Bool: (which arrangement is here adopted,) in two 
Series, or grand Divisions, — known as Bhaenogamotis or Flowering 
Plants, and Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants. These, again, are 
subdivided; and the plants belonging to them are disposed, accord- 
ing to their structure and affinities, in Classes, Sub-Classes, Divi- 
sions, Groups, Orders, Sub-Orders, Tribes, Stcb-Tribes, Genera^ 
Sub-Genera, Species and Varieties. 

The following is a Synoptical View of the general arrangement 
and grouping of the Natural Orders, or Families, to which the 
plants described in the present work are referable : for which, as 
the intelligent reader will perceive, I am indebted to the valuable 
Text-booh, above mentioned. 

SFRTFS T 

PHAENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS. 

Plants furnished with Flotuers (essentially consisting of stamens 
and pistils), and producing proper Seeds. 

CLASS I. EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 

Stem consisting of a distinct bark and pith, which are separated 
by an interposed layer of woody fibres and vessels, forming genuine 
wood in all perennial stems : increase in diameter effected by the 
annual deposition of new layers between the old wood and the 
bark, — which layers are arranged in concentric zones or rings, and 
traversed by medullary rays. Leaves commonly articulated with 
the stem, — their veins branching and reticulated. Sepals and Petals, 
when present, most commonly in Jives — sometimes in fours — and 
very rarely in threes.* Embryo with two (in the Conifer ae with a 
verticil of several) Cotyledons. 

* A complete symmetrical Floiver consists of 4 distinct successive orders of 
verticils or whorls of modified leaves, crowded together at the summit of a stem, 
branch, or peduncle, — the members or constituent parts of the successive verti- 
cils being known as Sepals, Petals, Stamens, and Pistils. The normal or regular 
number of these modified leaves, in each floral verticil of Exogenous plants, is 
five ; but ihey are subject to much variation, — and one or more of them is often 
suppressed, or abortive — especially in the superior, central, or pistillate verticil. 
Sometimes the members of these verticils are more than five ; in which cases 
they are frequently ten, or some multiple of five — clearly indicating a doubling 
or multiplication of one or more of the normal orders of verticils. This is re- 
markably the case with the staminate verticil ; and such multiplied stamens are, 
moreover, apt to be imperfectly metamorphosed, or left in the form and condi- 
tion of Staminodia, — and even of complete Petals : in which latter state they 
constitute what are called double flowers. In Endogenous plants, the floral ver- 
ticils are usually less complete ; and each consists, normally, of three members, 
— or, when increased in number, of six, or some multiple of three. The Sepals 
(or lower verticil), in this class, often appear to be wanting; or are so blended 
with the petals as scarcely to be distinguished, 



LU GROUPS AND ORDERS 

SUB-CLASS I. ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. 

Ovules produced within a closed ovary , and fertilized by the ac- 
tion of pollen through the medium of a stigma. Embryo with 
a pair of opposite Cotyledons. 

DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS. * 

Floral envelopes consisting generally of both Calyx and Corolla,— 
the petals distinct, or but slightly connected {united in Ord. LXIII. 
Cucurbitaceae. p. 57. wanting in some species of Fraxinus, Ord. 
CV. Oleaceae. p. 134.). 

Group 1. Ovaries several or numerous (solitary in Berberidaceae), 
distinct ; when in several rows sometimes coherent with each other, 
but not united into a compound pistil. Petals and Stamens inserted 
on the receptacle (hypogynous). Seeds albuminous. 

U3r* Stamens or Pistils (one or both) numerous or indefinite. 
Ord. I. Ranu.xculaceae. p. 1. Ord. II. Magnoliaceae. p. 3. 

Group 3.f Ovary compound (composed of 2 or more united car- 
pels), with parietal placentae ! Calyx entirely free from the ovary ! 
Stamens and Petals inserted on the receptacle, — the former mostly 
distinct. Leaves not dotted. 

a. Sepals 2, or rarely 3, caducous. 
Ord . XI. Papaveraceae. p. 4. 

b. Sepals and Petals 4, or rarely 6. 
Ord. XIII. Cruciferae. p. 5. 

Group 4. Ovary compound, with the placentae parietal, — or 2 to 
5-celled by the meeting of the placentae in the axis; styles distinct, 
or partly united. Calyx entirely free from the ovary. Stamens and 
Petals inserted on the receptacle, — the former often united in 3 or 
more parcels (polyadelphous). Seeds with a straight embryo, and 
little or no albumen. Leaves punctate with transparent or black dots. 
Ord. XIX. Hypericaceae. p. 13. 

Group 5. Ovary compound, 1-celled, with a free central placen- 
ta, — or 2 to several-celled, with the placentae in the axis, — free 
from the calyx, or nearly so. Embryo coiled around the outside of 
mealy albumen ! 

Uj^ Petals 3 to 5 or 6, rarely wanting. 
Ord. XXI. Caryophyllaceae. p. 14. Ord. XXIII. Portulacaceae. p. 15. 

Group 6. Ovary compound and several-celled, with the placentae 
in the axis, — sometimes several carpels more or less coherent with 
each other, or with a central axis. Calyx free, valvate in aestiva- 
tion. Stame?is indefinite, monadelphous, or sometimes polyadel- 
phous, inserted with the petals (with which they frequently cohere) 

* A few instances of polypetalous flowers occur in Order LXX VIII] Eri- 
caceae,(viz. in Sub-Order III. Pyroleae) — which is, nevertheless, placed in the 
tnonopetalous division of the Series. 

t For the sake of conformity and convenient reference, I have not numbered 
the Groups and Orders, here given, consecutively ; but have retained the num- 
bers as they are applied in the second edition of Dr. Gray's Text-book. 



NOTICED IN THIS WORK LIU 

into the receptacle, or on the base of the calyx. Embryo usually 
curved, — the foliaceous cotyledons twisted and plicately folded. 
Ord. XXV. Malvaceae, p. 16. Ord. XXVI. Tiliaceae. p. 18. 

Group 7. Ovary compound, with 2 or more cells, and the placen- 
tae in the axis, free from the calyx, which is imbricated in aestiva- 
tion. Stamens indefinite, or twice as many as the petals, often mo- 
nadelphous or polyadelphous, inserted with the petals into the re- 
ceptacle. Seeds nearly or quite destitute of albumen. Embryo 
mostly straight, with large or thickened cotyledons. 

Ord. XXVIII. Atjrantiaceae. p. 19. Ord. XXIX. Meliaceae. p. 20. 

Group 8. Ovary compound, or of several carpels adhering to a 
central axis, with 1 or more ovules in each cell or carpel, free from 
the calyx, which is mostly imbricated in aestivation. Petals as ma- 
ny as the sepals, or sometimes fewer. Stameiis usually as many, 
or twice as many, as the petals, inserted on the receptacle, com- 
monly monadelphous. Seeds usually with little or no albumen. 
Flowers perfect. 

a. Flowers regular, or nearly so : Calyx imbricate. 

Ord. XXXI. Linaceae. p. 21. 

b. Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical. 

Ord. XXXV. Tropaeolaceae. ^ . 22. 

Group 9. Ovary compound, with 2 or several cells, — or, Carpels 
several, and more or less united by their styles. Calyx free. Petals 
as many as the sepals, or rarely wanting. Stamens once or twice 
as many as the petals, distinct, inserted on the receptacle, or base of 
the calyx. Flowers often dioicous or polygamous, regular. 
Ord. XXXIX. Axacardjaceae. p. 23. Ord. XL. Xaxtiioxylaceae. p. 24. 

Group 10. Ovary compound, mostly 2 or 3-lobed, 2 or 3-celled, 
with 1 or 2 ovules in each cell, free from the calyx, which is imbri- 
cated in aestivation. Petals mostly irregular, or one fewer than 
the sepals, sometimes wanting. Stamens distinct, definite, inserted 
on or around a hypogynous disk. Seeds destitute of albumen. Em- 
bryo curved, with large cotyledons. Floivers often polygamous. 
Ord. XLI. Aceraceae. p, 25. Ord. XLII. Hippocastaxaceae. p. 27. 

Group 11. Ovary compound, 2 to 5-celled, free or sometimes adhe- 
rent to the calyx. Petals and Stamens as many as the lobes of the 
calyx and inserted into its base or throat, or into the disk which 
covers its base. Seeds albuminous, with a large and straight em- 
bryo. Floicers perfect, or sometimes polygamous or dioicous. 
U^r* Stamens opposite the petals ! 
Ord. XL VI. Vitaceae. p. 28. 

Group 12. Ovary compound, 2-celled, free from the calyx. Sepals 
and Petals very irregular. Stamens monadelphous, — tube of fila- 
ments split on one side, and more or less united with the claws of 
the hypogynous petals ; anthers 1-celled, opening by a pore at the 
apex ! Seeds albuminous. 

Ord. XL VII. Polygalaceae. p. 30. 

Group 13. Ovary simple and solitary, free from the calyx, — the 

E* 



IJV GROUPS AND ORDERS 

fruit a Legume. Corolla papilionaceous, or sometimes regular. 
Stamens monadelphous, diadelphous, or distinct. Seeds destitute 

of albumen. 

Ord. XL VIII. Leguminosae. p. 31. 

Group 14. Ovaries simple and distinct, or compound and 2 to sev- 
eral-celled, with the placentae in the axis. Calyx free, or often ad- 
herent to the ovary. Petals regular, inserted on the throat of the 
calyx. Stamens distinct, inserted with the petals. Seeds destitute 
of albumen. Embryo straight. 

a. Stamens mostly indefinite. 
Ord. XLIX. Rosaceae. p. 41. 

b. Stamens definite. 
Ord. LIV. Onagraceae. p. 54. 

Group 15. Ovary compound, 1-celled, with parietal placentae. 

Calyx adherent to the ovary, or sometimes free, — when adherent, 

bearing the petals and stamens on its throat, and the flowers perfect. 

f£7=* Calyx adherent to the ovary. 

Ord. LIX. Grossulaceae. p. 55. 

Group 16. Ovary compound, 2 to several-celled (or 1-celled by 
obliteration), — the placentae arising from the axis, but carried out- 
ward to the walls of the pericarp. Calyx adherent to the ovary. 
Corolla frequently monopetalous ! Stamens united either by the fil- 
aments or anthers. Flowers monoicous or dioicous. 
Ord. LXIII. Cucfrbitaceae. p. 57. 

Group 17. Ovaries two or more, distinct or partly united, — or com- 
bined into a compound pistil, which has 2 or more cells with the 
placentae in the axis, — or sometimes 1-celled with parietal placen- 
tae. Calyx free from the ovary, or sometimes more or less adherent. 
Stamens mostly definite, and, with the petals, inserted on the calyx. 
Seeds numerous, with a straight embryo in the midst of albumen. 
Ord. LXV. Saxifragaceae. p. 61. 

Group 18. Ovary compound, 2- (rarely 1- 3- or 5-) celled, with a 
single ovule suspended from the summit of each cell. Calyx usual- 
ly closely adherent to the ovary. Stamens as many as the petals, 
and inserted with them upon the throat of the calyx, or on an epi- 
gynous disk. Seeds with a small embryo in the midst of hard albu- 
men. Petals mostly valvate in aestivation. 

U3P" Calyx-tube entirely adherent to the ovary : Stamens and petals epigynous. 

Ord. LXVII. Umlelliferae. p. 62. Ord. LXVIII. Araliaceae. p. 69. 

Ord. LXIX. Corxaceae. p. 70. 

DIVISION II. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS. * 

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, — the petals 
more or less united (forming what is more correctly termed a gamo- 
petalous corolla.) 



*The plants belonging to Ord. LXlII. Cucurbit a ceae, although commonly 
wnopetalous (i.e. gamopetalous), wil 1 Ko &»««»i3 ;« »v>~ m .«7..««*#«in«»« ^"'"'ox • imf 
-orae species of Fraxinus, belonginj 
this Division, are destitute of petals. 



J-Jit, plains UCKJIJglllg IU KJK.U. ij^Vlll. ^UCUKBllAtlSAE, ailllULlUll cuiiiiiiuui y 

monopetalous (i. e. gamopetalous), will be found in the polypetalous division : And 
some species of Fraxinus, belonging to Ord. CV. Oleaceae.j?. 134, at the end of 



NOTICED IN THIS WORK LV 

Group 1. Ovary adherent to the calyx (inferior), 2 to several-celled, 
with 1 or many ovules in each cell. Seeds albuminous. Stamens 
inserted on the corolla. 

Ord. LXXI. Caprifoliaceae. p. 71. Ord. LXXII. Rubiaceae. p. 72. 

Group 2. Ovary adherent to the calyx (the limb or free portion of 
which assumes the form of a crown, or pappus, — or else is obsolete), 
1-celled and 1-ovuled, — rarely 3-celled, with 2 of the cells empty. 
Seeds with little or no albumen. Stamens inserted on the corolla. 
Fruit a kind of Akene (or Aclienium). Flowers usually crowded 
into heads. 

a. Stamens distinct. Seed suspended. 
Ord. LXXIV. Dipsaceae. p. 73. 

b. Stamens syngenesious. Seed erect. 
Ord. LXX V. CoMrosiTAE. p. 74. 

Group 3. Ovary adherent to the calyx, 2 to 7- (rarely 1-) celled, 

with numerous ovules.. Seeds albuminous. Stamens inserted with 

the corolla upon an epigynous disk ; anthers not opening by pores. 

Ord. LXXVI. Lobeliaceae.,z>. 100. 

Group 4. Ovary sometimes adherent to the calyx, but generally 
free (superior), with 2 or more cells, and usually with numerous 
ovules. Seeds albuminous. Stamens inserted with the corolla 
(either hypogynous or epigynous), or rarely adherent to its base, — 
as many, or twice as many as its lobes ; anthers commonly opening 
by pores or chinks. Petals sometimes distinct ! 
Ord. LXXVIII. Ericaceae, p. 101. 

Group 5. Ovary free, or rarely adherent to the calyx, several- 
celled, with a single ovule (or at least a single seed) in each cell. — 
Stamens definite ; anthers not opening by pores. 
Ord. LXXX. Ebenaceae. p. 104. 

Group 7. Ovary free (superior), 1-celled with a single ovule, — or 
2-celled with several ovules attached to, a thick central placenta. — 
Stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla, or the nearly 
distinct petals, — either alternate with or opposite to them. Seeds 
albuminous. 

Ord. LXXXIV. Plantaginaceae. p. 105. 

Group 8. Ovary free, 1 or 2-(or spuriously 4-) celled, with numer- 
ous ovules. Corolla bilabiate, or more or less irregular ; the Sta- 
mens inserted upon its tube, and mostly fewer than its lobes. 
Ord. LXXXVIII. Bignoniaceae. p. 107.. Ord. LXXXIX. Tedaliaceae. p. 108. 
Ord. XCI. Scrophulariaceae. p. 109. 

Group 9. Ovary free, 2 to 4-lobed, in fruit separating into as many 
Nuts or Akenes. Corolla regular, or irregular (bilabiate), — the Sta- 
me?is inserted on its tube, equal in number or fewer than its lobes. 
Seeds with little or no albumen. 

a. Corolla irregular or bilabiate. 

Ord. XCII. Verbenaceae. p. 110. Ord. XCIII. Labiatae. p. 111. 

b. Corolla regular. 

Ord. XCIV. Boragixaceae. p. 122. 

Group 10. Ovary free, compound, — or the carpels 2 or more and 



LV1 GROUPS AND ORDERS 

distinct ; ovules usually numerous in each cell. Corolla regular, — 
the Stamens inserted on its tube, as many as the lobes and alternate 
with them. Fruit capsular, follicular, or baccate. 

a. Ovary compound (of 2 or more united Carpels.) 

Ord. XCIX. Convolvulaceae p. 124. Oed. C. Solanaceae. p. 127. 

Ord. CI. Gentiaxaceae. p. 132. 

b. Ovaries mostly 2 and distinct — at least in fsuit. 

Ord. CIIJ. Asclepiadaceae. p. 133. 

Group 11. Ovary free, 2-celled; cells 1 to 3-ovuled, in fruit 1 or 2- 
seeded. Corolla regular (the Petals sometimes nearly distinct, and 
occasionally wanting). Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla 
(usually 2), inserted on its tube, or upon the receptacle. 
Ord. CV. Oleaceae. p. 134. 

DIVISION III. APETALOUS EXOGENS. 

Corolla mostly none ;* the floral envelopes consisting of a single 
series or verticil {Calyx), — or sometimes entirely wanting. 

Group 1. Flowers perfect, with a colored or petaloid calyx. Ovary 
of several cells, with numerous ovules in each. 

Ord. CVI. Aristolociiiaceae. p. 137. 
Gkoup 2. Flowers perfect, or rarely polygamous, with a regular 
and sometimes a petaloid calyx. Ovules solitary in each ovary, or 
cell. Embryo curved or coiled around the outside of mealy albu- 
men, or spiral,— rarely in the axis. 

a. Ovary 1-celled or simple. 

Ord. CVII. Ciienopodiaceae. p. 137. Ord. C1X. Amaraxthaceae. p. 140. 

Oed. CXI. Toia-con-aceae. jj. 142. 

b. Ovary compound — a verticil of united carpels. 

Ord. CXII. Phytolacoaceae. p. 146. 

Group 3. Flowers perfect, or sometimes polygamo-dioicous, not 
disposed in aments, having a regular and often petaloid calyx. 
Ovary l-(rarely 2-) celled, with a solitary ovule — or at least a single 
seed, in each cell. Embryo not coiled around albumen. 

a. Style or Stigma 1. 

Okd. CXIII. Lairaceae. p. 147. Okd. CXIY. Saxtalaceae. p. 149. 

b. Styles or stigmas 2. divergent. 

Ord. CXVII. Ulmaceae. p. 150. 

Gaour 6. Flowers monoicous or dioicous, not in aments. Fruit 
capsular, tricoccous, or drupaceous with 2 or more cells. — each cell 
l-(rarely2-) seeded. 

Ord. CXXII. Euphorbiaceae. p. 152. 

Group 7. Flowers monoicous or dioicous,— the sterile ones (and 
sometime the fertile ones also) in aments, or in heads, or spikes. 
Calyx sometimes wanting. Ovary 1- to several-celled, — but the 
fruit always 1-celled, except in Liquidambar. Trees, or shrubs, 
with the exception of some of the Urticaceae, which are herbaceous. 

*The flowers of some of the plants belongingto Euphorbiaceae (Ord. CXXII.) 
—and also to Juglandaceae (Ord. CXXIV.).— are furnished with a Corolla. 



NOTICED IN THIS WORK LVll 

a. Fruit drupaceous, — the Fpicarp fibrous or coriaceous : Calyx adherent. 
Ord. CXXIV. Juglandaceae. p. 154. 

b. Fruit a nut, involucrate : Calyx adherent. 
Ord. CXXV. Cupdliferae. p. 158. 

C. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded: Flowers all in aments, and destitute of a calyx. 
Ord. CXXVII Betuxaceae. p. 169. 

d. Fruit dehiscent, many-seeded, — the seeds comose: Flowers all in araents, 

and destitute of a calyx. 

Ord. CXXVIII. Salicaceae. p. 171. 

e. Fruit a nut, or a 2-celled few-seeded capsule : Flowers in globose amenta- 

ceous heads, destitute of a calyx. 

Ord. CXXIX. Balsamifluae. p. 174. Ord. CXXX. Plataxaceae. p. 174. 

f. Fruit an Akene, often included in a baccate calyx : Flowers variously dis- 

posed. Juice milky, when in trees or shrubs. 
Ord. CXXXI. Urticaceae. p. 175. 

SUB-CLASS II. GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. 

Ovules, and consequently the seeds naked — i. e. not inclosed in an 
ovary, — the carpel being represented either by an open scale, as in 
the Pines ; or by a more evident leaf, as in Cycas ; or else altogeth- 
er wanting) as in the Yew. Of course, there is neither Style nor 
Stigma. 

Ord. CXXXII. Coxiferae. p. 181. 

CLASS II. 
ENDOGENOUS OR MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 

Stem not distinguishable into bark, pith and wood ; no concentric 
zones or layers, and no medullary rays ; increase in diameter effect- 
ed by a central deposit of new fibres. Leaves not articulated with 
the stem, but often sheathing at base, — the veins simple and nearly 
parallel. Floral envelopes, when present, mostly in threes (or some 
multiple of three,) — the calyx and corolla often undistinguishable. 
Embryo with a single cotyledon. 

Group 1. Flowers on a spadix, furnished with a double perianth 
(calyx and corolla). Ovary 1 to 3-celled, with a single ovule in 
each cell. Trees with unbranched columnar trunks. 
Ord. CXXXIV. Palmae.^. 187. 

Group 2. Floioers mostly on a spadix, with the perianth wanting, 
or scale-like, — rarely regular and single (calyx). Chiefly aquatic 
herbs. 

Ord. CXXXV. Araceae. p. 183. Ord. CXXXVII. Typhaceae. p. 190. 

Group. 3. Flowers not on a spadix, furnished with a double peri- 
anth (calyx and corolla). Ovaries 3 to 6, or numerous, free, dis- 
tinct, or more or less united. Aquatic or swamp herbs. 
Ord. CXXXIX. Alismaceae . p. 191. 

Group 4. Flowers with a single or double perianth, which adheres 

either to the lower part, or to the whole surface, of the ovary. Herbs. 

Ord. CXLVI. Bromeliaceae. p. 192. 



LViil GROUPS AND ORDERS NOTICED. 

Group 5. Flowers with a regular perianth, often in 2 series which 
are similar and more or less petaloid, or rarely (viz. in Ord. CLV. 
Juncaceae. p. 198.) glumaceous, free from the ovary. Embryo in- 
closed in albumen. Herbs ; rarely shrubby and climbing plants. 

Ord. GLI. Smilaceae. p. 193. Ord. CLII. Liliaceae. p. 194. 

Ord. CLV. Juncaceae. p. 19S. 

Grodp 7. Flowers imbricated with chaffy bracts (glumes and pa- 
leae), and disposed in spikelets, — but with no proper floral envel- 
opes or perianth, except in the form of bristles, or small rudimentary 
scales. Ovary 1-celled, with a solitary ovule ; fruit an Akene, or 
Caryopsis. Embryo at the extremity of the albumen next the hilum. 
Sedges and Grasses . 

Ord. CL1X. Cyperaceae. p. 199. Ord. CLX. Gramineae. p. 201. 
SERIES II 

CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 

Plants destitute of flowers (or with mere analogues, or resemblances 
of stamens and pistils), and producing no -proper seeds, — but 
propagated by minute cellular particles, or seminal equivalents, - 
called Spores or sporules, — which are often contained in vessels, 
coverings, or cavities, called Thecae, Sporanges, Sj>orocarps, or 
Sporidia — and aggregated on certain parts of the plants : sometimes 
the spores are naked — scattered over the surface, or immersed in 
the substance, of the parent plants. 

CLASS III. ACROGENOUS OR APEX-GROWING PLANTS. 

Stem extending or growing only at the summit, — having no pro- 
vision for continued increase in diameter, either by external layers 
or internal deposit of new fibres. 

Ord. CLXI. Eqtjisetaceae. p. 237. Ord. CLXII. Ltcopodiaceae. p. 237. 

Ord. CLXIII. Filices. p. 238. 

CLASS IV. 
ANOPHYTES, OR SUPERIOR CELLULAR PLANTS. 

Plants wholly cellular — i. e. destitute of vascular and woody fibres^ 
— but still resembling the superior Orders of vegetation, in having 
distinct stems and foliage, and the analogues or equivalents oi flowers. 

Ord. CLXV. Mrsci. p. 239. 

CLASS V. 
THALLOPHYTES, OR VEGETABLE EXPANSIONS. 

Plants wholly cellular in their structure, — developing themselves 
(often indefinitely) in flat leaf-like expansions (Thalli), or in round- 
ish masses — but with no clear indication of a distinct root, stem, or 
foliage. 

Ord. CLXVII. Lichexes. p. 240. Ord. CLXVIII. Fttngi. p. 242. 

Ord. CLXX. Algae, p. 246. 



AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 



SERIES I. 

PHAENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS. 



POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS. 



ORDER I. RANUNCULACEAE. Juss. 

Herbaceous (rarely frutescent, and occasionally climbing) plants, with an acrid 
watery juice. Leaves mostly alternate, variously lobed or divided— the petioles 
more or less dilated and stem-clasping at base. Calyx of 3 to 6 — usually 5 — distinct 
sepals, mostly deciduous. Petals 5 to 15, sometimes deformed or irregular — occa- 
sionally absent. Stamens indefinite, distinct. Ovaries numerous (rarely few, or 
solitary), distinct. Embryo minute, at the base of firm albumen. 

This Family comprises a number of plants of considerable beauty; but few of 
Agricultural importance. Some species of Ranunculus are highly acrid ; the 
Aconites are even poisonous; and the warmly aromatic seeds of Nigella sativa, L. 
have been used as a substitute for the Nutmeg. These, however, scarcely come 
withiu the scope of the present work. 

TRIBE II. RANUNCULEAE. DC. 

Petals with a small nectariferous scale, gland or pore, at base inside. Anthers 
extrorse. Carpels dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seed ereut, or sometimes suspended. 

1. RANUNCULUS. L. Endl. Gen. 47S3. 

[Latin, Rana, a frog ; the plant often growing where that animal is found.] 
Sepals 5. Petals 5 (sometimes 10 or more), with a nectariferous scale, 
pore or glandular spot, on the inside of the claw. Stamens mostly 
numerous. Carpels numerous, compressed, ovate, pointed, disposed 
in roundish or cylindrical heads. Seed erect, (rarely suspended).— 
Annual or perennial Herbs. Leaves mostly radical, the cauline ones 
at the base of the branches and peduncles. 

K^* Carpels smooth and even. Leaves dissected. 
1. R. bulbosus, L. Hairy; radical leaves petiolate, trifoliolate and 
somewhat pinnately divided ; leaflets usually 3-cleft, incisely toothed, 
the middle or terminal one petiolulate ; stem erect, bulbous at base ; 
peduncles furrowed ; calyx reflexed, shorter than the petals ; carpels 
subovate, with a short acute recurved beak. Torr. §• Gr. Fl. iV. A. 
1. p. 24. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 41. Fl. Cestr. p. 331. Icon, Fl. Lond. 2. 
Bulbous Ranunculus. Vulgb — Butter-cups. Crow-foot. 
Fr. Bassinet. Germ. Knolliger Ranunkel. Span. Boton de Oro. 

Root perennial. Stery about a foot high, often several from the same root, more 
or less branched, clothed with appressed hairs. Leaves variously cut, the segments 
cuneate. Peduncles 2 to 6 inches long, sulcate-angular. Petals sometimes more 
than 5 (flowers double), deep yellow and shining. Carpels in a globose head.— ■ 
Pastures and Meadows : introduced. Native of Europe. Ft. May. Fr. July. 

1 



2 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

Obs. This foreigner is becoming extensively naturalized, and is 
considered quite a nuisance, by many farmers in Chester County, 
Penn. — particularly in the meadows along the Brandywine. The 
fleshy bulb is highly acrid, — affording a powerful rubefacient, and 
even causing ulcers, when externally applied. Beggars in Europe, 
it is said, use it for this purpose, in order to excite sympathy. I do 
not know that cattle have been injured by it ; but as it is a trouble- 
some weed, when fully introduced, it may be well for farmers to 
know the plant, and eradicate it upon its first appearance in their 
grounds. There are several native species, frequent in our wood- 
lands, and moist low grounds ; but they have not been found trou- 
blesome.* 

TRIBE III. HELLEBOREAE. DC. 

Calyx mostly petaloiti. Petals irregular, often bilabiate or tubular, nectariferous 
— sometimes wanting. Carpels few (rarely solitary), follicular, dehiscent, sever- 
al-seeded. 

2. DELPHINIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 4796. 
[Greek, Delphin, a dolphin; from a fancied resemblance in the nectaries.J 

"Calyx petaloid, irregular, the upper sepal produced into a spur at 
base. Petals 4, irregular, the two upper ones with a spur-shaped 
appendage at base inclosed in the spur of the calyx. Ovaries 1 to 
5, mostly 3. Follicles many-seeded. Annual or perennial Herbs. — 
Leaves petiolate, palmately divided. Flowers in terminal racemes. 
1. D. Consolida, L. Stem erect, with spreading branches ; leaves 
many-parted, the segments linear ; flowers few, in loose racemes ; 
pedicels longer than the bracts ; carpels solitary, smooth. Torr. 6r 
Gr.Fl.N. A. 1. > 30. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 51. 

Solder Delphinium. Vnlgd — Lark-spur. [Caballero. 

Fr. Pied d' Alouette. Germ. Der Rittersporn. Span. Espuela de 

Root annual. Stem about two feet high, and with the foliage and flowers some- 
what pubescent. Floivers blue or violet-purple, sometimes the petals are multiplied 
into double flowers. Grain fields, and waste places: introduced. Native of 
Europe. Fl. July. Fr. August. 

Obs. This plant (which gets its specific name from a supposed 
virtue in soldering or uniting wounded flesh,) has strayed from the 
gardens, in some places, and is an unwelcome intruder in grain fields 
and other cultivated grounds. This, and a kindred species (D. Ajacis, 
L. with few erect branches, longer and more crowded racemes,) are 
so common in gardens, that it requires some attention to prevent 
them from trespassing on the farm. Plants which have matured 
their seed in the garden, should never be carried to the Barn-yard, 
nor permitted to mingle with farm manure, — otherwise the fields 
will soon be infested with pernicious and worthless weeds. 

TRIBE IV. CIMICIFUGEAE. Torr. fy Gr. 
Sepals petaloid, caducous. Petals (or rather Staminodia — dilated sterile fila- 
ments,) 3 to 6 or 8. Anthers introrse. Carpels few — sometimes solitary, rarely 
numerous — follicular or baccate, with several seeds, — sometimes indehiscent 
and 1-seeded. Flowers occasionally unisexual, by abortion. 

* My friend, Prof. A. Gray, of Cambridge, informs me that R. aeris, L. al9r> 
called Butter-cups, and Upright Meadow Crow-foot — a kindred species, (with 
palmately divided leaves, — the stem not bulbous at base, — and the peduncles not 
furrowed), is quite common around Boston, — in Western New York, &c., and 
deserves to be enumerated among the pernicious Weeds of the country. 



BAtfUNCULACEAE & 

3. CIMICIFUGA. L. [Botrop.his. Raf. Endl. Gen,. 48.00.] 
[Latin, Cimex, a bug. and fngare, to drive away ; in allusion to supposed virtues.] 

Se])aZs 4 or 5. Petals (or Staminodia') 3 to 5 or 3, concave or un- 
guiculate, — sometimes, by abortion, fewer or none. Stamens nu- 
merous ; style short ; stigma simple. Carpels 1 to 8, follicular, 
many-seeded. Perennial Herbs. Leaves bi- or tri-ternately divided. 
Flowers in virgate racemes. 

1. C. racemosa, Ell. Leaves triternate ; leaflets ovate-oblong; pe- 
tals slender, forked at apex ; carpels solitary. Torr. &f Gr. Fl. iV. 
A. I. p. 36. 

Actsea racemosa. L. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 64. Fl. Cestr. p. 319. 
Racemose Cimicifuga. Vulgb — Tall Snake-root. Black Snake-root. 

Root perennial, large, branching. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, slender, smooth, leafy 
near the middle, naked above and below, with one or two radical leaves on 
long erect petioles. Leaves ternately decompound, petiolate ; leaflets 2 to 4 in- 
dies long, acute or acuminate, unequally incised-dentate. the terminal one larger 
and often 3-lobed. Racemes terminal, branching. 6 to 12 inches long. Sepals 4, 
orbicular, concave, greenish white. Petals (or staminodia) 4 to S, slender, sub- 
linear, bifurcate or emarginate at apex. Carpel ovoid, subcompressed, smooth, 
obliquely beaked with the persistent style. Seeds compressed and angular. — 
Rich woodlands. Fl. June. Fr. Sept. 

Obs. The white terminal racemes of this plant, when in flower, 
are quite conspicuous in the woodlands of Pennsylvania. The stern 
and leaves, when bruised, emit a disagreeable odor. The root is 
somewhat mucilaginous and astringent. Although a plant of no 
Agricultural value — and probably over-rated as a medicine, — the 
infusion of the bruised root is so generally regarded as a sort of 
Panacea for stock (especially for sick cows), that every farmer 
ought to know it, and be able with certainty to designate it. 

ORDER II. MAGNOLIACEAE. Juss. DC. 

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, subcoriaceous. entire or lobed (never ser- 
rate), often large, stipulate ; stipules convolute or nearly flat, membranaceous, 
caducous. Flowers solitary, usually large and often fragrant. Calyx of 3 to 6 
eolored deciduous sepals. Corolla of 3. 6. or many petals in concentric series. 
Stamens numerous, mostly with short filaments, and long adnate anthers. — the 
cells either introrse, lateral, or sometimes extrorse. Carpels several in a single 
stellate verticil, — or more commonly numerous and spicate, or imbricated, 
forming a kind of strobile on the prolonged receptacle. Seeds one or two in 
each carpel ; sometimes with a pulpy covering, and suspended (when the car- 
pels open) by a slender elastic cord. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy 
albumen. 

A small but splendid Family ; more ornamental, however, titan important in 
Agriculture. 

TRIBE II. MAGNOLIEAE. DC. 

Carpels spicate on the elongated torus or receptacle. Anthers long. 

4. MAGNOLIA. L. Endl. Gen. 4737. 
[Named in honor of Prof. Pierre Magnol, a French Botanist.] 

Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 6 to 12. Anthers introrse or lateral. 
Carpels forming a strobile-like fruit, persistent, dehiscent by the 
dorsal suture. Seeds baccate, — -when mature, pendulous from the 
open carpel by a long slender funiculus . Fine trees , in the U. 
States (except the fragrant-flowered M. glauca, L. which is usually 
a shrub, — though I have seen it 30 feet high). Stipules convolute, 
Leaves sometimes perennial. 



4 POLTPETALOUS EXOGENS 

1. M. acuminata, L. Leaves oval, acuminate, pubescent beneath, 
deciduous ; petals 6 to 9, oblong-obovate. Torr. &(■ Gr. Fl. N. A* 
1. p. 43. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 80. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 2. tab. 53. 
Acuminate Magnolia. Vulgb — Cucumber tree. 
Fr. Le Magnolier. Germ. Der Gurkenbaum. Span. Arbol de Castor. 

Tree 50 to 80 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter at base. Leaves 6 to 10 
or 12 inches long (on vigorous young saplings much larger — as is usually the 
case with all trees). Flowers large, bluish white, often with a tinge of yellow ; 
petals scarcely expanding. Fruit sub-cylindrie, 3 to 5 or 6 inches long. Moun- 
tain forests, New York to Georgia. Fl. June— July. Fr. Sept.— October. 

Obs. Several species of Magnolia are worthy of culture, as orna- 
mental Shade-trees ; but as they are not otherwise important in 
Agriculture, I have mentioned this one merely as a sample (and 
perhaps one of the finest) of that noble genus. The green fruit 
has some resemblance to a Cucumber (whence the common name 
of the tree) ; and being intensely bitter and somewhat aromatic, a 
tincture of it, prepared with whiskey, is a popular preventive of 
autumnal fevers, with those who are fond of an excuse for taking 
alcoholic medicine. 

5. LIRIODENDRON. L. Endl. Gen. 4740. 
[Greek, Leirion, a lily, and Dendron, a tree ; from its lily-like flowers.] 

Sepals 3, caducous. Corolla campanulate j petals mostly 6. An- 
thers extrorse. Carpels samaroid, indehiscent, densely imbricated 
in a cone, 1 or 2-seeded. A large tree. Stipules nearly flat, and 
applied face to face. 

1. L. tulipifera, L. Leaves dilated, subcordate at base, 3-lobed, 
the middle lobe broad and emarginately truncate. Torr. &c Gr. Fl. 
N. A. 1. p. 44. D,C. Prodr. 1. p. 82. Fl. Cestr. p. 326. Icon, Mx. 
Sylva, 2. tab. 61. [Tulip tree. 

Tulip-bearing Liriodendron. Vulgb — Poplar. Tulip Poplar. — 
Fr. Le Tulipier. Germ. Der Tulpenbaum. 

Tree 80 to 120 feet high, and 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 feet in diameter. Leaves 4 to (5 
inches long on old trees, and about as wide as long> — the side-lobes often with 
a sinus making two points. Petals greenish-yellow, with tinges of reddish-or- 
ange. Carpels 2-celled (one cell mostly obliterated, and both seeds often abor- 
tive), produced at apex into a lanceolate-oblong wing, and closely imbricated 
in a cone on the fusiform, receptacle. Rich woodlands : Canada to Lotiisiana. 
Fl. May. Fr. October. 

Obs. The timber of this magnificent tree is highly valued in ma- 
ny branches of the mechanic arts, — especially the variety called 
•yellow Poplar, which is generally to be known by its thicker and 
more deeply-furrowed bark. The hygrometric properties of the 
wood — particularly of the t&hite variety— ^render it rather objection- 
able in cabinet furniture (causing it to swell in damp weather) : 
but the yellow Poplar is much esteemed for its mellowness, light- 
ness and durability. The bark of the root, and young tree, is a 
valuable aromatic bitter. The prevalence of the Tulip-tree, in 
woodlands, is a pretty sure indication of a good soil. 

ORDER XI. PAPAVERACEAE. Juss. 

Herbs, with a milky or colored juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Calyx 
Of 2 (rarely 3) caducous sepals. Corolla of 4 to 6 regular petals. Stamtns 6 to 
24— or numerous, but some multiple of the petals. Fruit l -celled ; either pod- 



PAPAVERACEAE 5 

shaped with 2 to 5. or capsular with many, parietal placentae, from which the 
valves often separate. Seeds numerous. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy 
and oily albumen. 

The Poppy, which is the type of this Family, is the only plant belonging to it, 
of much importance. The Red-root, or Indian Paint {Sanguinaria Ca7iadensis, 
L.). a common plant in the rich woodlands of the U. States, has been com- 
mended for the medicinal properties of its rhizoma, or subterraneous stem. 

6. PAP AVER. L. Endl. Gen. 4823. 
[Celtic, Papa, pap ; from its being added to children's food, to induce sleep.] 

Sepals 2. Petals 4 (sometimes multiplied). Stamens numerous. 
Stigjnas 4 to 20, sessile, radiating on the summit of the ovary. — 
Capsule obovoid, opening by chinks or pores under the edge of the 
crown formed by the stigmas : placentae opposite the stigmas ! and 
extending into the cavity so as to form incomplete partitions. An- 
nual or perennial Herbs. Flowers nodding before opening. 

1. P. dubitjm, L. Stem clothed with slender spreading hairs, — the 
peduncles with bristly appressed hairs ; leaves pinnately dissected, 
the segments often incised, decurrent ; sepals hairy ; capsules obo- 
void-oblong, smooth. Torr. # Gr. Fl . N.A. 1. p. 60. DC. Prodr. 
1. p. 118. Fl. Cestr. p. 317. Icon, Fl. Load. 2. 

Dubious Papaver. Vulgo — Poppy. Field Poppy. 

Fr. Pavot batard. Germ. Der Saat-JMohn. Span. Amapola. 

Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat branched below. Leaves 2 to 5 
inches long, hairy. Peduncles terminal. 6 to 12 inches long, flexuose, leadess. 
Petals pale red or brick-dust colored. Stigmas about 7-rayed. on a convex disk: 
Cultivated grounds: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July, August. 

Obs. This foreigner has found its way into some districts ; and, 
if unattended to, may become a troublesome weed, — as it and the 
" Corn Poppy " (P. Rhoeas, L.) are said to be, in Europe. The 
common or Opium Poppy, (P. somniferum, L. — a smooth species 
with stem-clasping leaves), — which yields the most efficacious and 
soothing of all anodynes, — is often seen in the flowerbeds of our 
gardens. I believe there was an attempt made, near New York, 
some 30 or 40 years ago, to cultivate that species for the purpose of 
obtaining Opium : But it did not succeed, — and perhaps its culture, 
even if practicable here, is better suited to the Orientals, than to 
the people of our country. The common Celandine (Cliel idonium, 
majus, L.), an introduced weed, of this natural Order, occurs fre- 
quently in waste places on our farms ; but it is scarcely of sufficient 
importance, in any respect, to require a more particular notice in 
this work. A similar remark may be made of the Prickly Poppy 
(Argcmone Mexicana, L.), another kindred weed which is occa- 
sionally met with. 

ORDER XIII. CRUCIFERAE. Juss. 

Herbs with a pungent or acrid watery juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules. 
Flowers in racemes or corymbs ; the pedicels without bracts. Calyx of 4 sepals, 
deciduous. Corolla of 4 regular unguiculate petals, — their spreading limbs 
forming a cross. Stamens 6, 2 of them shorter (tetradynamous). Fruit a pod 
(called a Silique when much longer than broad, and a Silicle when short), which 
is 2-celled by a membranaceous septum or partition that connects the two .mar- 
ginal placentae. — from which the two valves usually fall away. Seeds without 
albumen. Embryo curved: cotyledons flat or plicate. — either with their edges to 
the radicle (when they are said to be accumbent. — represented by this sign. o=). 
or with the back of one of them to the radicle (and then termed incumbent. — of 
which this is the sign. o[|). 

1* 



6 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

This Order, which comprises upwards of one hundred Genera, is a remarkably 
natural or homogeneous one, — as well in the sensible properties, as in the bo- 
tanical characters, of the plants belonging to it. There are but few important 
ones, however, beside those here noticed. The Wood, or Dyer's weed (Isatis 
tinctoria, L.), is cultivated, in Europe, for its blue coloring matter ; but I believe 
it is little known or attended to, in the U. States. 

DIVISION 1. SILIQUOSAE (the pod a Siliqut). 

TRIBE I. ARABIDEAE. DC. 

Sitique dehiscent, usually elongated ; valves flattish ; 6eptum linear. Seeds com- 
pressed, oval, sometimes margined. Cotyledons flat, accumbent (on), parallel 
with the septum (i. e. with their edges towards the placentae). 

7. NASTURTIUM. R. Br. EndL Gen. 4850. 
[Latin, Nasus tortus, a tortured nose ; from the pungent effect of the plant.] 

Sepals spreading, equal at base. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Sit' 
ique nearly terete, sometimes almost as short as a silicle, usually 
curved upwards. Seeds small, irregularly disposed in a double 
series, not margined. Aquatic or subaquatic Herbs. Leaves often 
pinnately dissected. 

1. N. officinale, R. Br. Leaves pinnately divided; segments 
ovate, subcordate, sinuate-dentate ; seeds reticulately rugose. Torr. 
t\ Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 72. DC. Prodr. \.p. 137. Icon, FL Lond. 3. 

Officinal Nasturtium. Vulgb — Water Cress. 

Fr. Cresson de Fontaine. Germ, Die Brunnenkresse. Span. Berro. 

Perennial. Stem 6 to 12 and 18 inches long, branching. Leaves odd-pinnaiely 
dissected ; segments in 3 or 4 pairs, the terminal one largest. Petals white. — 
Brooks and rivulets : probably introduced from Europe. Fl. June. Ft. July. 

Obs. This plant (well known as the " Water Cress," in England,) 
was detected in Chester County, Penn. by my friend Mr. Joshua 
Hoopes, since the publication of the Flora Cestrica. Although 
abundant in some rivulets, there is reason to believe it is not a na- 
tive. It affords an excellent wholesome Salad — antiscorbutic in its 
properties, as all the Cruciferae are ; and being easily propagated, 
is worthy of being introduced into all suitable localities. 

8. BARBAREA..K. Br. EndL Gen. 4851. 
[So named, from having been formerly dedicated to St. Barbara.] 

Silique ancipital or somewhat 4-sided, the valves concave-carinate. 
Seeds in a single series. Leaves lyrately pinnatifid. 
1. B. praecox, R. Br. Lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobe obo- 
vate or rounded, coarsely sinuate-dentate, — upper leaves pinnatifid, 
with entire linear -oblong segments ; siliques linear, elongated, com- 
pressed-ancipital ; style thick and very short. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N* 
A. I. p. 75, DC. Prodr. I. p. 140. 

Early Barbarea. Vulgo — Scurvy-grass. Early Winter Cress. 

Fr. Roquette des Jardins. Germ. Die Winter-kresse. Span. Yerba 
de Santa Barbara. 

Roqt biennial 1 Stem 9 to 15 inches high, somewhat branching. Leaves smooth ; 
lower ones 3 or 4 inches long. Petals yellow. Siliques 2 or 3 inches long, slen- 
der. Gardens : cultivated. Fl. May — June. Fr. July — Aug. 

Obs^ This plant, — which is said to be a native of Canada, and 
the country further north, — is cultivated in the gardens, near Phila- 



CRUCIFERAE 7 

delphia, under the name of u Scurvy-Grass." The leaves afford a 
tolerable Salad; but not equal to the common Cress (Lepidium 
sativum, L.), nor to the Water Cress (Nasturtium officinale,!?.. Br.}. 
There is another and stouter species (B. vulgaris, R. Br. probably 
naturalized,) growing along our streams, which is sometimes used 
as a Salad ; but it is bitterish, and inferior in quality to this. 

TRIBE II. SISYMBRIEAE. DC. 

Silique longitudinally dehiscent: valves nearly flat, or somewhat concave and 
carinate ; septum linear. Seeds compressed, ovate or oblong, not margined. — 
Cotyledons flat, incumbent (oil), contrary to (»'. e. with their edges towards) the 
septum. 

9. SISYMBRIUM. All. Endl. Gen. 4906. 

[An ancient Greek name ; applied to this genus.] 

Silique somewhat terete, sessile. Stigmas 2, somewhat distinct, or 
connate and capitate. Cotyledons sometimes obliquely incumbent. 
Annual or perennial Herbs. Leaves various. 

1. S. officinale, Scop. Lower leaves runcinate, upper ones sub- 
hastate ; racemes spike-form, slender and virgate ; siliques erect, 
subulate, appressed to the rachis. Torr. <$- Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 91. 
DC. Prodr. 1. p. 191. Fl. Cestr. p. 386, Icon, Fl. Loud. 3. 
Officinal Sisymbrium. Vulgb — Hedge Mustard. 
Fr. Herbe au Chantre. Germ. Der Hederich. Span. Jaramago. 

Root annual. Stem 1 to 3 or 4 feet high, with spreading branches, pilose. — 
Leaves pilose ; lower ones 3 to 6 or 8 inches long. Petals small, greenish yellow. 
Siliques terete-subulate or somewhat nerved and angular, tapering at apex. — 
Cultivated grounds, lanes and road sides : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. 
May — Aug. Fr. Aug. — Octo. 

Obs. This foreigner is completely naturalized, and somewhat 
troublesome as a weed. It was formerly held in some repute, in 
Europe, as a remedy for coughs, the hoarseness of Singers, &c. 
(whence its French name) : but its virtues were doubtless over-ra- 
ted, — and it is now regarded, by tidy farmers in this country, merely 
as a plant to be expelled from their premises. 

TRIBE III. BRASSICEAE. DC. 

Silique longitudinally dehiscent. Style often enlarged, and with a seed-bearing 
cell at its base. Seeds mostly globose. Cotyledons incumbent, longitudinally 
plicate or doubled, embracing the radicle in the fold or sinus. 

10. BRASSICA. L. Endl.. Gen. 4949. 
[Supposed to be from Bresic; the Celtic name for the Cabbage.] 

Calyx closed or erect.. Silique sub-terete ; valves concave, or 
slightly keeled by a central nerve ; style short, obtuse. Seeds in a 
single series, globose. Foreign plants: mostly biennial Herbs, with 
a short stem and long flowering-branches. 

1. B. oleracea, L. Leaves somewhat fleshy, repand or lobed, gla- 
brous and glaucous.. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 213. Fl. Cestr. p. 388. 

Oleraceous or Pot-herb Brassica^ Vulgd — Cabbage. 

Fr. Chou potager. Germ. Der Kohl. Span. Berza. 

The following Sub-species, or Varieties, are more or less cultiva- 
ted, in the Kitchen Garden, or " Truck-patch." 



8 POLTPETALOUS EXOGENS 

- f Racemes paniculate. 

Sub-species B. acephala, DC. Stem elongated ; leaves expanded. 

DC. I. c. 

Vulgo — Tree Cabbage. Bore-Cole. Headless Cabbage. 

Fr. Chou sans tete. Germ. Blatt-Kohl, 

Sub-species C. Bullata, DC. Stem somewhat elongated; young 
leaves subcapitate, finally expanding, bullate or crisped. DC. I. c. 
Vulgo — Savoy Cabbage. Curled Cabbage. 
Fr, Chou de Savoie. Germ. Savoyer Kohl. Span. Berza crespa. 

Sub-species D. capitata, DC. Stem short; leaves concave, not 
bullate, densely imbricated in a head before flowering. DC. I. c. 

Vulgo — Head Cabbage. York Cabbage. . 

Fr. Chou en tete. Germ. Kopf-Kohl. Span. Berza repolluda. 

Sub-species E. Caulo Rap a, DC. Stem with an oval or subglobose 
fleshy enlargement at the origin of the leaves. DC. I. c. 
Vulgo — Bulb-stalked Cabbage. 
Fr. Chou Rave. Germ. Kohl Rabi. 

ff Racemes corymbose. 

Sub-species F. Botrytis, DC. Leaves oblong, connivent, bluish 
glaucous; peduncles of. the racemes corymbose, short fleshy and 
coalesced in a head before flowering ; flowers often abortive. DC. I. c, 

Var. a. Cauliflora, DC. Stem short; heads thick, compact. DC. I.e. 

Vulgo — C aulifl ower . 

Fr. Chou fleur. Germ. Blumenkohl. Span. Berza florida. 

Var. b. Asparagoides, DC. Stem taller ; leaves elongated; heads 
sub-ramose ; branches fleshy at apex, bearing clusters of abortive 
flower-buds. DC. I. c. Vulgo — Broccoli. 

Biennial. Stem 6 inches to 1 ot 2 feet high, branching the second year from 
the summit, or head of imbricated leaves. Leaves large (6 to 12 or 18 inches in 
length), suborbicular,or oblong. Racemes long, loose. Petals greenish or citron 
yellow. Gardens, and Lots : cultivated. FL May — June. Fr. July. 

Obs. Few plants have undergone greater .modifications, by cul- 
ture, than this esculent herb ; and those varieties furthest removed 
from the original form, are the most esteemed. All the foregoing 
are occasionally to be met with, under culture ; but the sub-species 
B and E are rare. The latter (Caulo Rapa, DC.) is a curious 
monstrosity — with a turnep-like enlargement or tumor in the stem, 
near the base,^and was never cultivated in West-Chester, Penna. 
until introduced by my friend Dr. E. F. Rivintjs — who is a skilful 
Horticulturist, and a worthy descendant of one of the fathers of 
Botany. Sub-species F is more common ; and D is found in abun- 
dance in every well-managed Kitchen Garden. 

2. B. campestris, L. Leaves slightly fleshy, glaucous, — the young 
lower leaves lyrate, dentate, somewhat hispid or ciliate, — those 
above amplexicaul and acuminate. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 214. 2*7. 
Cestr. p. 3S9. 



CRUCIFERAE 9 

Field Brassica. 

Sub-species C. Napo-brassica, DC. Root tumid, turnep-shaped.— 

DC. I. c. 

Var. a. communis, DC. Root white or purplish, with the summit 

and petioles greenish or purplish. DC. I. c. 

Vulgo — Turnep-rooted Cabbage. 

jFV. Chou Navet. Germ. Die Kohl-ruebe. Spam. Nabiza. 

Var. b. Ruta baga, DC. Root yellowish, subglobose. DC. I. c. 

Vulgo — Rutabaga. Swedish Turnep. 

Fr. Chou de Suede. Navet jaune. 

Biennial or annual. Root thick, turnep-shaped, fleshy. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, 
smooth, glaucous, branched above. Racemes loose. Petals citron-yellow. Gar- 
dens, and Lots : cultivated. Fl. June. Ft. July — August. 

Obs. These varieties were cultivated, some years since, to a con- 
siderable extent, — chiefly as food for Stock ; but I have not seen 
much of them latterly, in Chester County. The farmers of the U. 
States, having the advantage of the Indian Com crop, do not much 
incline to the Root culture : perhaps not so much as might be bene- 
ficial to Stock, during our long winters. 

3. B. Rapa, L. Radical leaves lyrate, hirsutely scabrous, not glau- 
cous, — middle cauline ones incised, — the upper ones entire, smooth. 
DC. Prodr. I. p. 214. Fl. Cestr.p. 390. 

Sub-species A. depressa, DC. Root tumid below the neck, depres- 
sed-globose, abruptly contracted to a slender tapering radicle be- 
neath. DC. I. c. 

Vulgo — Turnep. Common Turnep. 

Fr. Navet. Grosse Rave. Germ. Die Ruebe. Span. Naba. 

Biennial. Root fleshy, depressed, orbicular, 3 to 6 or 8 inches in diameter — 
Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched. Radical leaves 6 to 12 inches long. Racemes 
loose, corymbose-paniculate. Petals pale greenish yellow. Seeds small, reddish 
brown. Fields, and Gardens : cultivated. Fl. May. Fr. June — July. 

Obs. The root is a favorite table vegetable, and is generally cul- 
tivated for that purpose. In Pennsylvania, the seeds are usually 
sown about the last of July, and the roots collected in November. 

11. SINAPIS. Toximef. Endl. Gen. 4950. 
[A name of uncertain meaning; derived from the Greek.] 

Calyx spreading. Silique sub-terete ; valves nerved, smooth or 
hispid ; style short and subulate, or ensiform. Seeds in a single 
series, subglobose. Foreign plants : mostly annual or biennial 
Herbs-— nearly allied to Brassica. Lower leaves usually lyrate, in- 
oised or pinnatifid. Flowers in elongated racemes. 

1. S. nigra, L» Lower leaves lyrate and scabrous, — upper ones 
lanceolate and smooth, pendulous ; siliques somewhat 4-angled, 
smooth, appressed to the rachis ; style short, subulate. Torr. fy Gr* 
Fl. N. A. 1. p. 99. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 218. Fl. Cestr. p. 390. 
Black Sinapis. Vulgo— Mustard. Black Mustard. 
Fr. Moutarde noire. Germ* Schwarzer Senf. Span* Mostazo* 



10 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

Root annual. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, much branched, smooth. Leaves petiolate, 
variously lobed and toothed. Racemes slender. Petals greenish yellow. Steds 
numerous, small, dark brown. Gardens, and waste places : introduced from 
Europe. Cultivated in some districts. Fl. June — July. Fr. August. 

Obs. This plant is nearly naturalized in many places ; and in 
some parts of our country (especially in Ohio), is extensively culti- 
vated. The value of its highly acrid seeds, in the hands of the 
Cook, and Physician — as a condiment and rubefacient— is well 
known. 

2. S. AL,BA 3 L. Leaves lyrate, smoothish; siliques hispid, spreading, 

scarcely as long as the ensiform beak. DC. Frodr. I. p. 220. Fl. 

Cestr. p. 390. Icon, Fl. Loud: 3. 

White Sin apis. Vulgb — White Mustard. 

Fr. Moutarde blanche. Germ. Weisser Senf. Spa?i. Mostazo bianco. 

Root annual. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout, branched. Leaves petiolate, 
lyrately pseudo-pinnate, the terminal segment large and 3-lobed. Petals rather 
large, yellow Seeds few, larger than in the preceding species, pale brown.— 
Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. August. 

Obs. This species is often cultivated, on a small scale, for its 
seeds, — which are employed in preparing condiments. They have 
also been somewhat celebrated as a remedy for nervous complaints, 
dyspepsia, &c. in which cases they are administered whole — a tea- 
spoonful or more at a dose. The seeds of both species are used in 
preparing Flour of Mustard. 

DIVISION 2. SILICULOSAE (the pod a Silicle). 

TRIBE V. ALYSSINEAE. DC. 

Silicle dehiscent; valves flat or convex; septum broadly oval and membran- 
aceous. Seeds compressed, often margined. Cotyledons flat, accmnbent (o=), 
parallel with the septum. 

12. COCHLEARIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen.ASB2. 
[Latin, Cochleare, a spoon ; from the form of the leaves of some species.] 

Silicle ovoid-globose or oblong, sessile ; valves ventricose ; style 
very short. Seeds numerous, not margined. Leaves often some- 
what fleshy. 

1. C. Armoracia, L. Radical leaves oblong, crenate, petiolate, — 
stem leaves lanceolate, dentate or incised, sessile ; silicle elliptic. 
DC; Frodr. 1. p. 173. Fl. Cestr. p. 379. 

Armorican Cochlearia. Vulgd — Horse-Radish. [picante. 

Fr. Moutarde des Capucins. Germ. Der Meer-Rettig. Span. Rabano 

Root perennial, long, terete, fleshy, white, very acrid. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, 
angular-striate. smooth, with erect axillary branches. Radical leaves large (3 
to 15 inches long — somewhat resembling those of a Dock, or Rumex) ; petioles 4 
to 12 inches long. Racemes corymbose, elongating. Petals -white. Silicles ovoL, 
usually abortive. Gardens : margins of ditches, &c. introduced. Native of 
Europe. Fl. May — June. Fr. June— July. 

Obs. The pungent root of this plant is a favorite condiment,— 
and one of the most valuable antiscorbutics. It requires little or 
no culture ; but thrives best in a moist rich deep soil. The true or 
common Scurvy-Grass, of Europe, is a species of this genus (C. 
officinalis, L. — with leaves whose form suggested the generic name); 
but I think it is rarely cultivated, in this country. 



CRXJCIFERAE 11 

TRIBE VI. CAMELINEAE. DC. 

Silicle dehiscent, obovoid oval or oblong; valves convex or flat, parallel with 
the septum ; septum elliptic or ovate, sometimes incomplete. Cotyledons flat, 
incumbent (o||) ; contrary to (i. e. their margins towards) the septum. 

13. CAMELINA. Crantz. Endl. Gen. 4919. 
[Greek, Chamai, dwarf, and Linon. flax; from a fancied resemblance.] 

Silicle obovoid or subglobose ; valves ventricose, dehiscing with a 
part of the style ; cells many-seeded. Style filiform. Seeds oblong, 
not margined. 

1. C. sativa, Crantz. Leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, nearly 
entire, sagittate at base; silicles inflated, obovoid-pyriform, mar- 
gined, mucronate with the longish subcorneal style. Torr. <$• Gr. 
Fl. N. A. 1. p. 110. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 201. Fl. Cestr. p. 379. 
Cultivated Camelina. Vulgd — Wild Flax. Gold of Pleasure. 
Fr. Cameline cultivee. Germ. Der Leindotter. Span. Miagro. 

Root annual, fusiform, rather slender. Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, sim- 
ple, paniculately branching at summit, roughish-pubescent below, smoothish 
above. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long. — the lower ones longest and often some- 
what spatulate or oblanceolate, — those above gradually smaller and smoother, 
sagittate with acute subamplexicaul lobes at base; pubescence of the lower 
leaves and stem often branched or bifurcate. Racemes corymbose-paniculate, 
elongating; pedicels half an inch to an inch long, without bracts. Petals pale 
yellow, rather small, cuneate or obovate-oblong, obtuse. Silicles about one-fouTth 
of an inch long, with a keel-like margin on each side; style about half as long 
as the silicle, persistent, finally splitting with the dehiscent valves. Seeds red- 
dish yellow. Cultivated fields ; among Wheat, Flax, &c. : introduced. Native 
of Europe. Fl. May — June. Fr. July. 

Obs. This foreigner was formerly frequent among Flax, when 
that plant was generally cultivated ; and it was one of the vulgar 
errors of the day, that it was a kind of transmuted or degenerate 
flax, — caused by burning the soil, in clearings. Since the culture 
of flax declined, the Camelina has become rare, within my obser- 
vation : but I am informed by H. Jones Brooke, Esq. an intelligent 
farmer of Delaware county, Penn. that the plant has become a seri- 
ous nuisance, in his Wheat fields, within a few years. Being an 
annual ', the obvious remedy is to prevent it from maturing its seeds ; 
but it must be confessed, that where it appears in great numbers 
among grain crops, the remedy is more easily prescribed than ad- 
ministered, — and therefore it may be well for farmers to watch the 
progress of the plant, and arrest it on its first appearance. 

TRIBE VIII. LEPIDINEAE. DC. 

Silicle usually dehiscent, compressed contrary to the narrow septum (sometime* 
1 -celled) ; valves boat-shaped or rarely ventricose. Seeds few, not margined* — 
Cotyledons, flat, mostly incumbent (oU), parallel to the septum. 

14. LEPIDIUM. R. Br. Endl. Gen. 4932. 
[Greek, Lepis, a scale ; from the form and size of the silicles.] 

Silicle subcor date-ovate or oval ; valves keeled or rarely ventricose, 

often winged at apex and emarginate ; cells 1 -seeded. Seeds 

compressed or somewhat 3-sided. Cotyledons sometimes accuro- 

bent(o=). 

1. L. sativum, L. Leaves oblong, variously incised and pinnatifid; 

silicles elliptic-ovate, winged and notched at apex. DC. Prodr. 1. 

p. 204. Fl. Cestr. p. 330. 

Cultivated Lepidium. Vulgd — Pepper-Grass. Tongue-Grass. 



12 POLTPETALOUS EXOGENS 

Fr. Cresson Alenois. Germ. Die Garten-Kresse. Span. Lepidio. 

Root annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, smooth, glaucous, corymbosely branched 
above. Leaves! to 3 inches long, deeply divided into linear or cuneate segments. 
Petals white. Seeds compressed; cotyledons incumbent (oil). Gardens: culti- 
vated. Native of Persia. Fl. June— July. Fr. August. 

Obs. A pleasant antiscorbutic Cress, frequent in Gardens. There 
is a native species (Xr. Virginicum, L. — with cotyledons accumbent — 
separated from this genus by some authors, and called Cynocarda- 
mum : See Endl. Gen. 4888.) frequent in lanes and fields, in Penn- 
sylvania. The reddish-brown seeds of this are sometimes found 
among clover seed, and excite apprehensions of some pernicious in- 
truder ; but, although a worthless little weed, if there be nothing 
worse, among the clover seed, the farmer need not be alarmed. 

15. CAPSELLA. Vent. Endl. Gen. 4927. 
[Diminutive of the Latin, Capsa, a coffer, or case ; in allusion to the fruit.] 

Silique somewhat triangular or obcordate-cuneate ; valves boat- 
shaped, coriaceous, not winged ; cells many-seeded. Seeds oblong ; 
cotyledons incumbent (o||>. Radical leaves rosulate. Flowers 
small, in elongating racemes. 

1. C. Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Radical leaves mostly pinnatifid j 
stem-leaves lanceolate, sagittate. Torr. &r Gr. Fl. iV. A. 1. p. 117. 
DC. Prodr. 1. p. 177. Fl. Cestr. p. 380. 
Thlaspi Bursa-pastoris. L. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3. 

Shepherd's Purse Capsella. Vtdgd — Shepherd's Purse. [Pastor. 
Fr. Bourse de Pasteur. Germ. Die Hirten-tasche. Span. Bolsa de 

Root annual. Stem 3 or 4 to 18 inches high, more or less hirsute, and often 
branched. Radical leaves 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches long. Racemes at first corym- 
bose, finally elongated. Petals white. Fields, and road-sides : introduced. Na- 
tive of Europe. Fl. April to September. Fr. June to October. 

Obs. This worthless little intruder is found in almost every field; 
and is sometimes so abundant as to be rather a nuisance. Such 
email weeds, however, can generally be suppressed by careful cul- 
ture, and inducing a vigorous growth of more useful plants. That 
learned and sagacious observer of Nature — the late Professor De 
Candolle — remarks, that " all the plants of a country — all those of 
any given place — are in a state of war, in relation to each other. — 
All are endowed with means, more or less efficacious, of reproduc- 
tion and nutrition. Those which first establish themselves acci- 
dentally, in a given locality, have a tendency, from the mere fact 
that they already occupy the space, to exclude other species from 
it : the largest ones smother the smallest ones ; the longest-lived 
ones supersede those of shorter duration ; the most fruitful gradu- 
ally take possession of the space which would otherwise have been 
occupied by those which multiply more slowly." * The farmer, 

•Toutes lesplantes d'un pays, toutes celles d'un lieu donne, sont dans un 
etat de CT uerre les unes relativement aux autreS. Toutes sont douees de moyens 
de reproduction et de nutrition plus ou moins efficaces. Les premieres qui s' etab- 
lissent par hasard dans une localite donnee, tendent, par cela meme qu' elles 
occupent 1' espace, a en exclure les autres especes: les plus grandes etouffent 
les plus petites ; les plus vivaces remplacent celles dont la duree est plus courte ; 
les plus fecondes s'emparent graduellement de 1? espace que pourroient occuper 
celles qui se multiplient plus difficilement Essai Elementaire de Geographic Bo- 
taniqy*. Par A. P. De Cakdolle. 



CRUCIFERAE 13 

therefore, should avail himself of this principle,— and aid the more 
valuable plants in their struggle to choke down or expel the worth- 
less ones. 

DIVISION 4. LOMENTACEAE (the pod transversely partitioned). 

TRIBE XI. RAPHANEAE. DC. 
Silique or silicle indehiscent. transversely separating in 1- (or few-) seeded cells 
or joints. Seeds globose. Cotyledons incumbent and conduplicate. 

16. RAPHANUS. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 4972. 
[Greek, Ra, easily, and phainomai, to appear; from its prompt germination.] 

Silique many-celled, by transverse partitions. Seeds in a single 
series. Leaves lyrate. Flowers in elongating racemes. 
1. R. sativus, L. Lower leaves lyrate, petiolate ; upper ones ovate- 
oblong, serrate, subhastate-lobed at base, subsessile ; siliques terete, 
torulose, acuminate, scarcely longer than the pedicels. DC. Prodr. 
I. p. 228. Fl. Cestr.p. 391. 

Cultivated Raphantjs. Vulgd — Radish. Garden Radish. 
Fr. Radis. Raifort. Germ. Der Rettig. Spa,7i. Rabano. 

Sub-species A. Radicula. DC. Root more or less fleshy, tender, 
white or red. DC. I. c. 

Var. a. rotunda. Root subglobose. Vulgd — Turnep-Radish. 

Var. b. oblonga. Root oblong or fusiform. Vulgd — Common Radish. 

Sub-species B. Niger. DC. Root fleshy, solid and firm, more or 
less acrid. DC. I. c. 

Var. a. vulgaris (also b. rotimdus). Root black externally, white 

within, oblong or subglobose. 

Vulgd — Black Turnep-Radish. Spanish Radish. 

Annual. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, sparsely hispid, branched. Leaves 8 to 12 or 
15 inches long, hispid. Petals purple and greenish white. Siliques with fungous 
or suberose partitions. Seeds few, large. Gardens, &c. : cultivated. Native of 
China. .FY. June — Sept. Fr. July— October. 

Obs. The tender fleshy root of this plant is an universal favorite 
at table, in early spring, — and is found in every garden; where, by 
successive planting, it maybe produced all summer. To produce the 
root in perfection, a rich mellow soil and a wet season are requisite.* 

ORDER XIX. HYPERICACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 

Herbs or shrubs, with a resinous or limpid juice. Leaves opposite, entire, with- 
out stipules, punctate with black or pellucid dots. Flowers regular. Calyx of 4 
or 5 persistent sepals, the 2 outer ones often smaller. Petals 4 or 5, twisted in 
aestivation, often sprinkled with black dots. Stamens usually numerous and 
polyadelphous. Capsule (the fruit rarely baccate) with septicidal dehiscence, 
many-seeded. Seeds destitute of albumen. 

An Order containing but few genera; and those of little interest to the Agri- 
culturist, — with the exception of the obnoxious species here noticed. 

TRIBE I. HYPERICEAE. Chois. 

Fruit capsular. Seeds terete. Leaves mostly sessile. 

* I learn from my friend. Prof. A. Gkay, that the R. Raphanistrum, L. or Wild 
Radish (a species with simply lyrate leaves, and yellowish flowers), is so far 
naturalized, in Eastern New England, as to be quite a troublesome Weed. It 
has not yet found its way, I think, into Pennsylvania. 

2 



14 POLYPE TALOtTS EXOGENS 

17. HYPERICUM. L. Endl. Gen. 5464. 

[A name used by the ancient Greek writers on plants.] 

Sepals 5, more or less connected at base, foliaceous. Petals 5* 
Stamens mostly numerous, — the filaments united at base in 3 or 5 
parcels. Styles 3 to 5, persistent, sometimes united. Capsule mem- 
branaceous, 1-celled with 3 to 5 parietal placentae, or 3 to 5-celled 
by the placentae meeting at the axis. Herbaceous or shrubby. 
Flowers solitary or cymose at the summit of the stem and branches. 
1. H. perforatum, L. Herbaceous ; stem somewhat ancipital ; leaves 
linear-elliptic, rather obtuse, sessile, pellucid-punctate ; flowers in 
leafy paniculate corymbs ; petals and anthers with dark purple dots ; 
styles 3, long, diverging. Torr. &f Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 160. DC. 
Prodr. 1. p. 549. Fl. Cestr. p. 323. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3. 
Perforated Hypericum. Vulgd — St. John's Wort. 
Fr. Millepertuis. Germ. Das Johannes kraut. Spa?i. Corazoncillo. 

Root perennial. Stem herbaceous but finally hard, 1 to 2 feet high, often sev- 
eral from the same root, brachiately and corymbosely branched. Leaves half 
an inch to an inch and half long. Petals yellow or orange-colored. Fields, and 
pastures : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June — Sept. Fr. July — October. 

"Obs. This foreigner is a worthless and rather troublesome weed, 
on our farms ; and ought to be diligently excluded. Some 40 or 50 
years ago, it was very common for cattle — especially white cows, 
and horses with white feet and noses — to be affected with cutaneous 
ulcers, during the pasture season; and those sores were universally 
and confidently attributed to the St. John's Wort. In those days, 
I never doubted the fact, myself : but I must in candor add, that, 
although the plant continues to be abundant in our pastvires, I have 
not noticed any such sores for a number of years past. Was the 
affection ascribed to a wrong source 4 and has the real cause ceased 
to exist ? — The flowers and leaves are evidently somewhat resinous; 
and a tincture of them has held a place among popular remedies for 
disorders of the stomach and bowels. It is worthy of remark, that in 
the year 1842, the St. John's Wort totally failed to make its appear- 
ance (in Chester County — and I believe throughout Pennsylvania,) 
even in fields where it had previously abounded. The succeeding 
year, it was quite rare; but is now (1846) becoming as common as 
ever, in neglected fields. The cause of that total, though temporary, 
disappearance of a perennial-rooted plant, is as obscure as the fact is 
curious. 

ORDER XXI. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Juss. Torr. § Gr. 

Herbs. Stems tumid at the nodes or joints. Leaves constantly opposite, often 
connate, entire, without stipules. Flowers regular, terminal. Calyx of 4 or 5 
sepals, distinct or more or less cohering — often united into a tube. Corolla of 4 
or 5 unguiculate petals — or sometimes wanting. Sta?nens as many — or com- 
monly twice as many — as the petals. Styles, or stigmas, 2 to 5, distinct. Cap- 
sule 2 to 5-valved — or opening only at apex by twice as many teeth or valve- 
points as stigmas. Seeds curved {campylotropous), mostly numerous : embryo 
coiled around the outside of mealy albumen. 

An Order comprising about 30 genera, and a great number of species, — some 
of them (such as the Finks) are very pretty and fragrant : but none of Agricul- 
tural value. 

TRIBE I. SILENEAE. DC. 

Sepals united into a tube, which is 4 or 5-toothed at summit. Petalt with a long 
slender claw, inserted with the stamens on the stipe of the ovary. 



CARYOPHYLLACEAE 15 

18. LYCHNIS. DC. Endl. Gen. 5250. 
[Greek. Lyehnos, a lamp ; the cottony leaves of some species being used for wicks.] 

Calyx 5-toothed or with 5 long segments, without scales at base. 

Petals 5, mostly crowned at throat. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsuli 

1 -celled, or 5-celled at base, the stipe sometimes wanting. 

1. L. Githago, Lam. Hairy; stem dichotomously paniculate above; 

leaves lance-linear ; calyx coriaceous, tube subcampanulate, teeth 

very long and foliaceous ; petals not- crowned ; stipe of the ovary 

none. Torr. <$■ Gr. Fl. N. A. 1: ^194. DC. Prodr* 1. p. 387. 

Agrostemma Githago. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 281. I'oox, Fl. Loud. 2. 

Vulgo — Cockle. Corn Cockle. 

Fr. La Nielle des Bleis. Germ. Gemeine Rade. Span. Neguillon. 

Plant clothed with long appressed hairs. Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet higb\ 
branched above. Leaves- 3 to 5 inches long. Peduncles terminal. 4 to 8 or 10 
inches long. Petals reddish or pale violet-purple. Capsule ovoid. Seeds numer- 
ous, muricately ribbed, purplish black. Cultivated grounds. — chiefly among 
Wheat and Rye: introduced. Native of Europe-. Ft. June. Fr. July. 

Obs. This well-known foreign weed,— although diligently expelled 
by all neat farmers, — may be seen in almost every wheat field, at 
the season of flowering; which is, consequently, the best time for 
detecting and eradicating it. The seeds are of a size to render it 
difficult to separate them from wheat, — and when abundant, are 
injurious to the quality and appearance of the flour. Every farmer, 
therefore, is interested in causing the plant to be carefully extirpated. 

ORDER XXIII. PORTULACACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 

Succulent or fleshy Herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, without stipules. 
Flowers axillary or terminal, usually ephemeral. Calyx mostly of 2 (rarely 3) 
sepals, often united below and adhering to the base of the ovary. Petals 5. or 
rarely more numerous. Stamens variable in number, opposite the petals when of 
the same number. Styles 2 to 8, united below. Capsule 1-celled ; placenta cen- 
tral. Seeds mostly numerous, curved {campylotropous) : embryo coiled around 
mealy albumen. 

There are some 30 genera in this Order. — of which the plant here noticed is 
the type. They are, however, of little or no interest to the farmer. 

19. PORTULACA. Tour?ief. Endl. Gen. 5174. 
[A name of obscure and uncertain derivation.] 

Sepals 2, partly united, and adherent to the base of the ovary, — the 
upper portion finally circumscissed and deciduous. Petals mostly 5, 
inserted on the calyx. Stamens 8 to 15 or 20. Stigmas 3 to 8. 
Capsule subglobose, circumscissed. Seeds on filiform footstalks (or 
funiculi). Leaves scattered, often whorled near the flowers, — 
frequently with a tuft of hair in the axils. 

1. P. oleracea, L. Leaves oblong-cuneate, obtuse, fleshy, smooth; 
axils and nodes naked ; flowers sessile, Torr. 4" Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. 
p. 196. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 353. Fl. Cestr. p. 314. 
Pot-herb Portulaca. Vulgo-— Purslane. 
Fr. Pourpier potager. Germ. Gemeiner Portulak. Span. Verdolaga* 

Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, fleshy, smooth, prostrate, branch- 
ing and radicating. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, alternate and opposite. 
Petals pale yellow. Gardens, and cultivated grounds. Fl. July — Aug. Fr. Sept. 

Obs. This plant — though said to be indigenous in the far west— 



16 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

has every appearance of being a naturalized stranger, in Pennsylva- 
nia. It was often used, formerly, as a pot-herb ; but is now generally 
superseded by better ones, — and is, indeed, only entitled to notice, 
here, as a troublesome weed in gardens. 

ORDER XXV. MALVACEAE. Juss. 

Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves alternate, palmately veined, furnished with 
stipules. Flowers regular, mostly large, often with an involucel forming a dou- 
ble calyx. Calyx mostly of 5 sepals, more or less united at base. Petals as 
many as the sepals, spirally twisted in aestivation. Stamens monadelphous, of- 
ten indefinite ; anthers reniform. 1-celled. Styles as many as the carpels, distinct 
or united below. Frtiit capsular, or the carpels separate or separable. Seids 
with little or no albumen; cotyledons foliaceous, plicate and twisted. 

An Order comprising about 30 genera, and numerous species, — some of them 
showy and handsome. They are generally remarkable for their mucilaginous 
and demulcent properties: But the Cotton -plant is pre-eminently interesting to 
the American people. — both as yielding the great staple of the ex-ports from the 
Southern States, and of the manufactures of the Northern States. There are, 
however, but few other plants of Agricultural importance belonging to the Order. 

20. MALVA. L. Endl. Gen. 5271. 
[Latinized from the Greek, Malache, soft; in allusion to its emollient nature.] 

Calyx 5-cleft, mostly with an involucel of 3 oblong or setaceous 
bracts. Carpels several, dry, indehiscent, arranged in a circle round 
the axis. 

1. M. rotundifolia, L. Stem herbaceous, prostrate ; leaves cordate- 
orbicular, doubly crenate ; pedicels axillary, 1 -flowered, declined in 
fruit; carpels wrinkled, 1-seeded. Torr. if Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 225. 
DC. Prodr. 1. p. 432. Fl. Cestr. p. 395. Icon, FL Lond. 3. 

Round-leaved Malva. Vulgd — Running Mallows. Low Mallows. 

Fr. Petite Mauve. Germ. Rundblaettrige Malve. Span. Malva dc 
hoja redonda. 

Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet long, branching only at base or from the 
root. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches in diameter, obscurely 5 or 7-lobed ; petioles 2 to 
6 or 8 inches long. Flowers small; bracts linear. Petals twice as long as the 
calyx, reddish-white with purple veins. Yards. Gardens, and Lots : introduced. 
Native of Europe. Fl. May— Sept. Fr. July— Octo. 

Obs. This foreigner is extensively naturalized; and although 
somewhat popular as an ingredient in cataplasms and demulcent 
drinks, is generally regarded as an unwelcome intruder in yards and 
gardens. The Marsh Mallow {Althaea officinalis, Z».), a nearly 
allied plant, has been introduced in many places, on account of its 
mucilaginous character ; but is scarcely to be considered among our 
cultivated plants. 

21. HIBISCUS. L. (Abelmoschus. Medih. Endl. Gen. 5281.) 
[An ancient Greek name for a plant of the Mallow tribe.] 

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, surrounded by a many- (or sometimes a 
few-) leaved involucel, the leaflets of which are usually linear and 
distinct — sometimes more or less united. Stigmas 5 to 10. Carpels 
united in a 5 or 10-celled loculicidal capsule ; cells mostly many- 
(rarely 1-) seeded. 

1. H. esculenttjs, L. Herbaceous ; leaves somewhat obtusely and 
palmately 5-lobed, cordate at base, the lobes dentate; involucels 



MALVACEAE 17 

10-leaved, deciduous; calyx bursting lengthwise on one side ; fruit 
10-angled, pyramidal. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 450. Fl. Cestr.p. 396. 
Esculent Hibiscus. Vulgo — Okra. 

Root annual. Stem 18 inches to 3 feet high, somewhat branched, pilose but 
not aculeate. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and wider than long, lobed about half 
way to the base ; petioles about as long as the leaves. Petals pale greenish yel- 
low, with a dark purple spot at base. Capsule 2 or 3 inches long, erect. Gar- 
dens : cultivated. Native of India. Fl. August. Fr. Sept.— October. 

Obs. This plant is cultivated for its green pods or capsules, — 
which are remarkably mucilaginous, and much esteemed, by many 
persons, as an ingredient in soups. 

22. GOSSYPIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 5286. 
[A name supposed to be of Egyptian origin ; etymology obscure.] 

Calyx cup-shaped, obtusely 5-toothed, surrounded by a 3-leaved 
involucel, — the leaflets united and cordate at base, deeply incised- 
dentate. Styles united; stigmas 3 or sometimes 5. Capsule 3 to 
5-celled, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, enveloped in a long fine 
wool. Yoiaig branches and leaves more or less covered with black 
dots; the nerves beneath usually with one or more glands. 
1. G. heebaceum, L. Stem smooth; leaves 3 to 5-lobed, with a 
single gland beneath ; lobes rounded, mucronate ; involucel serrate ; 
wool white. Torr. <y Gr. Fl. N..A. 1. p. 230. DC. Prodr. Up. 
456. Icon, Farmer's Lib r. vol. 1. 

Herbaceous Gossypium. Vulgo — Cotton. Cotton-plant. 
JFV. Le Cottonnier. Germ. Die Baumwolle. Spa?i. Algodon. 

Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long : 
petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Petals greenish yellow, tinged with purple at base. 
Seeds large, thickly beset with long wool-like cellular or tubular fibres, which, 
at maturity, are shrunk and contorted so as to render them in some degree ad- 
hesive, when pressed together, — and thereby susceptible of being spun or drawn 
and twisted into delicate threads. Cultivated very largely in the Southern and 
South-western States, Native of Asia. Fl. Fr. 

Obs. This plant, — as yielding the material for light clothing — and 
especially in reference to its commercial value, — may be regarded as 
one of the most important objects of American Agriculture. Although 
not so essential as the cereal tribe, the fibrous envelope of the seeds 
is scarcely less interesting, as an article of trade, — and as the subject 
of useful and ingenious industry. * A full and satisfactory history 
of the Cotton-plant may be found in the first volume of that admi- 
rable work, the Farmer's Library, edited by John S. Skinner, Esq. 

23. ABUTILON. Gaertn. Endl. Gen. 5292. 
[An ancient name of a plant, allied to Althaea.J 

Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel. Ovary 5 or many-celled, with 

♦Since the above was written, a wonderful discovery has been announced, in 
reference to Cotton wool. It appears that by subjecting Cotton to some Chemical 
processes, the fibres (without apparent alteration.) may be rendered as explosive 
as Gun powder! To what extent it may be made available, as a substitute for 
gun-powder, of course, remains to be ascertained. It is also alleged, that Tou\ 
or the cortical fibres of flax, and some other minutely divided vegetable sub- 
stances, can be rendered in like manner explosive, by the same or similar pro- 
cesses. 

2* 



18 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

3 (or rarely more) ovules in each cell. Capsule composed of 5, to 
15 or more, 2-valved 3 to 6-seeded carpels. 

1. A. Avicennae, Gaertn. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, 
crenate-dentate, velvety-tomentose ; peduncles axillary, shorter than 
the petiole; carpels about 15, truncate, obliquely birostrate, hairv, 
3-seeded. Torr. <V Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 230. 

Sida Abutilon, L. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 470. Fl. Cestr. p. 397. 

Avicenna's Abutilon. Vulgo — Indian Mallow. Velvet-leaf. 

Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, branched. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches 
long; petioles 3 to 5 inches long. Petals yellow. Carpels 12 to 15, verticillately 
arranged in a truncate subcampanulate head. Cultivated Lots, and waste places : 
introduced. Native of Europe and Asia. Fl. July — Sept. Fr. Aug. — October. 

Obs. This foreigner is a "worthless and troublesome intruder, — 
frequent in Indian-corn fields, Potato patches, and other cultivated 
lots, — and is of a size sufficient to be a nuisance. It should be 
always carefully eradicated before it matures its seeds. 

ORDER XXVI. TILIACEAE. Juss. 

Trees or shrubby plants. Leaves alternate, furnished with deciduous stipules. 
Flowers axillary, small. Calyx of 3 to 5 deciduous sepals. Petals 3 to 5. Disk 
glandular. Stamens often in 3 to 5 clusters, distinct or somewhat united — 
one of each parcel sometimes transformed into a petaloid scale ; anthers 
2-celled. Styles united into one. Fruit, either a 2 to 5-celled capsule with sev- 
eral seeds in each cell — or coriaceous, and sometimes drupaceous, 1-celled by 
abortion, and 1 or 2-seeded. Seeds albuminous, with a large embryo ; the folia- 
ceous cotyledons usually plicate. 

This, like the preceding, is a mucilaginous Family of plants, and comprises 
about 30 genera. In the IT. States, the Lindens (which are the representatives 
of the Order) are the only interesting species: But in the tropical regions, the 
(iunny-bags. of commerce, are manufactured from the fibrous bark of two spe- 
cies of Corchorus. The acid drupes of Greuia sapida, Roxb. are employed in the 
preparation of the oriental beverage called Sherbet: and some other plants of 
the Order contribute to economical purposes. 

24. TILIA. L. Bndl. Gen. 5373. 
[A name of obscure and uncertain derivation.] 

Sepals 5, connected at base. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, more 
or less cohering in 5 parcels, — the central one of each parcel (in the 
N. American species) a petaloid scale (nectary, or st ami nodi um). 
Ovary globose, villous, 5-celled; cells with 2 ovules. Fruit cori- 
aceous or woody, globose, by abortion 1-celled, 1 or 2-seeded. Trees, 
with subcordate serrate leaves, and a tough fibrous bark. Floiaers 
in pendulous cymes, with the lower half of the common peduncle 
adnate to a long membrano-foliaceous bract. 

1. T. platyphylla, Scop. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, 
puberulent beneath ; flowers without staminodia or petaloid scales. 
DC. Prodr. I. p. 513. 

T. Europaca, L. Fl. Lond. Icon, vol. 2. [Linden. 

Bkoad-leaved Tilia. Vulgo — Linden, or Lime tree. European 
Fr. Le Tilleul. Germ. Die Linde. Span, Tilo. 

Sum 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter,— the numerous branches 
forming a handsome symmetrical top. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long; petioles 1 to 2 
inches long. Floivers yellowish-white, destitute of the accessory petals (or sta- 
minodia) which are found in the American species. Cultivated. Native of 
Europe. Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. September — October. 



TILIACEAE 19 

Obs. This foreign species has been extensively introduced, as an 
ornamental shade tree, in our cities and villages. In the beginning 
of summer it is handsome ; but the leaves begin to die, or become 
diseased (assuming a scorched appearance), soon after midsummer, — 
and the tree is, moreover, infested by so many loathsome and de- 
structive insects, that it is now being superseded by others less subject 
to such accidents. The flowers are said to afford to bees a superior 
quality of honey. 

2. T. Americana, L. Leaves obliquely cordate or truncate at base, 
abruptly acuminate, subcoriaceous, glabrous ; flowers with stamino- 
dia, or petaloid scales, connected with the filaments. Torr. fy Gr. 
Fl. N. A. 1. p. 239. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 3. tab. 131. 

T. glabra. Vent. DC. Prodr. \. p. 513. Fl. Cestr.p. 312. [wood. 

American Tilia. Vulgd — Linden, or Linn. Basswood. White 

Stem 40 to 60 or 80 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter, with spreading 
branches. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, unequal at base ; petioles 1 to 2 inches long. 
Fiowers yellowish-white or cream-colored, — furnished with an accessory petal 
(or staminodium — scarcely changed from the petal form — ) attached to each 
parcel of stamens. Rich woodlands, and banks of streams ; along the moun- 
tains, from Canada to Georgia. Fl. Latter end of June. Fr. Sept. — October. 

Obs. The wood of this fine tree is light, soft and white, — and is 
much used in the manufacture of domestic utensils. The inner bark, 
by maceration, separates into broad thin fibres, — from which a rude 
cordage, and matting, are sometimes made. It also affords a muci- 
laginous liniment, which has been highly commended in burns and 
scalds ; — though I suppose it is about as efficacious as most other 
mild mucilages. This species is sometimes planted as a shade tree ; 
but its branches are more straggling, and less symmetrical, than 
those of the European Linden. Neither of them, however, is as 
valuable, for that purpose, as the Sugar Maple or the Horse Ches- 
nut. There are two or three other species of Tilia in the TJ. States : 
but they are more local in their habitat, and of less general interest, 
than this one. 

ORDER XXVIII. AURANTIACEAE. Correa. 

Shrubs, or small trees. Leaves alternate, with articulated petioles, destitute of 
stipules, dotted with pellucid glands which are replete with a volatile oiL — 
Flowers fragrant. Calyx short, urceolate or campanulate. Petals 3 to 5 or S. — 
Stamens inserted in a single series upon a hypogynous disk, as many as the pe- 
tals or some multiple of their number, often somewhat monadelphous or polya- 
delphous. Style cylindrical; stigma thickish. Fruit a many-celled berry, with 
a leathery rind filled with pulp. Seeds without albumen. 

This small but truly Hesperidian Order (which is chiefly tropical.) affords a 
few fruits beside those here noticed ; but they are little known in the U. States. 

25. CITRUS. L. Endl. Gen. 5514. 
[The etymology of this name lias not been ascertained.] 

Calyx urceolate, 3 to 5-toothcd. Petals 5 to 8. Stamens numerous, 
polyadelphous. Stigma hemispherical. Fruit baccate, 7 to 12- 
celled ; cells pulpy, many-seeded. Seed-cover (testa or spermodemi) 
membranaceous. — Small trees or shrubs, often with axillary spines. 
Leaves perennial, compound (i. e. odd-pinnate, with all the leaflets 
but the terminal one suppressed !) ; iietiole sometimes winged. 



20 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

1. C. Medica, Risso. Petioles not winged; leaves oblong-oval, 

acute ; fruit elliptic-oblong, with a thick rugose coat, and acid pulp. 

DC. Prodr. 1. p. 539. 

MediaiN Citrus. Vulgd — Lemon. Lemon tree. 

Fr. Cedrat. Germ. Der Citronenbaum. Span. Limonero. 

A branching Shrub, 6 to 12 feet or more in height. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, 
obsoletely serrate, coriaceous; petioles half an inch to three quarters in length. 
Petals white, often tinged with purple externally. Stigma peltate, broad and 
thick — when not fully developed, the fruit invariably abortive. Fruit elliptic, 2 
to 3 inches long, — the rind greenish-yellow, adhering to the pulp. Cultivated.— 
Native of Media. Fl. March, and after. Fr. Successively. 

Obs. This tender evergreen shrub is often to be seen (under 
shelter in winter,) even in the middle and northern States ; and 
doubtless succeeds well in those at the southern extreme of the 
Union. It is usually inserted, by inoculation, upon an Orange stock. 
It appears to flower at different seasons, — and the fruit is a year or 
more in arriving at maturity,; so that, the shrub is often charged with 
both flowers and fruit (the latter in all stages of growth) at the same 
time. The uses of the fine acid fruit are universally known, and its 
value appreciated.. 

2. C. Aurantium, Risso. Petioles more or less winged; leaves 
ovate-oblong, acute ; fruit globose, with a thinnish rugose coat, and 
sweet pulp. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 539: [Sweet Orange. 

Orange or Golden Citrus. Ftt/o-o— Orange. China Orange. — 
Fr. L'Oranger. Germ. Der Oranienbaum. Span. Naranjo. 

A branching shrifb, 5 to 10 feet high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, coriaceous ; 
petioles half an inch to an inch long. Petals white. Fruit spherical or an oblate 
spheroid, about 2 inches in diameter, the rind reddish-yellow, and separable 
from the pulp. Cultivated. Native of Eastern Asia. Fl. and Fr. as in the pre- 
ceding. 

Obs. The Orange tree was introduced into Florida -many years 
ao-o, — and seems, from accounts, to be pretty well naturalized, there. 
It may probably be cultivated to advantage, in the more southern 
districts of our country : but it can only be known as a Green-house 
plant, in the middle and northern States, — and it is to Green-house 
specimens that the size here mentioned, of this and the preceding 
species, has reference. In a congenial climate, they no doubt become 
much larger. The delicious fruit of this species is too well known 
to require comment*. 

ORDER XXIX. MELIACEAE. Juss. DC. 

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually compound, destitute of stipules. Calyx. 
of 3 to 5 sepals, more or less connected. Petals 3 to 5. Stamens twice as many 
as the petals, monadelphous. inserted outside of a hypogynous disk ; anthers ses- 
sile in the orifice of the tube of filaments. Ovary several-celled, with 1 or 2 
ovules in each cell; styles and stigmas mostly united into one. Fruit a drupe, 
berry, or capsule, — often 1-celled by abortion, and the cell 1-seeded. Seeds with 
little or no albumen, and wingless. 

The genus which represents this Order, is the only one belonging to it which 
is much known in our country, — axtd that is pretty much eonfined to the States 
south of the Potomac. 

26. MELIA. L. Endl. Gen. 5520. 
[The Greek name of a species of Ash, — which this tree resembles.] 

Calyx small, 5-cleft. Petals 5, linear -oblong, spreading. Stamen' 



MELIACEAE 21 

tube 10-cleft at summit, with 10 anthers in the orifice ; segments of 
the tube 2 or 3-parted. Ovary seated on a slightly elevated disk; 
style filiform; stigma capitate, 5-angled, Drupe ovoid, with a 5- 
celled bony nut ; cells 1-seeded. Embryo inclosed in thin fleshy 
albumen ; cotyledons flat, foliaceous. Trees, with odd-pinnate or 
bipinnate leaves. Flowers in axillary panicles. 

1. M. Azedarach, L. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets somewhat in 

fives, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, incised-dentate, smooth. 

Torr. 6f Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 241. DC. Prodr. l.p. 621. Icon, Mx. 

Sylva, 3. tab. 102. 

Vulgo — Pride of India. Bead-tree. 

Fr. Arbre aux Patenotres. Germ. Der Zederach. 

Stem 20 to 40 feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 feet in diameter, with branches clustered 
at irregular intervals. Leaves deciduous ; leaflets 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, forming 
secondary pinnae of 2 or 3 pairs, with a terminal odd one. Flowers pale violet- 
purple or lilac-colored. Drupe with a soft yellowish pulp, and an obtusely an- 
gular nut. Cultivated. Native of Syria, Persia, and the far East. Fl. April. — 
Fr. September — October. 

Obs. This tree has been introduced into the Southern States, as an 
ornamental shade tree, — and is now, Mr. Elliott says, perfectly 
naturalized. It will not endure the winters of Pennsylvania. The 
most northern point at which I have seen trees of any considerable 
size, was Norfolk, Virginia ; and even there, they are sometimes 
killed by frost. The bark of the root is reputed to be a good vermi- 
fuge. In the south of Europe, the nuts are often used for beads ; 
whence one of its English and French names. 

ORDER XXXI. LINACEAE. DC. Lindl. 

Herbs. Leaves alternate opposite or verticillate, entire, sessile, without stipules. 
Flowers regular and symmetrical. Calyx of 3 to 5 imbricated persistent sepal;?. 
Petals as many as the sepals, unguiculate. twisted in aestivation, ephemeral, — 
Stamens as many as the petals (often with intermediate teeth, representing an 
abortive series), all united at base into a ring. Ovary mostly with as many 
styles and cells as there are sepals, — each cell with 2 suspended ovules. Capsvlc 
globose, acuminate with the peristent base of the united styles, mostly 5-celled ; 
each cell or carpel more or less perfectly divided by a false dissepiment pro- 
ceeding from the dorsal suture. — the spurioug cells 1-seeded. Embryo flat, fleshy 
and oily, with little or no albumen. 

This Order is pretty much limited to the genus which is its type ; and conse- 
quently, the character of the genus is nearly the same as that of the Order. 

27. LINUM. L. Endl. Gen. 6056. 

[Greek, Linon, or Celtic, Llln ; the name for flax, or thread ; in those languages.] 

Sepals, Petals and Stamens 5. Styles 5 or rarely 3. Capsule with 
a septicidal dehiscence, — the carpels 2-valved at apex* 

1. L. usitatissimum, L. Leaves alternate, lanoe-Jinear, very aoute j 
panicle corymbose ; sepals ovate* aoute, with a membranaceous 
margin; petals somewhat orenate. Tbrr. <$• Gr. Fl. iV. A. 1. p % 
204. DC. Prodr. I. p. 426. FL Cestr. p. 210. Icon, Fl. Land, 
vol. 1. 

Most useful (or com.mojx) Lj:vum. Yulgd — Flax, 

Fr. Lin. Germ. Gemeiner Flachs, Span. Una, 

Root annual. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, terete, smooth, eorymbosery* 
branched at summit. Leeuxs an inch to an iuch and half long. FtiaU rather 



22 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

large, blue, often with a tinge of purple, very caducous. Seeds lance-ovate, 
smooth and shining. Cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July. 

Obs. This valuable plant — once considered so indispensable among 
the crops of our farmers — is now but little cultivated. I have 
not seen a flax -patch for a number of years : whereas, in the " good 
old times" — before Spinning-wheels were superseded by Pianos — 
every rural family cultivated and manufactured as much flax as was 
required for domestic purposes. But now, the Cotton-plant of the 
South has nearly banished the Flax-plant from the Middle and 
Northern States. Nor is the revolution thus effected a subject of 
regret, with the farmer. The flax crop is one which involves a good 
deal of troublesome, disagreeable labor, — and, without being profit- 
able, is generally believed to be injurious to the soil : an opinion as 
old as the time of Virgil — who says 

''Urit enim Lini campum seges, urit avenae."^-GEOBG. 1. 71. 
or, as rendered by Sotheby, 

" Oats and the Flaxen harvest burn the ground." 

The seeds of this plant, beside yielding a most valuable oil, afford one 
of the best mucilaginous drinks, for coughs, and dysenteric affections. 

ORDER XXXV. TROPAEOLACEAE. Juss. A. Gray. 

Herbs, with a pungent watery Juice, a straggling or twining stem, alternate petio- 
late peltate or palmate leaves with radiating nerves, and without stipules. — 
Floicers irregular, large, on long axillary peduncles. Calyx of 5 colored united 
sepals, somewhat bilabiate, — the upper lip produced at base into a hollow spur. 
Petals 5. unequal, inserted on the calyx, — the 2 upper ones sessile, arising from 
the throat of the spur, — the 3 lower ones unguiculate, smaller and sometimes 
abortive. Stamens 8. unequal, distinct. Ovary 3-lobed, — composed of 3 united 
carpels, which are 1-seeded. indehiscent, and separate from the common axis 
when mature. Seeds without albumen, large ; cotyledons thick, distinct when 
young, finally consolidated or soldered together. 
A very small Order, and of little interest beyond the genus which represents it. 

28. TROPAEOLUM. L. Endl. Gen. 6063. 
[Latin, a little banner, or Trophy : from a fancied similitude in the plant.] 

D^For the character of the Gefius, see that of the Order* 

1. T. MAJus, L. Leaves peltate, sub-orbicular, obscurely repand- 
lobed, the nerves not exserted; petals obtuse. DC. Prodr. 1. _p. 
683. Fl. Cestr. p. 243. 

Greater Tropaeolum. Vulgd Nasturtium. Indian Crcs3. [china. 

Fr. Grande Capucine. Germ. Die Kapuziner kresse. Span. Capu- 

Root annual. Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet long, fleshy, smooth. Leaves 2 to 3 inches 
in diameter, the nerves which radiate from the centre not projecting beyond the 
margin (as they do in another species): petioles 3 to 6 inches long" Peduncles 
1-flowered, mostly longer than the petioles. Pe/aZs yellowish, or reddish orange, 
with dark purple stripes and spots, — the 3 lower ones fringed at base. Carpels 
suleate. fleshy, finally suberose or coriaceous. Gardens. Cultivated, Native 
of South America. Fl. June — September. Fr. August — October. 

Obs, This ornamental stranger is sometimes cultivated for show; 
but ohiefly for the young fruit — which is prepared as a condiment, 
and affords a tolerable substitute for capers. The plant is said to be 
perennial in its native country (Peru), — whence it was brought to 
Europe in the year 16Si» 



ANACARDIACEAE 23 

ORDER XXXIX. ANACARDIACEAE. R. Br. Lindl. 

Trees or shrubs, with a resinous or milky, often acrid, juice, which turns black in 
drying. Leaves alternate (often compound), without stipules, and not dotted. — 
Flowers small, mostly paniculate, often polygamous or dioicous. Calyx of 3 to 5 
sepals, more or less connected at base. Petals, and usually the stamens, as ma- 
ny as the sepals, inserted into the base of the calyx. Ovary 1-celled (by abor- 
tion), but with 3 styles or stigmas, and a single ovule. Fruit indehiscent, usually 
drupaceous. Seed without albumen ; embryo curved. 

In the tropical regions, this Family presents plants of much interest: such as 
that which yields the celebrated Mango fruit (Mangifera Indica,L.)— the Cashew 
nut (Anacardium occidentale, L.) — and the Pistacia nut {Pistacia vera, L.) ; with 
others which afford various kinds of Lacquer and Varnish. A species of Rhus 
(R. Cotinus, L.) affords the " young Fustic," of commerce, — the l J old Fustic " 
being the wood of Morus tinctoria. L The Chian or Cyprus Turpentine is ob- 
tained from the Pistacia Terebinthus. L. 

29. RHUS. L. Bndl. Gen. 5905. 
[Greek, Rhous, — or Celtic, Rhudd, — red ; the prevailing color of the fruit.] 

Sepals 5, connected at base, small, persistent. Petals 5, ovate, 
spreading, inserted under the margin of an orbicular disk. Stamens 
5 (rarely 10 — and sometimes wanting), inserted into the disk. Styles 
mostly 3, distinct or united; stigmas subcapitate. Drupe small, 
nearly or quite dry ; nut bony, 1-celled. Cotyledons foliaceous, 
with their commissure to the radicle (accumbent). 

Shrubs or small trees, sometimes very lactescent. Leaves some- 
times simple, often compound (odd-pinnate or trifoliolate). Flowers 
(of all the species here given) dioicous by abortion. 

f Leaves odd-pinnate. * Branches villous. 

1. R. typhina, L. Young brandies and petioles densely villous; 
leaflets in many pairs, acutely serrate, glaucous and somewhat pilose 
beneath ; drupes densely pubescent. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. iV\ A. 1 p. 217. 
DC. Prodr. 2. p. 67. Fl. Cestr. p. 205. 

Typha-like Rhus. Vulgd — Staghorn Sumach. 

Lactescent. Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet high, and sometimes 4 to 6 inches in 
diameter, branched. Leaves composed of 8 to 15 or 20 pairs of lance-oblong 
leaflets (2 to 4 inches in length) ; convnon petioles 1 to 2 feet long. Flowers yel- 
lowish-green, in thyrsoid panicles, — the fertile panicles smaller and more com- 
pact. Ovaries clothed with a long greyish velvety pubescence — which on the 
fruit becomes a bright purple, and sharply acid. Woodlands, and banks of 
streams : Canada to Louisiana. Fl. June. Fr. September — October. 

Obs. This is the largest and handsomest species of the genus, — 
as seen in the Middle States. The fine purple clusters of fruit, 
on the fertile plant, render it quite ornamental ; and, if introduced 
into the yards and public squares of our cities, would present an al- 
most literal exemplification of the much-admired R (h) us in urbe ! 

* * Branches smooth. 

2. R. glabra, L. Branches and petioles glabrous ; leaflets in many 
pairs, serrate, smooth on both sides, glaucous beneath. Torr. 4* Gr. 
Fl. N. A. 1. p. 217. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 67. Fl. Cestr. p. 206. 
Glabrous Rhus. Vulgd— Common, or Smooth Sumach. 

Very lactescent. Stem 3 to 8 or 10 feet high, irregularly branching ; young 
branches stout and thick, with a large pith, somewhat angular or compressed! 
Leaves composed of 8 to 12 or 15 pairs of leaflets (2 to 3 or 4 inches in length) ; 
common petiole 9 to 18 inches long, often dark purple. Flowers yellowish-green ; 



24 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

the fertile panicles smaller and more compact than the sterile ones. Ovaries 
clothed with a short greyish silky pubescence, which on the /rt«'< becomes bright 
purple, and contains a sprightly acid. Old fields, fence-rows and thickets: 
Canada to Louisiana. Fl. June. Fr. September — October. 

Obs. This shrub is apt to be abundant in neglected sterile old 
fields ; and its prevalence, in arable lands, is strong evidence of the 
occupant being a poor thriftless farmer. The branches and leaves 
ardjtaid to be useful in the process of tanning morocco leather. 

3. R. venenata, DC. Branches and petioles smooth; leaflets in 
few pairs, very entire ; common petioles not winged ; fruit glabrous. 
Torr. &f Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 218. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 68. Fl. Cestr. 
p. 207. 

R. vernix. L. and the older authors. 

Poisonous Rhus. Vulgd — Poison Sumach. Poison Elder. 

Not lactescent. Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, branching above, young branches 
rather slender, terete, smoothish, slightly verrucose or dotted. Leaves composed 
of 3 to 5 or 6 pairs of leaflets (2 to 3 or 4 inches long) ; common x>etioles 4 to 10 or 
12 inches long. Flowers greenish. Panicles slender, racemose, on long axillary 
peduncles. Drupes dry, smooth and shining, nearly twice as large as in either 
of the preceding. Low grounds, along swampy rivulets : Canada to Georgia. 
Fl. June. Fr. September. 

Obs. This was formerly supposed to be identical with the oriental 
species which yields the Japan Varnish, — and hence the old specific 
name. It is a shrub to be carefully extirpated from the farm ; as it 
is not only worthless, but exceedingly poisonous to many persons, if 
they come in contact with it — or even get unawares in its immediate 
vicinity. 

f f Leaves trifoliolate. 

4. R. Toxicodendron, L. (vars. a, and b, Torr. 4* Gr.) Stem erect, 
decumbent, or climbing by radicles ; leaflets in threes, obliquely 
ovate or rhomboid, acuminate; fruit glabrous. Torr. §• Gr. Fl. N. 
A. 1. p. 218. 

R. radicans, and Toxicodendron. DC. Prodr . 2. p. 69. 

R. radicans, L. Fl. Cestr. p. 207. 

Poison-tree Rhus. Vulgd — Poison-vine. Poison-oak. Poison-ivy. 

Not lactescent. In the erect variety, stem 2 to 5 or 6 feet high ; leaflets larger 
(4 to 6 or, 8 inches long), variously and coarsely toothed or lobed : in the more 
common climbing variety, stem 8 or 10 to 30 or 40 feet long, branching, climbing 
and closely adhering to trees and other objects by means of numerous radicating 
processes ; leaflets smaller, and more commonly entire, than in the other variety : 
thin or somewhat membranaceous in both. Flowers yellowish-green. Panicles 
slender, racemose, on short axillary peduncles. Druj>es about the size of those 
in the preceding species, dry, smooth and shining, pale brown. Woodlands, 
and old fence-rows : Canada to Georgia, and the Rocky Mountains. Fl. May — 
June. Fr. September. 

Obs. This species (and especially the climbing variety — which is 
by far the most common, in Pennsylvania) is also poisonous, — and 
should not only be known to the farmer, but diligently expelled from 
his premises. There are several other species of Rhiis in the U. 
States, — interesting to the Botanist — as all plants are, — but not im- 
mediately so to the practical Agriculturist. 

ORDER XL. XANTHOXYLACEAE. Nees fy Mart. Lindl 

Trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly alternate (often compound), without stipules; 
leaflets mostly pellucid-punctate. Flowers polygamous or dioicous. Calyx of 3 



XANTHOXYLACEAE . 25 

to 9 sepals, more or less connected at base. Petals as many as the sepals (or 
rarely wanting), convolute in aestivation. Stamens as many, or twice as ma- 
ny, as the petals. Ovaries 2 or more, borne on the convex or elevated receptacle, 
united or separate. Fruit various, — baccate, drupaceous, or capsular, and 
sometimes samaroid. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell or carpel, mostly albuminous. 

This Order contains several plants possessed of medicinal properties; but 
few, if any, of Agricultural interest. * 

30. AILANTHUS. Desf. Endl. Gen. 5980. 

[Formed from Ailanto, — the name it bears in its native country.] 

Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, convolute at base, inserted under a 
hypogynous disk. Stamens 10, inserted under the disk. Ovaries 
2 to 5, distinct, compressed. Carpels 3 to 5, or fewer by abortion, 
membranaceous and samaroid, tumid and reticulately veined in the 
centre, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Seed compressed, obliquely 
ovate, without albumen. Tall trees. Leaves pinnate, but not 
punctate. Flowers dioicously polygamous. Fruit samara-like^ 
somewhat resembling that of the Ask. 

1. A. glandtjlosa, Desf. Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets oblong* 
lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely dentate at base, with a gland on the 
under side of each tooth. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 89. 
Glandular Ailanthus. Vulgd — Chinese Sumach. Tree of Heaven. 

Stem 30 to 60 feet, or more, in height, much branched ; young branches never 
multiplying during growth, but developed only from the buds of the preceding 
year. Leaves (on young trees, especially) much elongated, and consisting of 
many pairs (15 to 20) of smooth leaflets, which are 3 to 5 inches in length, and 
entire, except a pair or two of coarse teeth at base. Flowers pale greenish 
yellow, in terminal open thyrsoid panicles. Cultivated as a shade tree. Native 
of China. Fl. June. Fr. Sept. — October. 

Obs. This oriental stranger has not been long enough in the 
country to demonstrate the size to which it may grow, — but quite 
long enough (25 to 30 years) to convince some who have tried it, 
that it is one of the most objectionable trees, in and about yards and 
gardens, which has yet been introduced. It is a real nuisance, — 
and was appropriately named Cacodendron (evil or pernicious tree,) 
by an eminent Botanist. The roots extend far and wide, and send 
up myriads of stickers which it is almost impossible to keep in sub- 
jection, — or to get rid of, even after the tree has been Cut down. 
The sterile flowers are very numerous, and emit a disagreeable 
odter, — as does also the young plant, when bruised or handled. The 
tree is of very rapid growth, and might perhaps be worth cultivating, 
in suitable situations, for the sake of the timber : but I would advise 
that it be kept away from the vicinity of houses and gardens. — 
Another recently introduced tree {Paulownia imperialism Sieb.) is 
said to be objectionable For the same troublesome tendency to mul* 
tiply suckers from the roots. 

ORDER. XLI. ACERACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite and mostly palmate-lobed, without stipules.— 
Flowers small, regular, disposed in racemes, corymbs or fascicles, often polyga- 

*Prof. A. Gray suggests, that the Prickly Ash {Xanthoxylum Americanum^ 
Mill.— a. small tree, or shrub, to be found in many places in the Northern and 
Western States—) may be worthy the attention of Farmers, for the purpose of 
hedging. I doubt, however, whether it can ever be as eligible, and effective, as 
the Cock-spur Thorn. 

3 



26 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

mous or dioicous by abortion,— sometimes preceding the leaves. Calyx mostly 
of 5 sepals, more or less united and colored. Petals as many as the sepals, or 
often wanting. Stamens varying from 3 to 5, 8, or 12. Ovary 2-lobed. Fruit 
composed of 2 indehiscen't samaroid carpers, finally separable, — the wing of 
each thickened on the outer or lower margin. Seeds erect, with little or no al- 
bumen ; embryo curved or sometimes nearly straight ; cotyledons foliaceous, irre- 
gularly plicate and convolute. 

The importance of this small Order is limited to the genus which is its type. 
The Sycamore, of Europe, is a species of Acer (A. Pseudo-Platanus, L.). 

31. ACER. Moench. Endl. Gen. 5558. 
[Latin, Acer, sharp ; the wood having been used for pikes or lances.] 

tXJ 1 * The character of the Order will serve for that of the Genus. 

1. A. saccharinum, L. Leaves broad, subcordate at base, 3 to 5- 
lobed with the sinuses obtuse, — the lobes acuminate, coarsely and 
sparingly sinuate-dentate ; flowers apetalous, pendulous on long 
filiform corymbose pedicels-; fruit turgid, smooth. Torr. 6r Gr. Fl. 
JV. A. 1. p. 248. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 595. Fl. Cestr. p. 245. Icon, 
Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 42. 

Saccharine Acer. Vulgb — Sugar Maple. 

Stem 50 to 80 feet or more in height, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Leaves 3 to 5 
inches long, and generally rather wider than long, dark green above, paler be- 
neath; petioles 2 to 4 inches long. Calyx pale greenish yellow, truncate and 
cup-like, the limb fringed with long hairs. Petals none. Fruit ovoid at base, 
about an inch long (including the wing), slightly diverging. Rich woodlands : 
Canada to Georgia. Fl. April — May. Fr. Sept. 

Obs. This is one of the most valuable and interesting of our native 
trees, — particularly in the forests of the North and West — where its 
sap, in early spring, yields an immense quantity of Sugar and 
Syrup. The beautiful woo</, known as Bird's-eye Maple — so much 
admired in cabinet work — is obtained, I believe, from this species ; 
and it is, moreover, rarely surpassed, in any respect, as an orna- 
mental shade tree. 

2. A. dasycarpum, Ehrh. Leaves palmately and deeply 5-lobed 
with the sinuses rather obtuse, — the lobes acute, unequally incised- 
dentate ; flowers apetalous, aggregated on short pedicels ; ovary 
densely tomentose. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 248. 

A. eriocarpum. Mx. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 595. Fl. Cestr. p. 245. Icon, 
Mx, Sylva, 1. tab. 40 (the flowers inaccurately represented). 
Hairy-fruited Acer. Virfgd — Silver-leaved Maple. White Maple. 

Stem 30 to 60 feet high, and 2 feet or more ( " in the western states sometimes 
8 or 9 " — Torr. 8f Gr.) in diameter, much branched, — the young branches virgate 
and straggling or drooping. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, bluish white or glaucous 
beneath ; petioles 2 to 5 inches long. Flowers in fascicles mostly of fives and 
sevens. Calyx pale green, truncate and cup-like. Petals none. Fruit (includ- 
ing the wing) 2 to 3 inches long, one of the carpels usually abortive ; pedicels 
of the fruit an inch long. Seed large ; embryo nearly straight. Banks of Rivers : 
Maine to Georgia. Fl. April. Fr. May — June. 

Obs. This has been extensively introduced into our cities and 
villages, as an ornamental tree, — and is often mistaken for the true 
Sugar Maple. It appears, indeed, from the researches of Prof. A. 
Gray, that Linnaeus established the A. saccharinum upon a speci- 
men of this plant : but, as it was done under a misapprehension of 
its character, the name has been very properly transferred, by all 



ACERACEAE 27 

Succeeding Botanists, to the real sugar-producing species. The 
Silver Maple, however — though fashionable at present — is by no 
means to be compared with the Sugar Maple, even as a shade tree,— 
and much less for its economical value. 

3. A. rub.rum, L. Leaves generally 3-lobed with the sinuses acute, 
subcordate at base, — the lobes acute, spreading, unequally incised- 
dentate ; flowers pentapetalous, aggregated on rather long pedicels ; 
ovary glabrous. Torr. if Gr. Fl."N* A. 1. p. 249. DC Pmdr. 1. 
p. 595. Fl. Cestr. p. 244. Icojm, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 41. 
Red Acer. Vulgo — Red Maple. Swamp Maple. 

Stem. 40 to 60 or 80 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet or more in diameter, branched, — 
the young branches purplish. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long ; •petioles 1 or 2 to 5 inches 
long. Flowers appearing before the leaves, in fascicles of fives. Calyx petaloid, 
and with the petals, bright purple (or often yellowish tawny). Fruit (including 
ihe wing) near an inch long. Moist low grounds ; swampy woodlands : Canada 
to Florida. Fl. March— April. Fr. Sept. 

Obs. The variety with yellowish or tawny flowers, is quite com- 
mon in Pennsylvania, — and* in a pretty extensive examination, I 
find those flowers generally staminate and sterile (rarely perfect) ; 
while the bright purple flowers are constantly perfect. The wood 
of the Red Maple — especially that variety or form of it, known as 
Curled Maple — is much used in the manufacture of various articles 
of furniture, &c. and the refuse timber makes excellent fuel. The 
bark affords a dark purplish-blue dye, and makes a pretty good bluish- 
black ink. The sap of all the species is more or less saccharine. ' 

ORDER XLII. HIPPOCASTANACEAE. DC. Torr. $ Gr. 

Trees or shrubs, — the annual growth of the branches rapid and definite. Leaves 
mostly opposite, compound (digitate by sevens and fives), without stipules ; 
leaflets penrtinerved. Flowers perfect, unsymmetrical, in large showy terminal 
thyreoid panicles or racemes. Calyx of 5 connected sepals. Petals 5 (or some- 
times 4, by the suppression of the lower one), unequal. Stamens 6 to 8— usually 
7 — distinct, inserted upon a hypogynous disk. Ovary 3-celled (or 3 united car- 
pels, with each 2 ovules) ; styles united into one. Fruit a subglobose coriaceous 
capsule, echinate or unarmed, mostly 1-celled by abortion, 2 or 3-valved with a 
loculicidal dehiscence. Seed mostly solitary by abortion, large, subglobose, with 
a smooth shining reddish-brown testa and broad paler hilu?n, destitute of albu- 
men: cotyledons ver.y thick and fleshy, gibbous, cohering or soldered together, 
remaining under ground in germination. 
A very small Order, and little known in Agriculture. 

32. AESCULUS. L. Endl. Gen. 5641. 
[An ancient Latin name of a tree which bore esculent fruit.] 

tt^" The generic character is nearly that of the Order. 
1. JE. Hippocastanum, L. Leaflets in sevens, obovate-cuneate, 
acute, dentate ; flowers 5-petaled and heptandrous ; fruit echinate. 
JDC. Prodr. I; jr. 597. 

Horse-chesnut Aesculus. Vtclgd — Horse Chesnut. [de Indias. 
Fr. Marronnier d' Inde. Germ. Die Rosskastanie. Span. Castano 

Stem 30 to 50 or 60 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, with numerous sym- 
metrical rather erect branches. Leaflets 4 to 6 or 8 inches long; common petioles 
4 to 6 inches long. Flowers white or ochroleucous, with red spots and tinges of 
yellow. Cultivated. Native of Asia. Fl. May. Fr. October. 

Obs. This ornamental tree (which is often called English Horse 
Chesnut, because it came to us by way of England — but which ori- 



2$ POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

ginally came from Northern India — ) has not been as generally 
introduced as it deserves to be. It is not only symmetrical and 
handsome, but also remarkably exempt from the depredations of 
noisome insects : and although of slower growth than some others, 
it is, in my opinion, well worth waiting for — on account of its rare 
beauty, and the perfect shade it affords. The young shoots, or 
branches of each year, complete their development, and come to a 
full stop, early in the summer,— the residue of the season being 
requisite to harden and prepare them to endure the succeeding 
winter ; and no secondary branches are ever put forth during growth. 
There are several native species of Aes cuius in our mountain forests, 
from Virginia to Georgia — and along the river banks of the West, — 
where they bear the name of Buck-eye, from a fancied resemblance 
of the seeds to the eye of that animal. The trees, from their abun- 
dance, have become the popular emblem of Ohio — which is known 
throughout the Union as the Bxtch-eye State. 

ORDER XLVL VITACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 

Shrubby plants, with nodose stems, and generally -with a loose stringy bark. 
Stems climbing- by tendrils (which are abortive racemes or peduncles). Leaves 
simple or compound, — the lower ones opposite, — upper ones alternate T opposite 
the racemes which are sometimes partly ox wholly changed into tendrils. — 
Flowers mostly in compound racemes, often polygamous or dioicous, small, 
greenish. Calyx very small, entire or 4 or 5-toothed. lined with a perigynous 
disk. Petals 4 or 5, inserted on the outside of the disk, valvate in aestivation, 
sometimes cohering by the tips, caducous. Stamens as many as the petals, ana 
opposite them! Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect collateral ovules in each cell. Fruit 
a berry. Seeds with a bony testa; embryo much shorter than the horny or fleshy 
albumen. 
The interesting genus here given is the only important one of the Older. 

S3. VITIS. L. Endl. Gen. 4567. 
[An ancient Latin name ; of obscure derivation.] 

Calyx obsoletely 5-toothed. Petals 5, cohering at apex and speedily 
falling off (pushed off by the stamens). Stigma subsessile, obtuse. 
Berry 2 or 3-celled, 4-seeded, — some of the cells and seeds often 
abortive. Perennial clirwbing shrubs. 

f Flowers perfect {Foreign species'). 

1. V. vinifera, L. Leaves lobed, sinuate-dentate, glabrous or to* 
mentose. DC. Frodr. 1. p. 633. Fl. Cestr. p. 152. 

Wine-producing Vitis. Vulgo — Wine Grape. English Grape, &c. 

Fr. La Vigne. Germ.. Dei; Weinstock. Span. La Vid. 

Stem 10 to 20 feet or more in length (but usually kept shorter by lopping). 
Leaves more or less lobed and dentate, generally smaller than in our native 
species, sometimes, very glabrous and shining. Berries often large, of various 
forms and colors. Cultivated. Native of southern Asia. Fi. June. Fr. Aug. 
September. 

Obs. Mapy varieties (with names as numerous) of this plant have 
been produced by long culture in different soils, — and a number of 
them are cultivated in the U. States, for their delightful fruit ; but 
the product is rather uncertain, in this climate, without great care 
and attention. The manufacture of wine, also, seems not yet to 
have succeeded well, in our country. The excellence of the fruit 
of the Yine — whether fresh, or dried and preserved in the state of 



VITACEAE 29 

Raisins- — is universally known and appreciated ; while the fermented 
juice of the Grape has been, the theme of eulogy and song (and the 
excessive use of it, the cause of infinite mischief), from the earliest 
ages down to the establishment of Temperance Societies, in the 
present day. The Ctirrants, of commerce (Corintks, or Grapes of 
Corinth) — often called Zante Currants — are believed to be a small- 
fruited variety of this, — or perhaps a distinct yet nearly allied species, 
f f Flowers often dioicotts (Native species). 

2- V. Laerusca, L. Leaves roundish-cordate, somewhat 3-lobed, 
acutely dentate, densely whitish-tomentose beneath ; fertile racemes 
mostly simple, short, and few-flowered; berries large. Torr. fy Gr. 
Fl. N. A. 1. p. 244. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 634. Fl. Cestr. p. 150. 
Vulgo — Fox-Grape, of the Northern States. 

Stem.15 to 20 or 30 feet long, straggling over bushes and small trees. Leaves 
4 to 6 inches in length, — the tomentum beneath hoary, or sometimes a little 
tawny ; petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Berries globose, large (about half an inch in 
diameter),^-when mature varying in color from nearly black to dark amber and 
greenish-white,— with a thickish coat, a tough central pulp, and a musky or 
rancid flavor. Moist thickets, along streams: Canada to Georgia. Fl. June. 
Fr. September. 

Obs. According to Mr. Elliott, this is one of the largest species 
of Vine, in the South — " climbing over the loftiest trees " of the 
forest : But in Pennsylvania, it is usually rather slender, and of 
moderate extent, The wild fruit is not very palatable, — having a 
disagreeable musky flavor. There are, however, some varieties (or 
perhaps hybrids) — improved by long culture — which are much 
esteemed: such as the " Isabella" — the ci Schuylkill " (called also 
"Alexander's," and "Tasfcer's^") — the (( Catawba" — and especially 
the " Bland's" Grape. These varieties succeed best, in the Middle 
States ; and, indeed, have nearly superseded all the foreign ones — 
except among- the more curious pains-taking amateurs. 
3*. V. aestivalis, Mx. Leaves broadly cordate, often 3 to 5-lobed 
or sinuately palmate, coarsely and unequally dentate, loosely ferru- 
ginous-tomentose beneath ; fertile racemes mostly compound, long, 
many-flowered; berries small. Torr. <$• Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 244. 
DC. Prodr. 1. p. 634. Fl. Cestr. p. 151. 

Summer Vitis. Vulgo — Little Grape. Common Wild Grape. 

Stem 20 to 40 and sometimes GO feet or more in length. Leaves 4 to 8 inches 
long, often palmately lobed with rounded sinuses, — the younger ones with a 
loose cobweb-like russet pubescence beneath, which becomes coarser and more 
hirsute with age, and sometimes nearly disappears. Berries globose, small (gen- 
erally about one fourth of an inch in diameter), deep blue or bluish black when 
mature, and covered with a fine glaucous powder, — the skin thinnish, and the 
flavor (especially after a little frost) a sprightly agreeable acid. Rich wood- 
lands, and thickets : Connecticut to Florida. Fl. June. Fr. October. 

Obs. This is the tallest climber of all our Grape-vines, in Penn- 
sylvania ; and I have seen an old vine, of this species, 8 to 10 inches 
in diameter, at base. The fruit varies in size and quality, — the 
best specimens being well worthy of culture. I have cultivated a 
native of this vicinity, in which the fruit often equals that of the 
" English Grape" (or Miller's Burgundy) in size ; and although 
somewhat harshly acid, it abounds in a rich purple juice, at matu- 
rity, — and makes a fine preserve, for pastry. 

3* 



30 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

4. V. vulpina, L. Stem and branches with a close greyish-brown 
bark ; leaves orbicular, coarsely and unequally dentate, cordate at 
base, glabrous and shining on both sides ; fertile racemes compound, 
umbellulate ; berries large. Torr. <$• Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 245. 
V. rotundifolia. Mx. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 635. 

Vulpine or Foxy Vitis. Vulgd — Fox-Grape, of the Southern States; 
also called " Muscadine," and " Bullet- or Bull-Grape." 

Stem 20 to 50 feet or more in length, with an adhesive greyish minutely ver- 
rucose bark. Leaves 2 to 3 inches in diameter. Berries globose, large (half an 
inch to three quarters in diameter), bluish black when mature, with a coriace- 
ous coat and not unpleasant flavor (fide Elliott). Woodlands, and banks of 
streams : Virginia to Florida. Ft. May — June. Fr. July — August. 

Obs. The most striking feature of this vine, is the close even 
texture of its grey bark, — somewhat resembling that of the Beech- 
tree, or Hornbeam ; while all the other species, so far as I know, 
have a loose, lamellated, stringy, dark-brown bark, after the first 
year's growth.* It is quite probable, as suggested by Mr. Elliott, 
that this is the original " Fox-Grape," or V. vulpina, of Linnaeus. 
I have observed it growing in abundance in the vicinity of the vil- 
lage of Suffolk, Virginia; but have not seen the fruit. The inhabi- 
tants assured me, however, that the large black berries were quite 
palatable, — and were uniformly, in that region, known by the name 
of Fox-Grapes. Mr. Elliott thought the species might be, some 
day, advantageously cultivated. 

ORDER XLV1I. POLYGALACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 

Herbaceous (all the N. American species.) or shrubby plants. Leaves generally 
alternate, simple, entire, destitute of stipules. Roots bitter, and sometimes with 
a milky juice. Pedicels with 3 bracts. Flowers perfect, unsymmctrical, usually 
racemose or spicate. Calyx of 5 irregular sepals, — the 2 lateral or inner ones 
(icings) larger, and usually petaloid. Petals usually 3, more or less united, — the 
anterior or lower one (keel) larger than the others. Stamens 6 to 8, combined in 
a tube, which is split on the upper side, and united below with the claws of the 
petals ; anthers mostly 1-celled. opening by a pore at apex. Ovary compound, 
2-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell ; style curved and often cu- 
cullate. Capsule flattened. Seeds often pubescent, with an arillus-like carunde 
at base ; embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. 

A small Order, — and. notwithstanding the pr.omise implied by the name of its 
type (Poly gala— much milk), of Little or no value in Agriculture. 

34. POLYGALA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 5647. 
[Greek, Poly, much, & Gala, milk: from its supposed influence on lacteal secretion.] 

D^" The character of the Genus is essentially that of the Order. 

1. P. Senega, L. Stems simple, terete; leaves alternate, elliptic- 
lanceolate, the upper ones acuminate ; raceme terminal, spike-form ; 
wings of the calyx orbicular -obovate, concave, rather longer than 
the petals. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p: 131. DC. Prodr. I. p. 330. 
Fl. Cestr. p. 403. 

Vulgd — Seneka Snake-root. Milk-wort. Mountain Flax. 

* Adrien de Jussieu accounts for the usual phenomenon, by the circumstance 
that, in the Vine, the Liber (or inner fibrous bark) is annually detached or thrown 
off along with the outer cortical layer. "On n'y trouve pas de liber, qui, dans 
la Vigne, est chaque annee d^tache avec la couche corticale tout entiere."— 
Court Elementaire. p. 531, But this species would seem to be an exception. 



POLYGALACEAE 31 

Root perennial, thick and somewhat woody, with coarse branches. Stems 
usually several from the same root, 9 to 15 inches high, herbaceous and rather 
flaccid. Leaves 1 or 2 to 4 inches long. — those near the root small, ovate and 
scale-like. Flowers greenish white. Capsu'e orbicular. ' Seeds large, pyriform, 
hairy, the arillus-like caruncles nearly as long as the seeds. Hilly woodlands: 
Canada to N. Carolina. Fl. May. Fr. July. 

Obs. The root of this species is so valuable for its medicinal pro- 
perties — as a stimulating expectorant, in croup, &c. — that although 
not strictly a plant of Agricultural interest, every farmer ought to 
know its character, and be able to recognize it when he sees it. 

ORDER XLVIII. LEGUMINOSAE. Juss. 

Herbs, shrvbs, or trees. Leaves alternate, stipulate, usually compound (sometimes 
reduced to a solitary leaflet — and even to a phyllodium, or dilated common pe- 
tiole) ; leaflets mostly entire. Calyx usually of 5 sepals, more or less united. 
Corolla of 5 petals, — either papilionaceous or regular. Ovary single and simple ; 
style proceeding from the upper or ventral suture. Fruit a legume. Seeds at- 
tached to the upper suture, mostly destitute of albumen; embryo straight or often 
with the radicle bent back along the edge of the cotyledons ; cotyledons either 
thin and foliaceous or thick and fleshy. 

This vast Family — comprising upwards of 400 genera — is as important as it is 
comprehensive. Among the remarkable plants (or products) belonging to the 
Order, and not here described, may be mentioned — on account of their value, 
beauty, or other characteristic — the LoguooJ (Haematoxylon Campechianum.L.) 
— the Braziletto or Brazil Wood (Caesalpinia Erasiiiensis. Z..)— the Rose Wood (a 
species of Mim >sa) — the Sissoo Wood of India (Daibeigia Sissco, Roxb.) — the Red 
Sandal Wood (Pterocarpus sanialinus, L.) — the Liquorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabi «, 
L.) — the 'Icmarind tree (Tamarindus Indica. L.) — the 'lonka Etan (Dipterix odo- 
rata, Willd.) — the Senna cf the Shops (Cassia Senna. L.) — the plants yielding 
Gum Arabic (species of Acacia) and various other gums and balsams, — the pretty 
Laburnum (Citysus Laburnum, L.) — and the wonderful Sensitive plant (Mimosa 
pudica, L.). &c. &c. The famous Chinese condiment, called Soy. is also obtained 
from the seeds of a plant (Dolichos Soja. L. or Soja hispiJa. LC.) belonging to 
this Order; and the bean called " Gram'' in Bengal. — so extensively used, there, 
as food for horses, &c. — is, I believe, the seed of the Cytisus Cajan, L. or Cajanus 
flaws, LC. 

SUB-ORDER I. PAPILIONACEAE. L. 

Leaves simple or compound (mostly pinnate or pinnately trifoliolate). Flowers 
usually perfect. Corolla butterfly-shaped (papilionaceous) or rarely almost regu- 
lar, with an imbricated aestivation. Starmns mostly 10, uiadelphous — sometimes 
monadelphous, or distinct — inserted with the petals upon the base of the calyx. 

TRIBE I. VICIEAE. Bronn. 

Herbs. Leaves mostly even-pinnate (odd in Cicer) — the common petiole not arti- 
culated with the stem, generally produced at apex into a bristle or tendril. 
Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume continuous (not jointed), usually dehis- 
cent. Radicle mostly inflexed. Co.yledons thick, farinaceous, remaining under- 
ground unchanged in germination. 

35. CICER. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6578. 
[The Latin name for a species of Vetch ; applied to this genus.] 

Calyx somewhat gibbous at base, 5-parted ; segments acuminate, — 

the upper ones incumbent on the vexillum. Legume turgid, 2-seeded. 

Seeds gibbous. 

1. C. arietinum, L. Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets cuneate-obovate, 

serrate ; stipules lanceolate, subdenticulate ; calyx slightly gibbous, — 

the segments as long as the wings of the corolla. DC. Frodr. 2. p. 

354. FL Cestr. p. 423. 

Ram Cicer. Vulgo — Coffee Pea. Chick Pea. Garavances. 

Fr. Le Pois Chiche. Germ. Gemeine Richer. Span. Garbanzo. 



32 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

"Whole plant canescent and glandular-pilose, the hairs secreting oxalic acid. 
Root annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, branching. Leaflets about half an inch 
long, in 4 to 6 pairs (often alternate), with a terminal odd one instead of a ten- 
dril. Flou-ers axillary, 'solitary, white. Seed gibbous, pointed,— in form resemb- 
ling the head of a sheep — and hence the specific name. Gardens : cultivated. 
Native of Europe, and the East. Fl. July — September. Fr. August — October. 

Obs. This Vetch is occasionally cultivated for the seeds, — which 
are said to afford a tolerable substitute for coffee. Coffee-drinkers, 
however, are not apt to admire substitutes for their favorite berry ; 
and it is hardly likely that this plant will eves-be of much account, 
in our country. 

36. ARACHIS. L. Endt. Gen. 6604. 
[An ancient name, of obscure meaning.] 

Monoicously polygamous : Sterile Fl. Calyx with a slender 
pedicel-like tube; limb bilabiate, — the upper lip 4-toothed, lower 
one entire. Corolla resupinate. Stame?is monadelphous (9. united* 
and 1 abortive). Ovary minute, abortive. Fertile Fl, Calyx, 
Corolla, and Stamens none. Ovary on a stipitate elongating recep- 
tacle, or peduncle, by which it is thrust under ground.. Legume 
subterraneous, oblong, terete, obtuse at each end, somewhat torulose, 
coriaceous, reticulately veined, 2 or 3-seeded, indehiscent. Seeds 
irregularly ovoid ; cotyledons thick ; radicle straight ! — Herbaceous . 
Leaves even-pinnate ; stipules elongated, adnate to' the petiole ; 
leaflets in 2 pairs, not stipulate. Flowers axillary, pedunculate, — 
the lower ones subterraneous, solitary and fertile — the upper ones 
aerial, often several in an axil and all sterile. [This somewhat 
anomalous plant does not exactly accord with any of the established 
Tribes ; but I have acted on a suggestion of Prof. De Candolle, and 
placed it among the Vetches J 

1.* A. hypogaea, L. Stem procumbent ; leaflets obovate, — the 
common petiole not produced into a tendril. DC. Prodr. 2. p, 474. 
Subterranean Arachis. Vulgo — Ground-nut. Pea-nut. 
Fr. L' Arachide. Germ. Die Erd-nuss. Span... Mani. 

Root annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches long, prostrate, branching, pilose Leaflets 
an inch to an inch and half long, subsessile. minutely mucronate at apex, entire 
and bordered by a pilose nerve ; common petioles 1 to 2 inches long, channelled 
above, pilose. Sterile flowers 1 or 2 to 5 or 7, in the upper axils, on long slender 
pedicels, — the corolla orange-yellow. Cultivated. Native of South America. 
Fl. July— September. Fr. September-^-October. 

Obs. The summers are rather short for this plant, in Pennsylva- 
nia, — where it is sometimes seen in gardens, as a curiosity : But, in 
the Southern States, it is cultivated to a great extent, — and from 
thence our Nut-Merchants derive their supply. The seeds — either 
raw, or roasted in the legumes — are quite a favorite with children, 
and others ; and large quantities of them are consumed at all public 
gatherings. The seeds are said, also, to yield a valuable oil. 

37. FAB A. Toumef. [Vicia. L. Endl. Gen. 6581.] 
[The Latin name for a Bean; appropriated to this genus.] 
Calyx tubular, 5-cleft,— the 2 upper segments shorter. Style bent 
nearly at a right angle with the ovary ; stigma villous. Legume 
large, coriaceous, somewhat tumid. Seeds oblong, subcompressed, 
with the hilum at one end. Stem erect. Tendrils simple and nearly 
obsolete. 



LEGUMINOSAE 33 

1. F. vulgaris, Moench. Leaflets 2 to 4, oval, mucronate ; stipules 

semi-sagittate, obliquely ovate. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 354. Fl. Cestr. 

p. 424. 

Common Faba. Vulgo — Horse Bean. Windsor Bean. 

Fr. Feve de Marais. Germ. Die Sau-Bohne. Span. Haba. 

Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, simple, smooth. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches 
long, entire, smooth ; tenirils obsolete ; stipules large. Flowers in simple erect 
axillary racemes. Corolla white, with a large black spot on each wing. Legume 
2 to 3 inches long, torulose. Gardens: cultivated. Fl. June— July. Fr. August. 

Obs. This Bean — originally from the shores of the Caspian Sea — 
is sometimes cultivated for the table, — but is not generally admired. 
The seeds have a strong and rather unpleasant flavor. 

38. ERVUM. Tour?ief. Endl. Gen. 6580. 
[The Latin name for a species of Vetch or Tare.] 

Caylx 5-parted ; segments lance-linear, acute, about as long as the 
corolla. Style ascending ; stigma glabrous. Legume 2 to 4-seeded. 

1. E. Lens, L. Stem erect, branching; leaflets elliptic-oblong, 
somewhat pilose ; stipules obliquely ovate-lanceolate, ciliate ; pedun- 
cles axillary, 2 or 3-flowered ; legumes broad, short, finely reticulated, 
smooth, 2-seeded; seeds lenticular. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 366. Fl. 
Cestr. p. 426. >■ 
Vulgo — Lentil. 
Fr. La Lentille. Germ. Gemeine Linse. S])an. Lenteja. 

Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches high. Leaflets 3, to 6 or 8 pairs, half an inch 
long; tendrils nearly simple. Corolla white or pale purple. Legume about half 
an inch long. Seeds 2. orbicular, compressed, white or tawny yellow. Gardens: 
cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. June — July. Fr. August. 

Obs. This Vetch is cultivated in the old world, chiefly, I believe, 
as food for Stock, — both herbage and seeds serving that purpose. 
The plant is sometimes seen in Gardens, here ; but it will scarcely 
command the attention of American Agriculturists. 

39. PISUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6579. 
[The Latin name for the common Pea.] 

Calyx- segments foliaceous, the 2 upper ones shorter. Vexillum 
large, reflexed. Style compressed, keeled, villous on the upper 
margin. Legume oblong. Seeds numerous, globose, with an orbi- 
cular hilum. 

1. P. sativum, L. Leaflets rhomboid-ovate, rather obtuse, mucro- 
nate, entire ; stipules very large, ovate, semi-sagittate, crenate- 
dentate at base ; peduncles 2 or many-flowered ; legumes subcarnose. 
DC. Prodr. 2. p. 368. Fl. Cestr. p. 426. 
Cultivated Pisum. Vulgo — Pea. Garden Pea. 
Fr. Pois cultive. Germ. Gemeine Erbse. Span. Guisante. 

Plant smooth and glaucous. Root annual. Stem 1 to 3 or 4 feet long ; flaccid, 
climbing by tendrils. Leaflets usually 2 pairs, 1 to 2 or 3 inches long ; tendrils long 
and branching; stipules larger than the leaflets. Pedunc'es axillary, 1 or 2 to 6 
inches long, often with two flowers at summit. Corolla white. Style reflexed. 
Legume about 2 inches long, subterete. Gardens and Lois : cultivated. Native 
country unknown. Fl. June— July. Fr. July— August. 



34 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

Obs. Several varieties of this are cultivated (one or more of them 
in almost every garden), chiefly for the young seeds,— which afford 
a favorite dish at table. In the Northern States, the field culture 
of Peas (for the mature seeds,) is much attended to; but is rarely 
seen in Pennsylvania— or, I believe, south>of-that. 

TRIBE II. PHASEOLEAE. Bronn. 

Herbaceous or shrubby plants. ■ Stem often twining. Leaves compound (usually 
pinnately trifoliolate— rarely reduced lo a single leaflet), stipellate. Stamens dia- 
delphous (9 and ])— or rarely somewhat monadelphous. Disk a membranous 
sheath surrounding the base of the ovary. Legume continuous, but often torose 
and with cellular partitions between the seeds, dehiscent. Seeds usually reniform, 
convex or compressed. 

SUB-TRIBE I. EU-PHASEOLEAE. Benth. 

Inflorescence racemose, the pedicels aggregated on alternate knobs. Vexillum 
"with 2 appendages at base. Ovary with several ovules; style often indurated 
above the middle. Cotyledons thick, nearly unchanged iagsri»mation, and oftea 
rising out of the ground. 

40. PHASEOLUS. L. Endl. Gen. 6674. 
[Latin, Phaselus, a boat ; from the keel-like form of the legumes.] 

Calyx bibracteate at base,, campanulate, somewhat bilabiate, — the 
upper lip bifid or emarginate, the lower one trifid. Keel (of the 
corolla), together with the stamens and style, spirally twisted or 
circinate. Ovary stipitate, the stipe sheathed. Legume linear or 
falcate, compressed or sub terete, many-seeded. Seeds reniform, 
with an oval-oblong hilum. Leaves trifoliolate. 

DGF^ Herbaceous : Pedtmcles shorter than the leaves. 

1. P. vulgaris, Savi. Stem mostly volubile ; leaflets ovate, acu- 
minate ; racemes solitary, pedunculate ; bracts as long as the 
calyx ; legumes nearly linear and straight, long-mucronate ; seeds 
reniform. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 392. Fl. Cestr. p. 429. 

Common Phaseolus. Vulg: — Kidney Bean. String Bean. Pole Bean. 

Fr. Haricot. Germ. Gemeine Bohne. Spa?i. Fasoles. 

Root annual. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet long, slender, volubile and climbing (always 
twining against the Sun— or W. S. E )— or short and erect (in the " bunch " va- 
riety). Leaflets 2 to 4 or 5 inches long ; common jietio'es 1 to 5 or 6 inches long. 
Racemes on stout peduncles 1 to 3 or 4 inches long. Corolla mostly Vfhite. Legume 
3 to 6 inches long. Seeds more or less reniform, whitish, or of various colors. 
Gardens, and Lots: cultivated. Native of India. Fl. June — August. Fr. Sept. 

Obs. Very generally cultivated for the table,— both seeds and 
legumes being eaten while young ; when mature, the seeds only. 
The baled Beans, of New England, constitute a sort of national 
dish, among the descendants of the Pilgrims.. 

•The P. nanus, L. Dwarf or Bunch Bean (with short erect stem, 
more acuminate leaflets, and larger bracts), is supposed to be only 
one of the many varieties produced by long culture. 

2. P. lunatts, L. Stem volubile, smoothish ; leaflets obliquely- or 
deltoid-ovate, acute ; racemes subpedunoulate ; bracts shorter than 
the calyx ; legumes broad, compressed, scymitar-form or somewhat 
lunate ; seeds much compressed, broad. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 393. Fl* 
Cestr. p. 430. 

Lunate Phaseolus. Vulgc — Lima Bean. Carolina Bean. 



LEGUMINOSAE 35 

Root annual- Stem 6 to 8 or 10 feet long, branching, slender, volubile and climb- 
ing. Leaflets 2 to 4 inches long ; common petioles 2 to 6 inches long. Ractmes 
loose flowered, on peduncles about two thirds of an inch long. Coiolla greenish 
white, rather small. Legumes 2 to y inches long, and about an inch wide. Seeds 
few, large, flattish and mostly while. Gardens and Lots : cultivated. Fl. July, 
August. Ft. September — October. 

Obs. This species (supposed to be a native of Bengal — though 
generally named as if of South America,) affords a favorite dish, in 
the latter part of summer,^the large seeds, only, being used. Both 
species are tender plants, — impatient of cold, and killed by the 
slightest frost. 

TRIBE III. GALEGEAE. Brdnn. Torr. fy Gr. 

Erect herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves usually odd-pinnate, seldom stipellate. Inflo- 
rescence racemose or spicate. Corolla papilionaceous, or otherwise irregular. 
Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), or sometimes monadelphous. Legume continuous, 
dehiscent, 1-celled, several-seeded (rarely with transverse cellular partitions) ; or 
1 or 2-seeded and indehiscent. 

JCr" Leaves mostly odd-pinnate : Flowers in racemes : Corolla truly papilionaceous. 

41. ROBINIA. L. Endl. Gen. 6546. 
[Name in honor of John and Vespasian Robin; French Botanists.] 

Calyx subcampanulate, 5-cleft, — the 2 upper segments approxi- 
mate or cohering. Vexillum large ; keel obtuse. Stamens diadel- 
phous. Style bearded on the side next the free stamen. Legume 
compressed, many-seeded, the upper or seed-bearing suture mar- 
gined. Trees, or shrubs. Leaflets petiolulate, stipellate. 

1. R. Pseud-acacia, L. Branches virgate, armed with stipular 
prickles ; leaflets oblong-ovate ; racemes loose, drooping ; legumes 
smooth. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. JV. A. 1. p. 294. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 261. 
Fl. Cestr. p. 410. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 2. tab. 76. 

False-acacia Robinia. Vulgc — Locust tree. 

Stem 30 to 60 or 80 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter. Leaflets 3 or 4 to 8 or 
9 pairs, 1 to 2 inches long, each with a small subulate stipelle at base ; common 
petiole pinnate nearly to the base, with 2 stout prickles ill place of stipules. 
Racemes 3 to 6 inches long. Corolla white. Legume 2 to 3 inches long. Moun- 
tain forests: Pennsylvania to Arkansas. Fl. May — June. Fr. September. 

Obs. The timber of this tree is celebrated for its durability, — and 
is consequently much prized for posts, rail-road ties or sleepers, &c. 
It is a rather handsome tree, — and is often planted about houses, as 
a shade tree ; but the branches are somewhat liable to be broken by 
gusts of wind, and the roots are troublesome in sending up suckers. 
This latter characteristic, however, renders it easy to propagate 
Locust groves (and the tree is worth cultivating, for the timber,) in 
a suitable soil. The flowers are fragrant, but of a rather oppressive 
odor. — There is another species (R. viseosa, Vent.) — inferior to this, 
both in size and value, — and also a small species (R. hispida, L.) t 
which bears a profusion of rich roseate clusters of flowers, — and is 
one of our most ornamental shrubs, when in bloom* 

42. INDIGOFERA. L. Endl. Gen. 6530* 
[A Latinized name; meaning a plant that produces or brings Indigo.'] 

Calyx 5-cleft ; segments acute. Vexillum orbicular, emarginate ; 
keel with a subulate spur on each side — at length often bent back 



36 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

elastically. Stameyis diadelphous. Style filiform, glabrous. Le- 
gume continuous, 1- few- or many-seeded. Seeds truncate at both 
ends, often separated by cellular partitions. Herbaceous or snffru- 
ticose plants. Leaves various, usually odd-pinnate ; stipules small, 
distinct from the petiole. Flowers in axillary racemes. 

1. I. tinctoria, L. Stem suffruticose, erect; young branches and 
common petioles clothed with a cinereous pubescence ; leaflets in 
4 or 5 pairs, with a terminal odd one, oval or obovate-oblong, mu- 
cronate, petiolulate, somewhat pubescent beneath with whitish 
appressed hairs ; racemes shorter than the leaves ; legumes sub- 
terete, torulose, arcuate and deflected. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 224. 
Dyer's Indigofera. Vulgo — Indigo. Indigo-plant. 
Fr. L' Indigotier. Germ. Die Indigopflanze. Span. Indigo. 

Annual or biennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branching. Leaflets half an inch to 
an inch in length ; common petiole 2 to 3 inches long. Racemes 1 to 2 inches long. 
Corolla purplish blue? Legumes numerous, half an inch to three quarters m 
length, deflected on the pedicel, curved upwards. Southern States: cultivated. 
Native of Asia and Africa. Fl. Fr. 

Obs. This plant — so important in yielding a blue coloring matter — 
was formerly cultivated to a considerable extent, in Georgia, and some 
other portions of the South : But the supply from India, and other 
places abroad, seems to have curtailed that branch of Southern 
Agriculture, — and has probably turned the attention of the Planters 
to a more healthful and agreeable, if not a more profitable, employ- 
ment. The Indigo-plant is said to be annual, when subject to in- 
undations, — as on the delta of the Ganges; but is sometimes fruti- 
cose — yielding one or two ratoon crops (i. e. successive growths of 
suckers, or sprouts), after having been cut off. There is another 
species (T. Anil, L.~ nearly allied to this), which is extensively 
cultivated, in India, for the same object. 

TRIBE IV. TRIFOLIEAE. Bronn. 

Herbaceous or rarely suffruticose plants. Leaves mostly palmately or pinnately 
trifoliolate, not stipellale : leaflets often dentate or serrulate ! Inflorescence axil- 
lary or terminal, racemose, spicate, capitate or umbellate. Corolla papilionaceous. 
Stamens diadelphou? (9 and 1). L gume continuous, 1-celled, several-seeded and 
dehiscent, — or 1- or few-seeded and nearly indehiscent. 

43. TRIFOLIUM. TourneJ. Endl. Gen. 6511. 
[Latinized from the Greek, Triphyllbn ; a three-leaved plant.] 

Calyx tubular, persistent, 5-cleft; segments subulate. Corolla 
usually marcescent ; petals more or less united, and mostly free 
from the stamen-tube ; keel shorter than the wings and vexillum. 
Legume small, membranaceous, scarcely dehiscent, 1 or 2- (rarely 
3 or 4-) seeded, mostly included in the calyx-tube. Flowers mostly 
capitate. Stipules adnate to the base of the petiole. 

1. T. arvense, L. Stem erect, pilose ; leaflets linear-obovate or 
spatulate, minutely 3-toothed at apex ; stipules narrow, subulate- 
acuminate ; heads oblong-cylindric, softly villous ; calyx-segments 
longer than the corolla ; petals scarcely united. Torr. 4- Gr. Fl, 
N. A. 1. p. 313. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 190. Fl. Cestr. p. 406. Icon, 
Fl. Lond. 3. 



LEGUMINOSAE 37 

Field Trifolium. Vulgo— Stone Clover. Welsh Clover. Rabbit-foot. 

JFV. Pied de Lievre. Germ. Der Hasen Klee. Span. Pie de Liebre. 

Whole plant softly pilose. Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, slender, 
generally much branched. Leaflets half an inch to an inch long ; common petiole 
one fourth of an inch to an inch long. Corolla inconspicuous, whitish or pale 
pink, with a purple spot on the wings. Legume 1-seeded. Sterile old fields : Canada 
to Florida : introduced ? Native of Europe. Fl. June — Aug. Fr. Aug. — Octo. 

Obs. This species — which I believe to be a naturalized foreigner 
—is only intitled to the notice of the farmer on account of its preva- 
lence and its worthlessness. Its presence is a pretty sure indication 
of a thin soil, and neglected Agriculture : and the appropriate 
remedy is to improve both. It is then easily superseded by more 
valuable plants. 

2. T. pratense, L. Stems ascending ; leaflets oval or ovate-oblong, 
often retuse or emarginate ; stipules broadly lanceolate, membrana- 
ceous, nerved, terminating in a subulate point ; heads ovoid, obtuse, 
dense-flowered, subsessile, bracteate at base ; calyx-segments 
scarcely half as long as the corolla, the lower one longer than the 
others. Torr. <$• Gr. Fl. N. A. l.-p. 313. DC. Frodr. 2. p. 195. 
Fl. Cestr. p. 406. 

Meadow Trifolium. Vulgo — Red Clover. Common Clover. 

Fr. Trefle des Pies. Germ. Der Wiesen-Klee. Span. Trebol. 

Root biennial, or perennial? large, fusiform. Stems several from the same 
root, 1 to 2 or 3 feet long, rather weak at base and often decumbent, somewhat 
branched, striate and pilose. Leaflets half an inch to an inch and half long, ses- 
sile, hairy beneath ; common petiole half an inch to 4 or 5 inches long. Heads 
of flowers ovoid or subglobose, an inch or more in diameter. Corolla purplish- 
red (rarely white). — the petals all united into a slender tube about half an inch 
in length. Legume 1-seeded, included in the calyx. Seed reniform, greenish- 
yellow with a shade of reddish-brown. Cultivated fields, meadows, &c. Can- 
ada to Florida : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May — September. Fr. July, 
— October. 

Obs. This valuable plant is extensively naturalized; but it is 
also diligently cultivated by all good farmers. In conjunction with 
the Grasses — especially with Timothy (JPhleum pratense, L.) — it 
makes the best of hay, — though, by itself, it is rather indifferent 
pasture. In the latter part of the season, "feeding-cattle" wiir 
actually fall away, upon clover, alone. Its culture, however, exerts 
a most kindly influence on the soil. The seed is usually sown (in 
Pennsylvania) in the month of March, among Wheat and Rye, — and 
the crop is ready for the scythe the second year. The flowers con- 
tain much nectar,— but the tube of the corolla is so long that the 
Honey Bee cannot reach the treasure with its proboscis ; and conse- 
quently that insect rarely alights on the heads, but leaves them to 
the more amply provided Humble Bee. It seems to be an undeter- 
mined question, whether this plant is biennial or perennial. Certain 
it is, that a very large portion of that under culture dies at the end 
of the second year : But my friend, Mr. Joshua Hoopes — who is a 
very acute observer — assures me, he has satisfactorily ascertained 
that the plant will live more than two years. The perennial Grasses 
undoubtedly have a strong tendency to expel or choke out other 
plants ; and it is possible that the disappearance of the Red Clover 

4 



38 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

from our meadows may be partly owing to that exclusive or mono- 
polizing tendency, in the Grasses. The Red Clover was introduced 
into general cultivation, in Chester County, Penna., between the 
years 1790 and 1800. I recollect well, the first large field of it that 
I eVer saw. It Was on the farm of the late Mr. John Sharpless, 
of Delaware County — who was one of the pioneers of improved 
Agriculture, in this State ; and the time was about the year 1792. 
The price of the seed, at that day, was 16 dollars per bushel; 
Whereas now it is usually less than half that sum. Watson's An- 
nals of Philadelphia mention, that John Bartram had fields of 
this Clover, prior to the American Revolution.* 

3. T. repens, L. Stems creeping, diffuse ; leaflets roundish-obovate 
and emarginate, or almost obcordate, denticulate ; stipules lanceo- 
late, mucronate, scarious ; heads depressed-globose, on very long 
axillary peduncles ; flowers pedicellate, finally reflexed ; legumes 
about 4-seeded. Torr. 4- Gr. FL N. A. 1. p. 316. DC. Prodr. 2. 
p. 198. FL Cestr. p. 407. Icon, £7. Lond. 3. 

Greeping Trifolium. Vulgo — White Clover. Dutch Clover. 

JPV*. Triolet. Trefle blanche. Germ. Weisser Klee. Span. Trebol 
bianco. 

Root perennial. Stem 4 to 12 or 15 inches long, smooth, procumbent, radicat- 
ing, diffusely branching from the base. Lea/lets half an inch to an inch long ; 
tommon petiole 1 or 2 to 6 or 8 inches long. Heads of flowers on erect sulcate 
naked peduncles which are from 2 to 8 and 12 inches in length. Corolla white, 
Withering and becoming a pale dirty brown. Legume £ to j of an inch long, 
torulose, 2 or 3 to 5-seeded. Seeds irregularly ovoid, reddish brown. Pastures, 
woodlands, &c. throughout the U. States: introduced? Native of Europe. Fl. 
May — Sept. Ft. July — Octo. 

Obs. The pedicellate florets are somewhat corymbose — forming 
depressed-globose or vertically flatted heads. The outer or lower 
florets open first, and are successively reflexed, — so that, during the 
process of flowering, the heads appear horizontally divided between 
the withered and the young or opening florets. This species is every 
where common — and in some years very abundant, — though rarely 
cultivated. Its flowers are a favorite resort of the Honey Bee ; and 
the plant is esteemed, as affording an excellent pasture, in Pennsyl- 
vania, — though Mr. Elliott speaks unfavorably of it, in the South. 

* On the 19th September. 1843, 1 found in my pasture field, two specimens of 
Trifolium pratense, L. which finely illustrate Goethe's theory of the retrograde 
tnetamorphosis of vegetable organs. The florets, in the heads, were on elongated 
pedicels, varying from one third to three fourths of an inch in length ; the usually 
gamopetalous corolla was, in each floret, substituted by 5 distinct, green, obovate 
leaflets, on scariously margined petioles ; the stamens, within this verticil, were 
all apparently/ree, or distinct,— some of them abortive and dilated into scarious 
narrow petals, or staminodia ; the ovary elongated, forming a thin membranace- 
ous tube, dilated above, — the stigma incurved, with a mucronate point on each 
side terminating the dilated margins of the tube, at summit. [In some instances, 
since observed— viz : in Sept. 1846— there were 1, 2, or 3 obovate-oblong, green 
leaflets, proceeding from within the corolla, — giving the florets the appearance 
of being proliferous. These leaflets, from their position, seemed to be metamor- 
phosed stamens — completely and at once retrograded into foliage .'] In consequence 
pf the elongated pedicels of the florets, the head, in each case, was quite open, 
or loose, — presenting a cluster of small, green, hairy leaves. The whole head 
was necessarily sterile ; but there were other heads on the same stem (on infe- 
rior branches.) which were in the usual form and condition. These metamor- 
phosed heads were the terminal ones, in every instance ; and I have observed 
the Feloria (in Linaria,) to be constantly at the summit of the stem, or raceme. 



LEGUMINOSAE 39 

Notwithstanding its present general distribution over our country, it 
is possible that this species, also, may have been introduced. Jona- 
than Dickinson, in 1719 {fide Watson's Annals), writing from 
Pennsylvania, says, " the white clover already tinges the roads as a 
natural production." Kalm, in 1748, spoke of it as being abundant, 
here. — There are more than 100 other species of this genus, known 
to the Botanists, — some of which are cultivated, and appear to be 
esteemed, by the Agriculturists of Europe ; but they have not yet 
commanded the attention of our farmers, and probably are inferior 
in value to the common Red Clover. 

44. MELILOTUS. Toumef. EndL Gen^ 6510. 
[Greek, Mel, honey, and Lotus z a Lotus-like plant, attractive of Bees.] 

Calyx tubular or campanulate, persistent, 5-toothed. Corolla deci- 
duous ; vexilhtm free, longer than the wings ; £ee/-petals completely 
united, cohering with the wings, free from the stamen-tube. Legume 
longer than the calyx, coriaceous, globose or ovoid, 1- or few-seeded, 
scarcely dehiscent. Herbs. Flowers mostly in long spicate racemes. 

1. M. leucantha, Koch. Stem rather erect, striate \ leaflets ovate- 
oblong, somewhat emarginately truncate at apex, mucronate, remotely 
dentate-serrate ; stipules setaceous ; racemes loose, elongated ; calyx- 
teeth about as long as the tube ; corolla more than twice as long as 
the calyx ; legume ovoid-oblonff, wrinkled, 1 or 2-seeded. Torr. 6r 
Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 321. DC.~ Frodr. 2. p. 187. [Clover. 

White-flowered Melilotus. Vulgo — Tree Clover. Bokhara 

JKr* Le Melilot blanc-. Germ. Weisser Steinklee. Span. Meliloto, 

Root biennial? Sum at first ascending or oblique, finally erect, 3 to 5 or 6 feet 
high, stout, striate-ribbed. smooth, paniculately branched. Leaflets an inch to 
an inch and a half long; common petiole 1 to 2 inches long. Ractmes 2 to 4 
inches long, on axillary peduncles 1 to 2 inches in length. Flowers retrorsely 
imbricated before opening. Corolla white. Introduced, and partially cultivated. 
Native of Europe. Fl. June — Aug. Fr. Aug. — September. 

Obs. This plant has been introduced by some amateur farmers, 
and much commended as being specially suited for soiling (or cut- 
ting, as wanted, for Stock that are kept up) : But, without any prac- 
tical knowledge on my part, I cannot help doubting whether so coarse 
a plant can be as valuable as the common Red Clover. A former 
species of this genus (M. c&erulea, Lam.) y -^but which has been 
separated, and is now the Trigonella coeridea, DC a plant of strong 
and enduring odor, — is employed, in Switzerland, to give thepeculiar 
flavor to the famous Schabzieger, or (as it is usually called in the 
vernacular) "Sap-sago," Cheese. 

4.5. MEDICAGO. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 6507. 
[So named by the Greeks, from having been introduced by the Medes.] 

Calyx somewhat cylindric, 5-cleft. Keel of the corolla remote from 
the vexillum. Legume usually many-seeded, of various forms— 
always more or less falcate, or spirally coiled. Mostly herbaceous 
plants. Feduncles axillary, 1, 2, or many-flowered. 

1. M. sativa, L. Stem erect; leaflets obovate-oblong or sub-cune- 
ate, dentate, mucronate ; stipules lanceolate, subdentate ; peduncles 
racemose ; legumes spirally twisted, finely reticulated, several-seeded. 



40 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

Torr. b Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 321. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 173. Fl. Cestr. 
p. 405. [Clover. 

Cultivated Medicago. Vulgd — Lucerne. Spanish Trefoil. French 
Fr, La Luzerne. Germ. Der Schneckenklee. Spa7i. Alfalfa. Mielga. 

Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched, smoothish. Leaflets half an 
inch to an inch long, — the lateral ones subsessile, the terminal one petiolulate ; 
common petiole one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch long. Racemes erect, on 
peduncles half an inch to an inch long. Corolla violet-purple, nearly twice as 
long as the calyx. Introduced : cultivated. Native of Spain. Fl. June — July. 
Fr. August. 

Obs. This was formerly cultivated on a small scale, as a fodder, — 
but it did not find favor with our farmers, and is now rarely seen, in 
Pennsylvania. It might answer, for soiling, in suitable situations, — 
though I think the stem is too ligneous and wiry to become a favorite 
fodder, where the red clover can be had. The Saint -foin (Hedy- 
sarwm Onobrychis, L. or Onobryehis sativa, Lam. a plant of the 
Hedysarum tribe, DC. the sixth of Torr. §■ Gr.), is much cultivated 
for fodder, on the calcareous soils of Europe, — and the late Mr. 
Crawford, of Georgia, interested himself in endeavoring to introduce 
it into the Southern States : but I do not learn that its culture was 
adopted to any extent. I have never met with it on any farm ; and 
presume it scarcely belongs to the Agriculture of this country. 

TRIBE VIII. SOPHOREAE. Spreng. DC. 

Leaves either simple, palmately foliolate. or odd-pinnate, — the leaflets not stipu- 
late. Corolla mostly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, distinct; anthers uniform. 
Legume continuous, or sometimes moniliform, but not jointed. Cotyledons flat, 
foliaceous : radicle inflexed, or often straight. 

46. CERCIS. L. Endl. Gen. 6750. 
[Greek, Kerkis, a weaver's shuttle; from the form of the legume.] 

Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, gibbous at base. Corolla scarcely 
papilionaceous ; petals all distinct, unguiculate, — the vex ilium smaller 
than the wings, and the keel-petals larger. Stamens unequal. Le- 
gume oblong, acute at each end, much compressed, l-celled, many- 
seeded, — the upper suture margined. Seeds obovate ; radicle straight. 
Small trees, with simple entire leaves, and membranaceous caducous 
stipules. Flowers fasciculate along the branches, appearing before 
the leaves. 

1. C. Canadensis, L. Leaves orbicular -cordate, acuminate, villous 
in the axils of the nerves beneath. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 392. 
DC. Prodr. 2. p. 518. FL Cestr. .p., 433. 

Canadian Cercis. Vulgb — Red-bud. Judas-tree. 

Stem 15 to 20 or 30 feet hight and 6 to 12 inches in diameter, with somewhat 
geniculate branches. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long; petioles 1 to 2 inches long. 
Flowers bright purple, acid, on filiform pedicels which are clustered (4 to 6 or 8 
from a bud) on the naked branches. Legumes about 3 inches long, subcoriace- 
ous, smooth. Banks of streams : Canada to Louisiana. Fl. April. Fr. June. 

Obs. This little tree is admired, in early spring, for its clusters of 
small flowers, which clothe the branches in purple before the leaves 
appear. Although not of agricultural importance, it deserves to be 
known, and to have a place among ornamental shrubbery and trees, 
around the mansion of the tasteful farmer. 



LEGUMINOSAE 41 

TRIBE IX. CASSIEAE. Bronn. 

Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves usually even-pinnate, or bipinnate; leaflets not 
8lipellate. Corolla regular ; — or more commonly irregular, but not papilionace- 
ous. Stamens 10, or sometimes fewer, distinct ; anthers sometimes of two forms. 
Legume continuous, 1-celled, often intercepted between the seeds, dehiscent. 
Seeds sometimes with a small quantity of albumen ; cotyledons foliaceous or 
rarely fleshy ; radicle straight.- 

47. GLEDITSCHIA. L. Endl. Gen. 6756. 
[Named in honor of John Gottlieb Gleditsch ; a German Botanist.] 

Flowers polygamous : Sepals 3 to 5, equal, united at base. Petals 
as many as the sepals, — or fewer by abortion — or by the union of the 
two lower ones. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them, 
or by abortion fewer. Legume stipitate, often intercepted internally 
between the seeds, dry or with sweet pulp around the seeds. Seeds 
oval : embryo with a small quantity of albumen. Trees : the super- 
axillary branchlets often converted into simple or branched spines. 
Leaves even-pinnate or bipinnate (often both forms on the same 
tree) ; leaflets somewhat serrate. Flowers small, somewhat spicate. 

1. G. triacajjthos, L. Spines stout, mostly triple ; leaflets linear 
or lance-oblong ; legumes oblong, much compressed, somewhat fal- 
cate and undulate, many -seeded, — the intervals filled with sweet 
pulp. Torr. (\- Gr. Fl. N. A. lp. 398. DC. Prodr.2. p. 479. Icon, 
Mx. Sylva, 2. tab. 79. [ed Acacia. 

Three-thorned Glebitschia. Vulgd — Honey-Locust. Three-thom- 
Fr. Le Fevier a trois Epines. Germ. Der Honigdorn. 

Stem 30 to 50 or GO feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter. Leaflets about an 
inch or inch and half long. Flo-wers yellowish green. Legumes 6 to 12 or 15 
inches long, and an inch or more in width, thin and wavy, or somewhat twisted. 
Pennsylvania to Louisiana : often cultivated. Fl, July. Fr. September — Octo. 

Obs. Tins is occasionally seen about houses, in Pennsylvania, as a 
shade or ornamental tree, — and further South it has been used, while 
young, for hedging : But, although the thorns are very formidable, I 
believe it does not make a close, effective hedge. Dr. Gray informs 
me, however, since the foregoing was written, that it is used consi- 
derably, and successfully, near Cambridge, Mass. 

ORDER XLIX. ROSACEAE. tegs. 

Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves alternate, usually furnished with conspicuous 
stipules. Flowers regular, sometimes polygamous or dioicous. Sepals 5 (rarely 
3 or 4), more or less united, and often with as many bracts. Petals as many as 
the sepals (rarely none), inserted on the edge of a thin disk which lines the 
tube of the calyx (perigynous). Stamens indefinite or sometimes few, distinct, 
inserted on the disk just -within the petals. Ovaries with solitary or few ovules ; 
styles often lateral. Seeds mostly destitute of albumen; cotyledons flat or plano- 
convex ; radicle straight. 

This Order — comprising about sixty Genera — is remarkable for the amount 
and variety of its esculent products. Many of ihe fruits are valuable, and some 
of them eminently delicious r — while the type of the Order (Rosa) is by univer- 
sal consent regarded as the queen of beauty, among flowers. A few of the 
drupaceous species of the Order contain a dangerous quantity of Prussic acid, 
in the nuts and leaves ; but the fleshy or succulent fruits are, almost without 
exception, innocent and wholesome. 

SUB-ORDER II. AMYGDALEAE. Juss. 

Ovary solitary, free from the deciduous calyx, with 2 suspended collateral ovules, 

4* ' 



42 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

and a terminal style. Fruit a drupe, mostly 1-seeded by abortion. Tree* or 
shrubs, with simple leaves : stipules free. 

48. PERSICA. Tournef. [Amygdalus. L. Endl. Gen. 6405.] 

[A name derived from Persia, — its native country.] 

Calyx tubular, with 5 spreading segments. Drupe oval, tomentose 
or smooth, very fleshy and succulent ; nut with the surface rugosely 
furrowed, and perforated. Small trees. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, 
conduplicate in vernation. Flowers subsessile, solitary or in pairs, 
preceding the leaves. 

1. P. vulgaris, Mill. Fruit densely tomentose. DC. Prodr. 2. p, 
531. Fl. Cestr.p. 284. 

Common Persica. Vulgd — Peach. Peach tree. 

Fr. Le Pecher. Germ. Der Pfirschenbaum. Span. El Melocoton. 

Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, branching. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long; p etioles half 
an inch long, channeled above and glandular near the leaf. Petals pale red or 
purplish. Drupe with the flesh white, yellow, or reddish, — either adhering to 
the nut (and then Galled Clingstone) — or separable from it (when it is termed 
Freestone). Cultivated. Native of Persia. Fl. April. Fr. August— September. 

Obs. The varieties of delicious fnrit, afforded by this tree, are 
very numerous ; and although the tree is short-lived, the culture is 
managed with great spirit and success, in the Middle States, — parti- 
cularly in Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey. A succession of 
trees is kept up, by raising young stocks from the seeds, and inserting 
On them buds, or scio?is, from the most approved varieties.* 

2. P. laevis, DC. Fruit smooth. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 531. Fl. Cestr, 
p. 285. 

Smooth Persica. Vulgd— ^Nectarine. 

Fr. Le Brugnon. Germ. Der Nektar -pfirschenbaum. Span. Abridor* 

Obs. This small tree is scarcely to be distinguished from the pre- 
ceding, except by its smooth-fruit, — which presents the same varie- 
ties, of Clingstone and Freestone. It is more rare than the Peach, 
and generally smaller. 

The Almond {Amygdalus communis, L. — which is nearly related 
to the Peach, — except that the Drupe is dry and fibrous, instead of 
succulent — and the seed is the eatable portion,) has not yet, I believe, 
been much cultivated within the U. States : but it may probably be 
successfully introduced into Florida, — and perhaps some other 
Southern States. The hard-shelled or bitter Almond has succeeded, 
even in Pennsylvania. 

49. ARMENIACA. Tournef. [Pruntts. L. Endl. Gen. 6406.] 

[A name derived from Armenia, — its native country.] 

Calyx campanulate, with 5 reflexed segments. Drupe roundish-oval, 

♦This process, for changing the character of the tree, is alluded to by the 
great English Bard with his usual felicity : 

" You see, We marry 

" A gentler scion to the wildest stock ; 

" And make conceive a bark of baser kind 

'• By bud of nobler race : This is an art 

" Which does mend nature, — change it rather : but 

" The art itself is nature." [Winter's Tale. Act 4. 



ROSACEAE 43 

fleshy, clothed with a soft velvety pubescence ; nut compressed, the 
surface even and not rugosely sulcate, — one margin obtuse, the other 
acute, both grooved. Small trees. Leaves subcordate or ovate, con- 
volute in vernation. Flowers subsessile, solitary or few, preceding 
the leaves. 

1. A. vulgaris, -Law. Leaves orbicular-ovate, acuminate, dentate, 
subcordate at base; flowers sessile. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 532. Fl, 
Cestr. p. 285. 

Common Armeniaca. Vulgd — Common Apricot. Moor-park Apricot. 

Fr. L'Abricotier. Germ. Der Aprikosenbaum. Span. Albaricoque. 

Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet high, with rather stout spreading branches. Leaves 2 to 
3 inches long ; petioles an inch to an inch and half long, mostly with cup-fike 
glands near the base of the leaf. Petals white. Drupe oval, yellowish when 
mature. Cultivated : Native of Armenia. Fl. April. Fr. July. 

Obs. This tree yields a luscious and favorite fruit; and, in propi- 
tious seasons, the branches are so loaded as to remind one of the 
admonitory passage in Shakspeare : 

' ; Go bind thou up yon' dangling Apricocks, 
'• Which, like unruly children, make their sire 
'• Stoop with oppression of their prodigal weight : 
"Give some supportance to the bending twigs." 

King Richard II. 

It is melancholy to reflect how thoughtless and negligent mankind 
generally are, with respect to providing fruit for themselves. There 
are few persons who do not own or occupy sufficient ground to ad- 
mit of 3 or 4 choice fruit-trees and a grape-vine ; — such, for example, 
as an Apricot, a Peach, a May -duke Cherry, a Catharine Pear, and 
a Catawba grape : yet the great majority seem never to think of 
planting such trees, — while they are ready enough to run after the 
rare fruit which some provident neighbor may have taken the pains 
to cultivate. It is high time that such disreputable negligence should 
cease ; and that people should be more attentive to duties which are 
enjoined by every consideration of comfort and good taste, — nay, 
even of sheer justice to those around them, who are now annually 
plundered of the fruits of their own care and labors. 

2. A. dasycarpa, Pers. Leaves ovate or oval, somewhat acumi- 
nate, doubly serrate; flowers pedicellate. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 532. Fl, 
Cestr. p. 286. 
Hairy-fruited Armeniaca. Vtdgo — Black Apricot. 

Stew 10 to 15 feet high ; branches rather slender and virgate. Leaves If to near 
3 inches long ; petioles about an inch long. Petals white. Drupe subglobose, 
hairy, dark purplish color when mature. Cultivated : Native country unknown. 
Fl. April. Fr. July. 

Obs. This species has more of the habit of a Prunus or Plum tree, 
than the preceding, — and is reputed to be a more certain fruit-bearer ; 
but I have not found it so. It flowers freely ; but the young fruit is 
soon stung by an insect, and nearly all falls off before it is half grown. 

50. PRUNUS. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 6406. 
[The Latin name for the Plum.] 

Drupe ovoid or oblong, fleshy, very smooth and mostly covered with 
a fine glaucous powder or bloom ; nut compressed, the surface even, 



44 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

with both margins acute and slightly grooved. Small trees. Leaves 
convolute in vernation. J^dicels 1-flowered, ofte'n in umbellate 
fascicles ; flowers preceding — or sometimes succeeding — the leaves. 

1. P. domestical, L. Branches unarmed ; leaves lance-ovate or oval, 
mostly acute, serrate; pedicels sub-solitary. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 532. 
Fl. Cestr. p. 286. 

Domestic Prtjnus. Vulgo— Common Plum. Damascene, Gage, &c. 

Fr. Prunier. Germ. Der Pflaumenbaum. Span. Ciruelo. 

Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, branching. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long; petioles 
half an inch to an inch or more in length. Flowers rather preceding the leaves, 
solitary or in pairs ; pedicels about half an inch long. Petals white. Drupe oval, 
ovoid or obovoid, of various colors from black to pale greenish-yellow, covered 
with bloom, the flesh rather firm. Cultivated : Native of Southern Europe. Fl. 
April. Ft. August. 

Obs. Several varieties of this are cultivated, — some of them of a 
large size ; but the depredations of insects render the fruit an uncer- 
tain crop — at least in the country. In cities, the insects seem to be 
less destructive. 

2. P. Americana, Marsh. Branches subspinose ; leaves oval and 
obovate, conspicuously acuminate, sharply and often doubly serrate ; 
umbels subsessile, 2 to 5-ftowered. Torr. 4* Gr. Fl. N. A. 1.^.407. 
Fl. Cestr. p. 287. Icon, Annals N. Y. Lycezim, vol. 3. 

Cerasus nigra, 5f hyemalis. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 538. 

American Pruntjs. Vulgo— rRed Plum. Yellow Plum. 

Sum 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, much branched. — the young branches virgate, the 
old ones rugged and somewhat thorny. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long; petioles one 
fourth to half an inch long. Flowers preceding the leaves, in numerous fascicles 
of threes or fours ; pedicels one third to half an inch long. Petals white. Drupe 
oval or subglobose, mostly reddish-orange-colored, nearly destitute of bloom, 
with a rich succulent yellow pulp, and a thick tough skin. Thickets, fence-rows, 
and banks of streams: Canada to Texas. Fl. April. Fr. August. 

Obs. This Plum — about which foreign Botanists have been so 
bewildered — is extensively diffused through our country. In its 
wild state, the flowers are apt to be abortive, — and the fruit is small 
and rather acerb; but by long culture, the drupe sometimes becomes 
as large as a common Apricot. Although of a pleasant flavor, when 
fully mature, it is not adapted to culinary purposes; and is scarcely 
to be enumerated among our cultivated plants. 

3. P. Chicasa, Mx. Branches subspinose ; leaves narrow, oblong- 
lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute, finely serrulate with glandular- 
pointed teeth ; umbels sessile, 2 to 3-flowered. Torr. &f Gr. Fl. N. 
A. 1. p. 407. Fl. Cestr. p. 287^ 

Cerasus Chicasa. DC. Prodr. .2. p. 538. 

Chicasa PrtjnuS. Vulgo — Chickasaw Plum. Mountain Cherry. 

Stem 6 to 10 or 12 feet high, much branched, — the young branches virgate, 
dark purple, smooth and shining, — the old ones crooked or geniculate, and 
Somewhat thorny. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, smooth ; petioles slender, one 
fourth to three fourths of an inch long. Flowers appearing with the leaves 
(eocetaneous), in sessile fascicles of threes ; pedicels about half an inch long, slen- 
der and smooth. Drupe globose, red or yellowish-red, nearly or quite destitute 
of bloom, with a tender pulp, and a thin skin. Cultivated. FL April. Fr. July. 

Obs. This little tree (which is believed to be a native of our South- 



ROSACEAE 45 

western territory, — where it is a small shrub, in its wild state, — ) by 
long culture produces a very pleasant fruit, — worthy of more atten- 
tion than it has yet received. It approaches the Cherry, in character 
and appearance, and may be considered as a connecting link be- 
tween the Plum & Cherry; but is unquestionably, I think, a true Plum, 

51. CERASUS. Juss. [Prunus. L. Endl. Gen. 6406.] 
[The name of an Asiatic town, — whence the tree was obtained.] 

Drupe globose or roundish-ovoid, often umbilicate at base, fleshy 
and succulent, very smooth, destitute of bloom ; nut subglobose, the 
surface even. Trees or shrubs. Leaves from terminal buds, con- 
duplicate in vernation. Pedicels either in umbellate fascicles from 
lateral leafless buds, and then rather preceding the leaves, — or in 
racemes terminating leafy branches, and coming after the leaves. 

f Flowers in umbellate fascicles. 

1. C. avium, Moench. Branches erect or ascending, rather stout ; 
leaves oval or obovate-oblong, acuminate, coarsely serrate, pilose 
and somewhat glaucous beneath ; umbels sessile ; flowers scarcely 
preceding the leaves ; pedicels rather long ; drupe roundish-ovoid cr 
subcordate at base. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 535. Fl. Cestr. p. 2S9. 
Birds' Cerasus. Vulgo — English Cherry. Bleeding-heart, &c. 
Fr. Le Cerisier. Germ. Der Kirschbaum. Span. Cerezo. 

Stem 30 to 60 feet or more in height, and often 2 to 3 feet in diameter, at base. — 
branching regularly, and somewhat vcrticillately. so as to form an oblong coni- 
cal top. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long ; petioles an inch to an inch and half long. 
Pedicels slender, an inch to an inch and half long, usually 3 (often 5.) in a fasci- 
cle. Petals white. Drupes of various size and color, tender and often very 
succulent, sweet or bitterish-sweet. Cultivated. Fl. April. Fr. June — July. 

Obs. Cherries are said to have been originally brought to Rome 
from Cerasus, a city of Pontus, by the Roman Consul and General, 
Lucullus, some 60 or 70 years before the Christian era; and from 
Rome they have been distributed over the rest of the civilized world. 
Our cultivated Cherry trees seem obviously to consist of at least two 
original species, — viz. the sweet " English Cherry " so called, — and 
the common Sour Cherry. The numerous varieties — produced by 
culture (and possibly some hybrids) — may perhaps be all referred to 
one or the other of those two ; though Prof. De Candolle admits of 
no less than five species. I am not sure that I perfectly comprehend 
the Professor's views — nor that I am acquainted with the trees on 
which he has founded those species. There are, undoubtedly, seve- 
ral very distinct sorts of fruit ; but I incline to think the general 
habit and aspect of the trees commonly seen in this country, warrant 
the reduction of them all to the two above referred to : and I shall 
so consider them in this work. 

2. C. vulgaris, Mill. Branches spreading, slender and flexible ; 
leaves obovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly narrowed at base, acu- 
minate or acute, serrate, smoothish ; umbels subsessile ; flowers 
rather preceding the leaves ; pedicels rather short ; drupe globose. 
Fl. Cestr. p. 288. 

C. Caproniana ? DC. Prodr. 2. p. 536. 

Common Cerasus. Vulgo — Red or Sour Cherry. Morello Cherry, &c. 



46 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

Stem 10 to 20 feet high, irregularly branched; branches rather slender and 
flaccid, spreading nearly horizontally and forming a roundish bushy top. Leaves 
1| to 3 inches long; petioles half an inch to an inch long. Pedicels half an inch 
to an inch in length, 2, or more frequently 3, in a fascicle. Petals white. Drupes 
fleshy, more or less acid, red or dark purple when mature. Cultivated. Fl. April. 
Fr. July. V 

Obs. The "Sour Cherry" is the most common and, for culinary 
purposes, the most valuable of the genus. The Mdrello Cherry 
(rar. Griotta? DC.) is a remarkably fine fruit, with a rich purple 
juice, — and in the days of " Cherry Bounce," was a great favorite : 
But, for the last 30 years it has almost entirely disappeared from 
Pennsylvania, in consequence of the ravages of an insect, causing 
large warty excrescences on the branches of the tree. The fruit 
first failed, — and now (1846) the tree itself 'has become very scarce. 

f f Floivers in racemes. 
3. C. serotina, DC. Leaves oval, oblong, or lance-oblong, acumi-- 
nate, smooth, shining above, finely serrate ■with appressed or incurved 
callous teeth ; racemes elongated ; drupes globose, small. Tbrr. 4* 
Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 410. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 540. 
C. Virginiana. Fl. Cestr. p. 289. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 2; tab. 88.. 
Late Cerasus. Vulgo — Wild Cherry. 

Stem 40 to 60 or 80 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter at base, with large 
irregular spreading branches. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, subcoriaceous ; 
petioles half an inch to three quarters in length. Race?nes simple, rather erect, 2 
to 4 or 5 inches long. Petals white. Drupes dark purple or purplish black when 
mature, succulent, bitter and mawkish to the taste. Banks of streams; fence- 
rows, &c. : Canada to Florida. Fl. May. Fr. August. 

Obs. It seems that this is not the trite C: Virginiana (Primus 
Virginiana, _L.), — although it has passed for it, among the Botanists, 
for many years. The specific name, Virginiana (as we learn from 
Torrey & Gray), was given, by Linnaeus, to the small species 
called P run us obovata, by Bigelow, — the Cerasus obovata of Beck, 
and the Flora Cestrica; and must therefore be continued to that 
species. The wood of the Wild Cherry is a pale reddish brown, 
close-grained and hard, — taking a good polish (a sort of indigenous 
Mahogany), — and was formerly much used by cabinet makers. 
The bark — though a rather unpalatable bitter — -is a valuable tonic. 
The leaves are a favorite food of caterpillars, — the young trees being 
often completely stript by those voracious animals ; and the ripe 
fruit is greedily sought by birds. 

SUB-ORDER III. ROSACEAE PROPER. Torr. tf Gr. 

Ovaries numerous or several, rarely solitary, free from the calyx (which is often 
bracteolate. as if double), but sometimes inclosed in its persistent tube, — in fruit 
becoming either follicles, akenes, or little drupes. Styles terminal or lateral. 
Herbs, shrubs, or very rarely trees. Leaves simple or compound. 

TRIBE II. DRYADEAE. Vent. Torr. 4- Gr. 
Ovaries in fruit becoming akenes, or sometimes little drupes. — and when numer- 
ous, collected on a conical or hemispherical torus or receptacle. 

SUB-TRIBE 5. FRAGARIEAE. Torr. §■ Gr. 

Ovaries numerous, becoming akenes in fruit: style mostly lateral. 

52. POTENTILLA. L. Endl. Gen. 6363. 
[Latin, potens, powerful ; in reference to supposed medical properties.] 

Calyx concave at bottom ; limb mostly 5-cleft, with an external 



ROSACEAE 47 

bract at each cleft. Petals mostly 5. Stamens numerous. Style 
sometimes nearly terminal. Akenes numerous, often rugose, capi- 
tate on a dry persistent villous receptacle. Seed suspended : radicle 
always superior. Herbaceoiis or suffruticose. Leaves pinnately or 
palmately compound. 

1. P. Norvegica, L. Hirsute; stem erect, dichotomous above; 
leaves palmately 3-foliolate, the cauline ones on short petioles ; leaf- 
lets obovate-oblong, the uppermost lanceolate, coarsely and incisely 
serrate ; peduncles axillary, cymose at summit and leafy ; petals 
shorter than the calyx; akenes rugosely ribbed or striate. Torr. <$• 
Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 436. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 573. Fl. Cestr. p. 303. 
Norwegian Potentilla. 

Root annual. Sum 1 to 2 feet high, rather stout. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long ; 
common petioles 1 to 4 inches long ; stipules large (often an inch or more in length). 
Flowers often numerous, in leafy cymes at summit, and on long solitary pedun- 
cles below, — the lower peduncles often opposite the leaves. Petals yellow. 
Pastures, and road sides : Northern States. Native of Lapland, Norway, and 
Northern America. Fl. July — Aug. Fr. September. 

Obs. This is said to be native in the Northern States, and British 
America, — but it has very much the appearance of an introduced 
plant, in Pennsylvania, — and has not yet, so far as I know, acquired 
a common name. 

It is only intitled to the notice of the farmer, as being a coarse, 
homely, worthless intruder in his pasture fields. 

2. P. Canadensis, L. Villous ; stems sarmentose, procumbent and 
ascending ; leaves palmately 5-foliolate ; leaflets cuneate-obovate, 
incisely serrate-dentate near the apex-; peduncles axillary, solitary, 
elongated; petals longer than the calyx ; akenes somewhat rugose. 
Torr. 6f Gr. Fl. N.A.I, p. 443. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 575. Fl. Cestr. 
p. 303. 

Also, P. simplex. Mx. DC. I. c. Fl. Cestr. p. 304. 

Canadian Potentilla. Vulgo — Cinquefoil. Five-finger. 

Root perennial. Stem 2 or 3 to 12 and 18 inches long, slender, somewhat 
branched, often several from the same root. Radical leaves on petioles 2 to 6 or 
8 inches long ; stem leaves nearly sessile : leaflets half an inch to 1 or 2 inches 
long. Peduncles about as long as the leaves. Petals yellow. Old neglected 
fields; borders of woodlands, &c. Canada to Georgia. Fl. April — June. Fr. 
June — August. 

Obs. The P. simplex, of authors, is no doubt properly regarded as 
only a variety of this. Both varieties are rather harmless, though 
worthless ; and are merely indicative of a poor soil, or a thriftless 
farmer. Some lands, when kept as pasture fields, seem to have an 
almost incurable tendency to lose the valuable Grasses, and to be- 
come speedily overrun with Cinquefoil. Lime and mamire, however, 
will work wonders in the worst of soils. 

53. FRAGARIA. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 6361. 
[Latin, fragrans, odorous ; in reference to its fragrant fruit.] 

Calyx, Corolla, and Stamens, the same as in Potentilla. Style 
deeply lateral. Akenes numerous, smooth, scattered on the enlarged 
succulent or pulpy receptacle — which often finally separates from the 
conical central portion of the tones. Perennial stoloniferous Herbs. 



48 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets coarsely dentate. Flowers several, cy- 
mose on a scape-like peduncle ; sometimes dioicous by abortion. 
1. F. vesca, L. Peduncles usually longer than the leaves; caly x 
of the fruit reflexed; fruit conical or hemispherical, — the akene 8 
superficial. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 44S. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 569. 

Eatable Fragaria. Vulgo — English Strawberry. Garden Straw- 
berry. 

Fr. Le Fraisier. Germ. Die Erdbeerpflanze. Span. Fresera. 

Whole plant hairy. Root perennial, and the leaves often green through the 
winter. Stem very short, — but several slender prostrate radicating runners, 1 
to 2 feet long, are thrown out from the crown of the root. Leaves mostly radical ; 
common petioles 3 to 8 or 9 inches long ; leaflets ovate or cuneate-obovate, plicate, 
1 to 3 or 4 inches long. Cymes 5 to 12 or 15-flowered, with 2 or 3 foliaceous 
bracts at base, on peduncles 4 or 5 to 10 or 12 inches in length. Flowers some- 
times abortive.* Petals white. Receptacle (commonly regarded as the fruit) red 
or yellowish white, bearing the akenes superficially and rather prominently on 
the even surface. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. April. Fr. 
Id ay — June. 

Obs. Several varieties are cultivated in the Gardens, — and pro- 
bably some which are specifically distinct; — as the Hautboy (F. 
elatior, Ehrh.), and the Chili Strawberry (F. Chilensis, Ehrh.). 
A variety of extraordinary size, called " Hovey's Seedling," has 
been recently obtained, — which, although not equal in flavor to some 
of the smaller ones, is a magnificent product, and well worthy of 
universal culture. — The Gardeners announce, also, some other fine 
seedling varieties. — Although the true fruit of this plant consists of 
mere dry specks, or bony particles (i. e. the minute akenes), scat- 
tered over the surface of the enlarged receptacle, — yet the recepta- 
cle itself furnishes a pulpy substitute of the most delicious character. 
Shakspeare has the following allusion to the habitat, or associates 
of the plant, to illustrate a moral sentiment : 

"The Strawberry grows underneath the Nettle; 
u And wholesome berries thrive and ripen best, 
" Neighbor ' d by fruit of baser quality/' 

King Henry V. 

2. F. Virginiana, Ehrh. Peduncles commonly shorter than the 
leaves ; calyx of the fruit spreading ; fruit ovoid, nodding, — the 
akenes imbedded in the pitted surface of the receptacle. Torr. 4* 
Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 447. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 570. Fl. Cestr. p. 304. 
Virginian Fragaria. Vulgo — Wild Strawberry. 

Obs. This native species is usually a smaller plant (perhaps for 
want of culture), but has a close general resemblance to the preced- 

* Individual plants are frequently to be found, in Strawberry beds,, in which 
the flowers are all abortive,— the stamens having the appearance of coarse 
blighted monstrosities — the pistils abortive — and the receptacle failing to enlarge. 
The Gardeners call these male plants, — and insist that their presence is abso- 
lutely indispensable, to insure a crop of fruit : But the flowers in question, so far 
as I have observed, are palpably tieutral, and nothing more than blights. The 
Gardeners, indeed, are very positive in their opinions (as merely practical 
operatives — and all others, who take things for granted — are somewhat apt to 
be) ; but I confess I cannot comprehend how the vicinity of such abortions can 
be essential to the perfection of the fruit in other plants. The organs of plants 
are undoubtedly subject to great modifications, by long culture ; but the precise 
mode in which their productiveness is affected, is probably not yet thoroughly 
understood. 



ROSACEAE 49 

ing, — and is frequent in old fields, and meadows, throughout the tf. 
States. Drs. Torrey & Gray remark, that " the deeply pitted fmit 
affords the only character for this species that can be wholly relied 
upon;" and even that, I fear, is not unexceptionable. It is a deep 
purple, when mature, — and in its wild state, of a more sprightly 
(sub-acid) flavor than the cultivated sorts. 

SUB-TRIBE VI. DALIBARDEAE. Torr. if &- 

Ovaries numerous or rarely few, becoming succulent little drupes in fruit: style 
terminal or nearly so. 

54. RUBUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6360. 
[Latin, Ruber, — or Celtic, Rub, — red ; from the color of the fruit, or branches.] 

Calyx flattish at base, 5-parted, without bracts at the clefts. Petals 
5. Stamens numerous, inserted on the border of the disk which 
lines the calyx. Carpels mostly numerous, capitate on a protuber- 
ant spongy receptacle, becoming succulent and drupaceous, cohering 
and forming a compound berry, either deciduous or persistent. 
Perennial and mostly suffruticose plants. Stems erect or procum- 
bent, usually biennial and armed with prickles. Leaves pinnately 
or pedately compound, sometimes simple. 

§ 1. Carpels forming a hemispherical fruit, concave beneath, and 
deciduous or falling away from the dry receptacle when ripe 
(Raspberry). 

f Leaves simple. 

1. R. odoratus, L. Stem fruticose, erect, unarmed, hispid with 
glandular hairs ; leaves palmately 3 or 5-lobed, unequally serrate ; 
stipules nearly free, deciduous ; corymbs terminal, spreading, glan- 
dular-pilose and viscid ; flowers large ; sepals with a long acumi- 
natum. Torr. &f Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 449. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 566. 
Fl. Cestr. p. 309. 

Odorous Rubus. Vulgd — Rose-flowering Raspberry. 

Root creeping. Stem perennial, 3 to 5 feet high, branching. Leaves 4 to 8 
inches long, and nearly as wide as long, cordate at base ; petioles 2 to 4 or 6 
inches long. Flowers corymbose ; peduncles and sepals clothed with a purplish, 
clammy glandular pubescence. Petals mostly purplish rose-color. Fruit broad, 
on a large receptacle, of a palish bright red or scarlet when mature, — often 
abortive. Rocky woodlands, and mountains : Canada to Georgia. Fl. June- 
July. Fr. July — August. 

Obs. The fttiit of this is pleasantly flavored, — but is rarely per- 
fected under cultivation; and indeed is often abortive in its native 
localities. I have seen it, on the mountains, in August, bearing 
flowers and ripe fruit at the same time. It is rather a troublesome 
plant, when introduced into yards and gardens, — ^sending up numer- 
ous suckers. 

f f Leaves {pinnately or pedately) 3- 5-foliolate. 

2. R. Ldaeus, L. Stem suffruticose, erect, terete, not glaucous, 
hispid at base and somewhat prickly above ; leaves pinnately 3- or 
5-foliolate ; leaflets rhomboid-ovate ; flowers in paniculate corymbs ; 
petals entire ; carpels slightly rugose, finely pubescent, not pitted in 
drying. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 558. Fl. Cestr. p. 305. 

Ida Rubus. Vulgd — Antwerp Raspberry. Garden Raspberry. 

5 



50 POLYPEtALOUS EXOGENS 

Fr. Framboisier. Germ-. Die Himbeei'staude. Spa?i. Frambuesa* 

Boot creeping. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, branching, mostly hispid when young, 
especially towards the base — smoothish (or sometimes pubescent) and armed 
with slender recurved prickles above,— the hispid bark, below, exfoliating the 
second year. Lower leaves odd-pinnate by fives, the upper ones by threes ; com- 
mon petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches long; leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, acuminate, une- 
qually incised-serrate, smoothish and green above, clothed with a dense white 
cottony tomentum beneath. Petals white. Carpels incurved at apex, clothed 
with a very fine short dense pubescence, whitish, amber-colored; or purple, 
when mature. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July. 

Obs. This species is much cultivated for its favorite frtdt. The 
plant presents some varieties — particularly in the size and com- 
plexion of the fruit ; and I am not sure that a nearly allied native 
species with red fruit (R. strigosus, Mx. Torr. &f Gr.), which is 
found on our mountains, is not sometimes seen, and mistaken for it, 
in the gardens. It requires some attention to keep the plant from 
spreading unduly, in a mellow soil, by means of its rambling roots. 

3. R. occidentals, L. Stem suffruticose, rather flaccid and lean- 
ing or arched, terete, smooth, and glaucous, armed with recurved 
prickles ; leaves pinnately 3- (rarely 5-) foliolate ; leaflets lance- 
ovate ; flowers in subumbellate corymbs ; petals often emarginate ; 
carpels smoothish, pitted in drying. Torr. <y Gr. Fl. 2V. A. 1. p. 
453. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 558. Fl. Cestr. p. 306. 

Western Rubtjs. Vulgo — Wild or Black Raspberry. Thimble-berry. 

Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet long, sparingly branched, limber and often arching over 
so that the summit comes to the ground and takes root, mostly purplish and 
pruinose or covered with a fine bluish-white powder. Leaflets mostly in threes, 
*2 to 4 or 5 inches long, often with a long acumination and subcordate at base, 
smoothish above, clothed with a dense glaucous tomentum beneath. Petals 
white. Fruit dark purple, or nearly black (rarely whitish — alboque simillima 
Gracalo!) when mature. Canada to Georgia and Missouri: Borders of wood- 
lands, fence-rows, &c. Fl. May. Fr. July. 

Obs. The fruit of tins is smaller and less esteemed than that of 
the preceding, — but is nevertheless sweet and agreeable. The 
plant, however, is generally treated as a weed, on all neat farms. 

§ 2. Carpels forming an ovoid or oblong fruit 3 persistent on the 
somewhat juicy receptacle (Blackberry). 

4. R. Canadensis, L. Stem fruticose, procumbent, armed with 
numerous short recurved prickles ; branches assurgent, sparingly 
aculeate ; leaves mostly 3-foliolate ; stipules linear-lanceolate ; leaf- 
lets rhomboid-oval ; pedicels subsolitary, axillary or in terminal 
corymbs on the short leafy flowering-branches. Torr. (y Gr. Fl. 
N. A. 1. p. 455. 

R. trivialis. Ptirsh. Fl. Cestr. p. 308; not of Mx. {fide Torr. (y Gr.) 
Canadian Rubtjs. Vulgo — Dewberry. Running Brier. 

Stem 4 to S or 10 feet long, slender, trailing, smoothish, — often several from 
the same root running in different directions, and giving out numerous leafy 
pubescent flowering-branches, which are nearly erect, and 2 to 4 or 6 inches 
long. Leaflets mostly in threes (sometimes pedately in fives), three fourths of an 
inch to an inch and half long. Floioers terminal and subterminal on the short 
branches, few and rather large, somewhat corymbose by the elongation of the 
lower axillary pedicels. Corolla white. Fruit oblong, obtuse or often roundish, 
large (half an inch to near an inch in diameter), black when mature, very suc- 
culent and sweet. Rocky sterile soils, old fields, &c. Canada to Virginia. Fl. 
Mav. Fr. Julv. 



ROSACE AE 51 

Obs. Our Dewberry is a fine fruit, and is generally preferred be- 
fore all the other Blackberries proper ; but it is not the " Dewberry" 
of England, — which is the R. caesius, L. There has been some 
confusion respecting our plant, among the Botanists, — and Prof. De 
Candolle seems not to have had a clear conception of the species : 
But there is scarcely a farmer's boy, in Pennsylvania, who is not 
well acquainted with it, — from having often encountered its prickly 
trailing stems with his naked ankles, while heedlessly traversing the 
old fields where it abounds. On well-managed farms, however, the 
plant is becoming somewhat rare. 

5. R. villosus, Ait. Stem fruticose, erect, angular, branching, 
armed with stout curved prickles ; young branches and peduncles 
glandular-villous ; leaves 3-foliolate or pedately 5-foliolate ; stipules 
subulate ; leaflets ovate or lance-oblong, villous beneath, the petioles 
and midribs aculeate ; racemes elongated, many-flowered. Torr. df 
Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 454. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 563. Fl. Cestr. p. 307. 
Villous Rubus. F«/°-;— Blackberry. Common Brier. Bramble. 
Fr. La Ronce. Germ. Der Brombeerstrauch. Span. Zarza. 

Root creeping. Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, stout, ridged or angular and some- 
what furrowed. Leaflets 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, mostly acute. Racemes rather 
large, sometimes leafy. Petals white. Fruit ovoid-oblong or cylindnc — some- 
times near an inch long, — changing from green to red or purplish, and finally 
black when mature. Old fields, thickets, and borders of woods: throughout the 
U. States. Fl. May. Fr. July— August. 

Obs. Every one knows the common Brier. The root, both of this 
and the preceding, being moderately astringent, is a popular remedy 
for diarrhoea and mild dysentery. The ripe fruit affords a pleasant 
jam, which is also considered salutary in such cases. Even the 
knots which are formed on the branches, from the puncture of in- 
sects, were formerly carried by credulous simpletons, as a sort of 
amulet, or charm against the tooth-ache ! The plant, nevertheless, 
is often something of a nuisance on our farms, from its tendency to 
spread, and take possession of neglected fields. There are several 
other species of Rubus in the U. States; but the foregoing are the 
chief of those which in any degree interest, or interfere much with 
the operations of the farmer, 

TRIBE III. ROSEAE. Jttss. 
Calyx urceolate, — the tube contracted at the orifice, including the numerous dis- 
tinct ovaries, at length becoming fleshy or baccate ; the segments somewhat 
spirally imbricated in aestivation, often foliaceous at apex. Akenes numerous, 
crustaceous, hispid, included in and attached to the inner surface of the calyx- 
tube. Styles terminal or subterminal, somewhat exserted. Shrubby and prickly 
plants. Leaves alternate, mostly odd-pinnate (rarely reduced to a single leaflet) ; 
stipules usually adnate to the petiole. 

55, ROSA. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 6357. 
[Supposed from the Celtic, Rhos, red ; the prevailing color of the flowers] 

D^* The Ge?ieri& character is the same as that of the Tribe. 
1. R. Carolina, L. Stem smooth, armed with stout recurved 
stipular prickles; leaflets mostly 5 or 7, oblong-oval or elliptic- 
lanceolate, finely serrate, somewhat glaucous beneath; flowers 
corymbose. Torr. £ Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 458. DC. Prodr. 2. p< 
605. Fl. Cestr. p. 311. 
Carolina Rosa. Vulgo — Swamp Rose. 



52 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

Stem 4 to 6 feet high, with numerous purple branches. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches 
long. Floivers mostly in terminal corymbs of 3 to 6 or 7 in a cluster. Petals 
red or purplish. Fruit (i. e. the fleshy calyx-tube) depressed-globose, a little 
glandular-hispid, dark red and shining when mature. Low swampy grounds, 
and thickets : Northern and Middle States. Fl. June— July. Fr. September. 

Obs. This is often a troublesome plant, in wet meadows and low 
grounds, — forming unsightly thickets with other weeds, if neglected. 

The native Roses of Pennsylvania are few in number, and not 
particularly handsome : but many beautiful species and varieties are 
every where cultivated, by persons of taste, for ornament. The R. 
setigera, Mx. sometimes called " Prairie Rose" — introduced from 
the West— is a fine showy species, and well adapted to train along 
walls, palisades, &c. — In the Southern States — especially in South 
Carolina — an introduced species — probably a native of China , 
though known by the name of the " Cherokee Rose" (R. laevigata, 
Mx. Torr. &f Gr. with long flexible branches, and bearing large 
white flowers), is highly commended by Mr. Elliott. " In our 
rural economy," he says, " this plant will one day become very im- 
portant. For the purpose of forming hedges, there is perhaps no 
plant which unites so many advantages." This Rose, however, 
will not stand our northern winters. 

SUB-ORDER IV. POMEAE. Juss. 

Ovaries 2 to 5 (rarely solitary), cohering with each other and with the thickened 
fleshy or pulpy calyx-tube, — each with one or few ascending seeds. Trees or 
shrubs. Leaves mostly simple, rarely pinnate. 

56. CRATAEGUS. L. Endl. Gen. 6353. 
[Greek, Kratos, strength ; in allusion to the strength or firmness of the wood] 

Calyx-tube urceolate ; limb 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. 
Styles 1 or 2 to 5. Pome fleshy or somewhat farinaceous, contain- 
ing 1 to 5 bony 1-seeded carpels. Thorny shrubs or small trees. 
Leaves alternate, simple, often incised or lobed. Flowers mostly in 
terminal corymbs. 

1. C. Crus-galli, L. Leaves obovate-cuneate or lance-oblong, 
serrate, coriaceous, smooth and shining, subsessile ; styles 2 or often 
solitary; fruit somewhat pyriform. Torr. 6f Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 
463. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 626. Fl. Cestr. p. 290. [Thorn. 
Cock-spur Crataegus. Vulgo — Cockspur Thorn. New Castle 

Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet high, much branched, and armed with sharp tapering 
thorns 2 to near 3 inches in length. Leaves 1 to 2£ inches long, on short petioles. 
Corymbs terminal on short rigid spurs. Petals white. Fruit middling sized, 
reddish brown when mature. Thickets, fence-rows, hedges, &c. Canada to 
Florida. Fl. June. Fr. October. 

Obs. This shrub — of which there are two or three pretty distinct 
varieties — is, in my opinion, the best adapted for hedging, of any of 
the genus. It has been long used for that purpose, in the vicinity 
of New Castle, Del. — but I do not think they have heretofore man- 
aged it in the best mode. It should be well laid, or plashed, at the 
proper age, and kept neatly trimmed to a convenient size, — instead 
of permitting it to grow at random, and occupy so much space, as 
the old ones around New Castle have done. 

2. C. cordata, Ait. Leaves deltoid-ovate and sub-cordate, acu- 



ROSACEAE 53 

minate, incised-serrate and somewhat 3-lobed, smooth, on slender 
and rather long petioles ; styles 5 ; fruit depressed-globose. Torr. 
4- Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 467. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 628. Fl. Cestr. p. 293. 
Cordate Crataegus. Vulgd — Washington Thorn. Virginia Thorn. 

StemlS to 20 feet high, much branched, and armed with slender tapering sharp 
thorns 1 to near 3 inches in length. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, often 3-lobed like 
a leaf of the Red Maple. Cory»ibs terminating the young slender short branches , 
Petals white. Styles more or less united. Fruit small, bright reddish purple 
when mature. Banks of streams : Virginia to Georgia. Fl. June. Ft. October. 

Obs. This species is the one which has been chiefly cultivated for 
hedging, in Pennsylvania, — where it was introduced, from the 
vicinity of Washington City, about the commencement of the pre- 
sent century. It makes a handsome hedge, but not a very substan- 
tial one ; and, in my opinion, is decidedly inferior to the Cockspur 
Thorn, for that purpose. I have used it extensively ; but have 
found it so subject to be broken into gaps, by thoughtless or reckless 
trespassers, that my hedges have been rather a source of vexation, 
than of satisfaction. 

57. PYRTJS. L. Bndl. Gen. 6342. 
[The Latin name for the Pear.] 

Galyx-tube ureeolate ; limb 5-lobed. Styles mostly 5, often united 
at base. Pome fleshy, — containing 2 to 5 cartilaginous or nearly 
membranaceous carpels. Seeds 2 in each carpel or cell; testa char- 
taceous or cartilaginous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple 
or pinnate. Flowers in terminal spreading cymes or corymbs. 

1. P. communis, L. Leaves simple, lance-ovate, slightly serrate, 
the upper surface smooth ; peduncles corymbose ; styles distinct ; 
fruit turbinate, not umbilicate at base. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 633. Fl. 
Cestr. p. 297. 

Common Pyrus. Vulgd — Pear. Pear-tree. 

Fr. Le Poirier. Germ. Der Birnbaum. Span. El Peral. 

Stem 15 to 30 feet high, branching; branches virgate, rather erect, forming an 
oblong or conical top. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long ; petioles 1 to 2 inches in length. 
Petals white. Fruit of various size (I to 2 or 3 inches in diameter), fleshy or 
succulent, umbilicate at apex, obovoid, tapering to the peduncle, often some- 
what curved or oblique : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. August — 
November. 

Obs. Many varieties of this luscious fruit have been obtained, by 
long culture, — in which the French seem particularly to excel. 

2. P. Malus, L. Leaves simple, ovate-oblong, serrate, the upper 
surface pubescent; peduncles subumbeilate ; styles subconnate ; 
fruit depressed-globose or oblong, umbilicate at base. DC. Prodr. 
2. p. 635. Fl. Cestr. p. 297. 

Apple Pyrus. Vulgd — Common Apple. Apple-tree. 

Fr. Le Pommier. Germ. Der Apfelbaum. Span. Manzano. 

Stem 15 to 25 or 30 feet high, branching ; branches mostly spreading and often 
geniculate, forming a broad bushy top. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long ; petioles an 
inch or more in length. Petals mostly pale red. Ftuit of various size (1 to 3 or 
4 inches in diameter), fleshy, umbilicate at both ends. Cultivated. Native of 
Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July — November. 

Obs. The varieties of this valuable fruit are almost innumerable,— 
and every farmer provides more or less of an Orchard : but there is 

5* 



54 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

far too little attention paid to the selection of the best. It is really 
wonderful to observe, how many worthless trees are permitted to 
cumber the ground, which might just as readily, and far better, be 
occupied by those which bear the choicest fruit. 
3. P. coronaria, L. Leaves simple, broad-ovate, rounded or sub- 
COrdate at base, incised-serrate and somewhat angulate-lobed, 
smoothish ; peduncles corymbose ; styles subconnate ; fruit de- 
pressed-globose, umbilicate at base. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p» 
470. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 635. Fl. Cestr. p. 296. 
Malus coronaria. Mill. Mx. Sylva, 2. p. 67. Icon, tab. 65. 
Crown Pyrus. Vulgo — Crab Apple. Sweet-scented Crab-tree. 

Stem 10 to 15 feet high, branching; branches spreading, rugged with short 
spurs, forming a rather bushy top. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long ; petioles half an 
inch to an inch and half in length. Flowers large and fragrant; petals pale rose 
red. Fruit rather small (about an inch in diameter), umbilicate at both ends, 
fleshy but firm and hard, smooth, pale greenish yellow and very fragrant when 
mature — yet extremely acid. Borders of woodlands, road-sides, &c. New York 
to Louisiana. Fl. May. Fr. September. 

Obs. This native Apple is now becoming scarce, in the older set- 
tlements of Pennsylvania. In former times, the ripe fruit was 
sought after, by notable Housewives, for the purpose of making 
Preserves. 

58. CYDONIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6341. 
[The name of a city of Crete, — whence it was obtained.] 

Calyx-tube subturbinate ; limb 5-lobed, — the lobes sometimes foli- 

aceous. Styles 5. Pome fleshy, containing 5 cartilaginous carpels. 

Seeds several in each carpel or cell, covered with mucilaginous pulp. 

Small trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or serrate. 

Flowers large, solitary or subumbellate. 

1. C. vulgaris, Pers. Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at base, very 

entire, tomentose beneath; fruit sub-turbinate, tomentose. DC. 

Prodr. 2. p. 638. Fl. Cestr. p. 298. 

Common Cydonia. Vulgo — Quince. Quince-tree. 

Fr. Le Cognassier. Germ. Der Quittenbaum. Span. Membrillero. 

Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, with spreading branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches 
long; petioles about half an inch long. Flowers terminal, solitary. Petals red- 
dish white. Stamens in a single series. Fruit 2 inches or more in diameter, 
somewhat obovoid, umbilicate at apex, abruptly tapering or produced at base, 
yellow when mature. Cultivated. Native of Southern Europe. Fl. May. Fr. 
September — October. 

Obs. The fruit of this is chiefly used for making preserves, — for 
which it is excellent. It is supposed to be the golden apple of the 
Hesperides, so celebrated in ancient fable ; but if the Orange had 
then been known, it would doubtless have been esteemed a more 
precious fruit, by " the Western Maidens. 5 ' The C. Japonica, Pers. 
(Pyrus Japonica, Willd.) is well known for its beauty as a flower- 
ing shrub, in the gardens ; but the fruit — though remarkably fra- 
grant — is very hard and acerb, and of little value. 

ORDER LIV. ONAGRACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 

Herbs, or rarely shrubby plants. Leaves alternate or opposite, not dotted nor sti- 
pulate. Flowers usually tetramerous (i. e. composed of 4 pieces or parts), showy. 



ONAGRACEAE 55 

Calyx tubular,— the tube adherent to the ovary, and usually produced beyond 
it. Petals 4 (rarely 3 or 6 — occasionally wanting), and the Stametis as many or 
twice as many, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Ovary commonly 4-celled ; 
styles united ; stigmas 4, or united in one. Fruit mostly capsular, with a locu- 
licidal dehiscence, — sometimes baccate. Seeds destitute of albumen. 

An Order containing some plants (such as the Fuchsias) which are interest- 
ing for their beauty, — but none of Agricultural value. 

TRIBE I. ONAGREAE. DC. 

Petals as many (sometimes wanting), and Stamens mostly twice as many, as 
the lobes of the calyx (which are usually 4), regular. Pollen connected by cob- 
web-like threads. Ovules mostly indefinite. Fruit capsular, or rarely dry and 
indehiscent. Herbs or suffruticose plants. 

SUB-TRIBE 2. OENOTHEREAE. Torr. <$• Gr. 
Calyx deciduous from the summit of the ovary after flowering. The Stamens 
opposite the petals, sometimes imperfect. Seeds naked (i. e. not comose). 
Leaves alternate. 

59. OENOTHERA. L. Bndl. Gen. 6115. 
[Greek, Oinos, wine, and thereuo, to hunt ; the roots being incentives to wine- 
drinking.] 

Calyx of 4 membranaceous sepals, partially cohering above, and 
united below into a long 4-sided or 8-ribbed tube ; limb reflexed, 
and, with a portion of the tube, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8, 
erect or declined. Ovary 4-celled; stigma 4-lobed (rarely sphaeri- 
cal). Capsule more or less oblong and quadrangular, 4-valved, 
many-seeded, — the placenta either persistent in the axis or cohering 
with the dissepiments. Flowers axillary, solitary or in terminal 
spikes — often vespertine. 

1. Oe. biennis, L. Stem erect, somewhat branched, pilose and 
roughish; leaves ovate-lanceolate, repand-dentate ; capsule obtusely 
4-angled, subsessile. Torr. if Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 492. DC. Prodr. 
3. p. 46. Fl. Cestr. p. 240. [herb. 

Biennial Oenothera. Vulgo — Evening Primrose. Night Willow - 

Root biennial. Stem 2 to 5 or 6 feet high, rather stout, hairy and usually 
greenish. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, sessile or subsessile. Flowers large, in a 
terminal leafy spike. Calyx colored.-^-the tube much longer than the ovary. 
Petals yellow. Ovary oblong ; style rather longer than the corolla; stigmas 4, 
cruciate, elongated, linear. Capsule obscurely 4-sided, an inch to an inch and 
half long, smoothish, splitting into 4 sub-linear valves, with the dissepiments in 
the middle (loculicidal), and the placenla persistent in the axis. Fields, fence- 
rows, &c. throughout the U. States. Fl. June — Sept. Fr. Aug. — Octo. 

Obs. This coarse plant is intitled to the notice of the farmer, 
merely in consequence of being a common, rather conspicuous, and 
worthless weed, in pastures, and on the borders of cultivated fields. 
A variety, of yet stouter growth, and very large flowers {Oe. gran- 
diflora, of some authors), is often tolerated in Gardens. There is 
another species (Oe. fmticosa, L. of smaller size, with more slender 
yet more rigid stems), which is quite common in old fields ; but is 
scarcely of sufficient importance — even as a weed — to claim a place 
in this work. 

ORDER LIX. GROSSULACEAE. DC. Mirb. 

Small shrubs, often spinose or prickly. Leaves alternate, somewhat in fascicles, 
palmately lobed and veined, often sprinkled with resinous dots. Flowers iri 
racemes or small clusters. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, and more or less 
produced beyond it, — the limb 5-lobed, sometimes colored. Petals 5, small. 
Stamens 5. Ovary with 2 parietal placentae j styks more or less united. Fruit 



56 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

a berry, crowned with the shrivelled remains of the flower. Seed* mostly nu- 
merous; embryo minute, in hard albumen. 

A small Order, — and of little or no interest beyond the genus here noticed. 

60. RIBES. &. Endl. Gen. 4682. 
[An ancient Arabic name, — of obscure meaning.] 

05^ The Generic character the same as that of the Order. 

f Stems more or less aculeate. 

1. R. Uva-ckispa, L. Leaves obtusely 3 to 5-lobed, somewhat 
villous beneath and on the petiole ; peduncles mostly 1 -flowered, 
bracteate ; sepals reflexed ; ovary and style villous ; berry hairy or 
smooth. DC. Trodr. 3. p. 478. Fl. Cestr. p. 161. 

Var. sativum. DC. I. c. Vulgl — Goose-berry. 

Fr. Vrai Groseillier. Germ. Die Stachelbeere. Span. Uva espina. 

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, diffusely branching. Leaves $ of an inch to an inch and 
half in length, and as wide as long, incise.ly lobed and dentate ; petioles gener- 
ally much shorter than the leaves, often margined. Peduncles solitary or in 
pairs, often bracteate near the middle. Petals pale greenish-yellow. Berries 
solitary, pendulous, large, oval, of a greenish amber color when mature. Gar- 
dens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. April. Fr. July. 

Obs. This species is much cultivated, for its fine fruit: but (in 
Pennsylvania, at least) it often fails to perfect the fruit, from some 
cause not well understood. Judging from specimens which I have 
seen, it appears to succeed much better, in England, — and the fruit 
attains to a much larger size, in that country. 

f f Stems not aculeate. 

2. R. RUBB.UM, L. Leaves obtusely 3. to 5-lobed, smooth above, pu- 
bescent beneath ; racemes pendulous, nearly smooth ; calyx rotate, 
the segments rounded. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. J\ T . A. 1. p. 550. DC. 
Prodr. 3. p. 4S1. Fl. Cestr. p. 161. 

Red Ribes. Vulgd — Red Currant. [i'OJa. 

Fr. Groseillier rouge. Germ. Gemeine Johannisbeere. Spa?i. Ribes 

Steyn* numerous, slender, sparingly branched, 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 
or 3 inches long, and rather wider than long, unequally incised-dentate : petiolis 
about as long as the leaves. Racemes produced from lateral buds distinct from 
the leaves; bracts ovate. Petals greenish yellow, minute. Berries globose, red 
(rarely whitish or pearl-color) when mature. Gardens : cultivated. Native of 
Europe and the northern regions of America. Fl. April. Fr. June — July. 

Obs. This is so easily cultivated, and is so constantly productive, 
that it is to be found in almost every garden. The fine acid fruit 
yields a favorite jelly, for the table ; and even the green berries are 
much used by the pastry cook. 

3. R. nigrum, L. Leaves 3 to 5-lobed, sprinkled with yellow resi- 
nous dots beneath ; racemes, loose, pilose ; calyx tubular-campanu- 
late. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 481. Fl. Cestr. p. 161. 

Black Ribes. Vulgd — Black Currant. 

Fr. Cassis. Germ. Schwarze Johannisbeere. Spa?i. Ribes negra. 

Stems numerous, slender, 3 to 5. feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and nearly 
as wide as long, dentate-serrate, pubescent beneath ; petioles shorter than the 
leaves. Racemes somewhat pendulous, generally with a distinct single-flow- 
ered peduncle at base ; bracts subulate. Petals pale yellowish green (sometimes 



GROSSULACEAE 57 

changed into stamens or staminodia). Berries roundtsh-ovoid, purplish black 
when mature. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Northern Europe. Fl. April. 
Fr. June — July. 

Obs. This is sometimes found in gardens; but the fruit being of 
a rather insipid or flat sweetish taste, it is not much esteemed. It 
however affords a jelly, which is a popular and useful remedy for 
sore throat, colds, &c. There are numerous other species of this 
genus ; but, so far as I know, the foregoing are all that are cultiva- 
ted (and perhaps all that are worth cultivating) for the sake of the 
fruit. The R. aureum, Pursh, or "Missouri Currant" — a species 
of modern discovery, with a long tubular calyx — is much admired 
for the clove-like fragrance of its early flowers, — and is now very 
common among the ornamental shrubbery of yards and gardens. 

ORDER LXIII. CUCURBITACEAE. Juss. 

Herbs, with succulent stems, and climbing by means of tendrils. Leaves alter- 
nate, palmately veined or lobed. Flowers monoicous or dioicous (rarely perfect). 
Calyx of 4 or 5 (rarely 6) sepals, uniled into a tube, and in the fertile flowers 
adherent to the ovary. Petals as many as the sepals, more or less united, and 
cohering with the calyx. Stamens 5 or 3, inserted into the base of the corolla 
or calyx, distinct or variously united by their filaments and long, mostly tortuous, 
anthers. Ovary usually 2 to 5-celled, — the thick fleshy placentae often filling the 
cells, or carried back so as to reach the walls of the pericarp ; the dissepiments 
often disappearing during its growth : stigmas thick, dilated or fringed. Fruit 
usually fleshy, with a firm (sometimes a ligneous and occasionally a membran- 
ous) rind. Seeds flat, often arillate, destitute of albumen ; cotyledons foliaceous. 
This Order — so well known for its culinary products — contains some which 
are possessed of active medicinal properties (such as the Colocynth, of the shops 
— Cucumis Colocynthis, L.) ; but few, if any, of Agricultural interest, beyond 
those here mentioned. 

TRIBE II. CUCURBITEAE. DC. 

Tendrils lateral, stipular (supposed to be transformed stipules.) 

DGF" Flowers monoicous (rarely dioicous or perfect). 

61. LAGENARIA. Ser. End I. Gen. 5136. 
[Greek, Lagenos, a flagon or bottle ; from the shape of the fruit.] 

Calyx campanulate or subturbinate, 5-toothed, — the segments subu- 
late-lanceolate, shorter than the tube. Petals 5, obovate, inserted 
within and beneath the margin of the calyx. Stamens 5, triadel- 
phous, the fifth one free. Stigmas 3, subsessile, thick, 2-lobed, 
granular. Fruit at first fleshy and pubescent, finally with a smooth 
ligneous rind. Seeds compressed, obovate, somewhat 2-lobed at 
apex, the margin tumid. 

1. L. vulgaris, Ser. Softly pubescent; stem climbing; leaves 
roundish-cordate, acuminate, denticulate, with 2 glands at base ; 
fruit clavate-ventricose. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 543. DC. 
Prodr. 3. p. 299. Fl. Cestr. p. 551. 

Common Lagenaria. Vidgo — Calabash. Bottle Gourd. 
Fr. Calebasse. Germ. Der Kuerbiss. Span. Calabaza. 

Whole plant somewhat viscid, and emitting a fetid musky odor. Stem 10 to 
15 or 20 feet long, slender, branching, climbing by tendrils which are 2 to 4-cleft. 
Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long ; petioles 2 to 6 inches long. Flowers axillary, on 
long peduncles; corolla white, with green nerves and veins. Fruit 12 to 18 
inches long, and 4 to 6 or 8 inches in diameter, unequally bi-ventricose, finally 
nearly hollow or partially filled with the loose dry suberose placentae, — the rind 
yellowish or pale brown, thin and hard. Seeds in a dry membranous arillus. 
Gardens, and Lots : cultivated. Native of the tropical regions. Fl. July — 
August. Fr. September— October. 



58 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

Obs. The thin firmnvoody shell, of the fruit, affords a very con- 
venient kitchen utensil, — and the plant is sometimes cultivated for 
the sake of that fruit, by cottagers and farmers who cannot afford, 
or do not choose, to purchase more costly utensils.* 

62. CUCUMIS. L. Endl. Gen. 5137. 
[Derived from the Celtic, Cucc, a hollow vessel, — according to De TJieis.] 

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed, — the teeth subulate, scarcely 
as long as the tube. Petals 5, nearly distinct and but slightly adnate 
to the calyx. Stamens 5, triadelphous. Stigmas 3, subsessile, 
thick, 2-lobed. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds white, lance- 
oblong, compressed, acute at base and on the margin. 

1. C. Melo, L. Stem prostrate ; leaves subcordate, obtuse, some- 
what angled, the angles rounded ; fertile flowers perfect ; fruit oval 
or subglobose, torulose. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 300. Fl. Cestr. p. 552. 
Melon Cucumis. Vulgo — Musk Melon. Cantaleupe. 

Fr. Melon. Germ. Die Melone. Span. Melon almizcleno. 

Hirsute and rough ish. Root annual. Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet long, sparingly 
branched : tendrils simple. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, and rather wider than 
long; petioles 2 to 3 inches in length. Floicers axillary, on short peduncles. 
Corolla yellow. Fruit 4 to 6 or 8 inches in diameter, often longitudinally ridged 
(torulose), — the flesh, when mature, yellowish, succulent, and of a saccharine 
spicy flavor. Gardens, and Lots : cultivated. Native of Asia. Fl. June — 
July. Fr. August. 

Obs. The fruit of this— of which there are several varieties — is a 
great favorite with many persons, — and it is often cultivated, in 
Pennsylvania ; but the best specimens are grown in the warm 
sandy soil of New Jersey, and the Southern States. 

2. C. sativus, L. Stem procumbent ; leaves subcordate and angu- 
late-lobed, the terminal lobe prominent ; fruit oblong, obscurely and 
obtusely trigonous, scabrous when young, finally smoothish. DC. 
Prodr. 3. p. 300. Fl. Cestr. p. 552. 

Cultivated Cucumis. Vulgo — Cucumber. 

Fr. Le Concombre. Germ. Die Gurke. Span. Pepino. 

Rough and hispid. Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 feet long, somewhat 
branching: ttmlrils simple. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, and nearly as wide 
as long, somewhat 5-angled and lobed ; petioles 2 to 4 inches in length. Flowers 
axillary, on short peduncles: corolla yellow. Fruit 6 to 12 inches long and2to 
3 inches in diameter, rough with bristle-pointed tubercles when young, smoothish 
and tawny yellow when mature. Gardens, and Lois : cultivated. Native of 
Tartary and the East. Fl. June— September. Fr. August— October. 

Obs. Known to every one, — and universally cultivated for the 
young or green fruit . The young fruit (sometimes called Gherkins) 
is much used for Pickles. In the Middle States, the popular time 
for planting the seeds, is " the first day of May, before sunrise. " 

3. C. Anguria, L. Stem prostrate, slender ; leaves palmate-lobed 
and sinuate, cordate at base ; fruit sub-globose or oval, echinate. 
DC. Prodr. 3. p. 301. Fl. Cestr. p. 553. 

Vulgo — Prickly Cucumber. Jerusalem Cucumber. 

* Willdexow seems to have had a high opinion of its value, in domestic 
economy. Under the head of " Usus." he mentions " Lagenae. cochlearia, infun- 
dibula : yilei. innumeraque alia utensilia.'' It might serve all these purposes, in a 
primitive state of society ; but our people have generally got rather past that. 



CUCURBITACEAE 59 

Hirsute. Root annual. Stem 3 to 6 feet long, branching; tendrils simple. 
Leavts 3 or 4 inches in length, deeply sinuate-lobed ; petioles 1 or 2 inches long. 
Flowers greenish yellow, on short axillary peduncles. Fruit usually about an 
inch and half long, oval, muricate, green. Gardens : cultivated. Native of 
Jamaica. Fl. July — August. Fr. September. 

Obs. Occasionally cultivated for the young fruity — which is used 
for Pickles. 

63. CITRULLUS. Neck. Endl. Gen. 5131. 
[From Citrus, an Orange ; the pulp being of an Orange red.] 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, — the segments linear-lanceolate. Petals 5, 
connected at base, adnate to the bottom of the calyx. Stamens 5, 
inserted on the base of the corolla, triadelphous. Style cylindric, 
trifid; stigmas convex, reniform-cordate. Frziit sub-globose, fleshy, 
the placentae mostly very succulent. Seeds numerous, colored, 
obovate-oblong, compressed, truncate at base and obtuse on the 
margin. 

1. C. vulgaris, Schrad. Stem prostrate, rather slender; leaves 
somewhat 5-lobed, the lobes obtusely sinuate-pinnatifid, bluish glau- 
cous beneath ; flowers solitary, pedunculate, with a single bract ; 
fruit globose or oval, very smooth, stellate-maculate. Walp. Repert. 

2. p. 199. 

Cucumis Citrullus, Ser. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 301. Fl. Cestr. p. 553. 

Common Citrullus. Vulgd — Water Melon. 

Fr. Melon d'eau. Germ. Die Wasser Melone. Span. Sandia. 

Plant hairy. Root annual. Stein 8 to 12 or 15 feet long, angular, somewhat 
branching; tendrils branched. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, ovate in their 
outline : petioles 2 to 3 inches long, generally erect. Flou-ers axillary, on hairy 
peduncles an inch or more in length. Corolla pale greenish yellow. Fruit 10 
to 20 inches long, globose er oval, with a firm fleshy rind, and, when mature, 
with a tender sweet watery pulp within which is usually purple or reddish 
orange-colored (sometimes nearly white). Seeds black or purplish brown. 
Gardens, and fields: cultivated. Native of India, and Africa. FL June — Aug. 
Fr. August — September. 

Obs. This plant— so well known for its delicious fruit — is exten- 
sively cultivated, — but succeeds best in the sandy soils along the At- 
lantic coast, or on the alluvial banks of our Western waters. — There 
is a nearly allied plant, often seen in gardens, which bears a consi- 
derably different fruit — known by the name of " Citron," the firm 
rind of which is used in making " Sweet meats" or Preserves. The 
flesh is very firm, and the centre does not become red, tender nor 
watery, like the common Water Melon : yet the whole aspect of the 
plant, and external appearance of the fruit, so closely resemble this 
species, that I suppose it may be nothing more than a variety : 
perhaps the var. Pasteca, Ser. DC. 

64. CUCURBITA. L. Endl. Gen. 5138. 
[The Latinized Celtic name for a Gourd or hollow vessel ; applied to this genus.] 

Corolla campanulate,— the petals coalesced with each other and 
with the calyx. Staminate Fl. C#/y:r hemispherical-campanulate. 
Stamens 5, triadelphous and syngenesious ; anthers straight and 
parallel, with the base and apex abruptly curved. Pistillate Fl. 
Calyx obovoid-clavate, contracted to a neck above the ovary, always 
circumscissed below the limb after flowering. Stigmas 3, thick, 



60 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

2-lobed. Fruit fleshy, or sometimes becoming subligneous. Seeds 
white, convexly compressed, obovate, the margin scarcely tumid. 
Stems procumbent. Leaves cordate. 

1. C. Pepo, L. Leaves obtusely cordate, somewhat 5-lobed ; fruit 
subglobose oblong or clavate, smooth, always fleshy. DC. Frodr, 
3. p. 317. Fl. Cestr. p. 555. 
Vtclgd — Pumpkin. Fr. La grosse Citrouille. Potiron. 

Rough and hispid. Root annual. Stem 10 to 20 or 30 feet long, sparingly 
branched ; tendrils branched. Leaves 9 to 15 or 18 inches in length ; petioles 3 to 6 
or 8 inches long. Flowers yellow, large, axillary, — the staminate ones often soli- 
tary on a long peduncle. Fruit of various forms, sizes and colors, — the flesh of 
the rind usually yellowj the cavity loosely filled with a yellow stringy pulp. — 
Fields, and Lots : cultivated (usually with Indian Corn, in Pennsylvania). Native 
of the East. Fl. July. Fr. October. 

Obs. Extensively cultivated for its fruit, — of which there are 
many varieties ; some of them attaining to an enormous size (2 feet 
or more in diameter), — but these are not so valuable. The better 
sorts are often used at table, — affording the celebrated Pumpkin Fie 
of New England ; and the coarser varieties are esteemed for feeding 
Stock. When growing in the immediate vicinity of Squashes, the 
fruit of this species is liable to be converted into a Hybrid, of little 
or no value. I have had a crop of Pumpkins totally spoiled, by in- 
advertently planting Squashes among them, — the fruit becoming 
very hard and warty — unfit for the table, and unsafe to give to 
cattle. 

2. C. Melopepo, L. Leaves subcordate, somewhat 5-angled; fruit 
mostly orbicular and much depressed, or clypeate, with the margin 
often tumid and torulose, at first fleshy, finally subligneous. DC. 
Frodr. 3. p. 317. Fl. Cestr. p. 555. 

Vulgo — Round Squash. Cymling. Fr. Bonnet de Pretre. Pastisson. 

Hirsute. Root annual. Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet long, somewhat branching; 
tendrils branched, — sometimes transformed or developed into imperfect leaves. 
Leaves 6 or S inches long ; petioles as long as the leaves. Flowers yellow, rather 
large, pedunculate. Fruit of various colors (mostly yellow, pale green, or mot- 
tled), smooth or sometimes Warty, — the rind finally hard and woody, containing a 
loose stringy pulp. Fields, and Gardens: cultivated. Native country uncertain. 
Fl. July. Fr. October. 

Obs. Cultivated for the young fruit, — which is generally esteemed, 
as a vegetable sauce. There are numerous varieties of the fruit— 
and of various qualities. There is also a kind of stunted variety of 
the plant, with a short bushy stem, which is often a prolific bearer. 

3. C. verrucosa, L. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the 'middle lobe nar- 
rowed at base ; fruit elliptic-oblong, or clavate and often arcuate, 
verrucose. DC. Frodr. 3. p. 317. Fl. Cestr. p. 556. Also ? C. sub- 
verrucosa. Willd. DC. I. c. 

Warty CtjctjrBita» Vulgo — Warted Squash. Long-necked Squash. 

Hirsute. Root annual. Stem 10 to 15 feet long, somewhat branching; tendrils 
branched. Leaves 8 to 10 inches long ; petioles nearly as long as the leaves. 
Flowers yellow, rather large. Fruit varying from oblong to obovoid and clavate, 
often much elongated and curved, rough with warts or obtuse tubercles, and of 
various colors, or shades, from yellow to green and white, finally hard and sub- 
ligneous or bony. Lots, and Gardens : cultivated. Native country unknown. 
Fl. July. Fr. October. 



CUCURBITACEAE 61 

Obs. Cultivated as the preceding (to which it is nearly allied), — 
and for the same purposes. Both species are apt to produce worth- 
less Hybrids among Pumpkins, when growing near them ; and 
therefore should never be planted in their immediate vicinity. 

ORDER LXV. SAXIFRAGACEAE. Juss. DC. 

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, sometimes stipulate. Inflorescence 
various, often cymose. Sepals 4 or 5, persistent, more or less connected ■with 
each other, and often more or less adherent to the ovary. Petals as many as the 
sepals — rarely wanting. Stamens as many — or more commonly twice as many 
(rarely fewer, or 3 or 4 times as many) — as the petals, and inserted with them 
into the throat of the calyx. Ovaries mostly 2 (sometimes 3 or 4), usually coher- 
ing at base and distinct at summit. Fruit capsular, mostly with septicidal de- 
hiscence. Seeds numerous ; embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. 

An unimportant Order, to the Agriculturist, — though some species of Hydran- 
gea and Philadelphus are admired, and cultivated, as Ornamental Shrubs. 

SUB-ORDER I. SAXIFRAGEAE. DC. Torr. £ Gr. 

Herbs. Petals imbricated in aestivation. Capsule (when the carpels are united) 
either 2-celled with the placentae in the axis, or 1-celled with parietal placentae. 

65. SAXIFRAGA. L. Endl. Gen. 4634. 
[Latin, Saxum, a rock, and /ranger e, to break ; the plant often growing in clefts 

of rocks.] 

Calyx 5-parted, often adnate to the base of the ovary. Petals 5, 
entire. Stamens mostly 10 (rarely 5). Capsule usually 2-beaked, — 
or rather consisting of 2 acuminate connate carpels, opening between 
the diverging beaks. Radical leaves usually rosulate ; cauline ones 
mostly alternate. 

1. S. Pennsylvania, L. Leaves all radical, oblanceolate or oval, 
rather acute, obsoletely denticulate, tapering at base to a broad 
margined petiole ; scape leafless, striate, pubescent ; cymes in an 
oblong panicle ; flowers pedicellate ; petals linear-lanceolate, scarcely 
twice as long as the calyx ; ovary nearly free. Torr. &r Gr. Fl. JV. 
A. 1. p. 571. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 39. Fl. Cestr. p. 270. 

Pennsylvanian Saxifrage. Vulgd— Tall Saxifrage. 

Root perennial, with coarse fibres. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, thin and 
smoothish, somewhat cili'ate. Scape 2 to 3 (occasionally 4 or 5) feet high, rather 
stout, sulcate-striate. Cymes at first in conglomerate heads — finally rather 
loose, in an oblong open panicle 12 to 18 inches in length, — the branches glan- 
dular-pubescent and somewhat viscid. Petals greenish yellow, small. Stamens 
persistent ; anthers orange-colored with a tinge of purple. Seeds angular, dark 
brown. Swampy meadows, and low grounds : Canada to Virginia and Ohio. 
Fl. May. Fr. July. 

Obs. There are numerous species of Saxifrage on this continent 
(a white-flowered one, — viz. S. Virginiensis, Mx. is very common 
on rocky banks, in the wood-lands of the middle States) : But this is 
the only one which, by its size, and frequent occurrence in wet 
meadows, is likely to attract the notice of the farmer. It is a mere 
weed ; but not difficult to get rid of, by draining and proper attention. 

The Heuchera Americana, L. or Ahim-root — a plant belonging to 
this order — is frequent along fence-rows and borders of rich wood- 
lands, — and its astringent root has been of some notoriety as an In- 
dian remedy for cancerous sores : But it is scarcely of sufficient pro- 
minence, on the farm, to command the attention of the Agriculturist. 

6 



62 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

ORDER LXVII. UMBELLIFERAE. Juss. 

Herbs. Stems often fistular and furrowed. Leaves alternate, simple but gener~ 
ally much dissected, — the petioles more or less sheathing or dilated at base. 
Fioivers in umbels ; umbels mostly compound and involucrate. Calyx intirely 
adherent to the surface of the 2-carpelled ovary ; the limb reduced to a mere 
border or to 5 small teeth. Petals 5, distinct, with inflected points, inserted to- 
gether with the 5 stamens on a disk which crowns the ovary. Ovary 2-celled, 
with a solitary suspended ovule in each cell or carpel : Styles 2, — their bases 
often united and thickened (forming a Stylopodium). Fruit dry, consisting of 2 
single-seeded indehiscent akene-like carpels (called Mericarps, by DC), which 
adhere by their faces (or commissure) to a slender common axis (Carpophore), — 
at length separating from each other, and suspended from the summit of the 
axis or Carpophore: the Carpels are usually marked with a definite number of 
longitudinal ribs (juga), which are sometimes dilated into wings ; the intervals 
or channels between the ribs — as also the commissure — often contain, within 
the pericarp and parallel with the ribs, one or more linear receptacles of aro- 
matic oil, — which receptacles are called Vittae or fillets. Seed usually coherent 
with the carpel ; embryo minute, at the base of horny albumen. * 

This large and important Order comprises about 200 genera, — and is remarka- 
ble for the aromatic and generally harmless character of the fruit — while the 
herbage (including root, stem and leaves,) is often highly deleterious. The spe- 
cies best known on the farm, and in the kitchen-garden, are here noticed. 
Some medicinal gums are furnished by this Order, — such as Asafoetida, Galba- 
num., and perhaps Ammoniac. 

SUB-ORDER I. ORTHOSPERMAE. DC. 

Inner face of the seed and albumen straight and flat or plane (i. e. neither invo- 
lute at the sides, nor incurved from base to apex). 

A. Carpels few-ribbed > *. e. with -primary ribs only. 

TRIBE IV. AMMINEAE. Koch. 
Fruit laterally compressed or didymous. Carpels with 5 equal filiform or some- 
times slightly winged ribs, — the lateral ones marginal. Vittae various. 

f Calyx with the limb dentate. 

66. CICUTA. L. Endl. Gen. 4391. 
f A Latin name for the hollow stem, or internodes, of plants ; applied to this genus.] 

Calyx with 5 acuminate segments. Petals roundish-obcordate by 
the inflection of the apex. Fruit roundish. Stylopodium depressed. 
Carpels with 5 flatfish equal ribs. Channels filled with single vittae. 
Commissure with 2 vittae. Carpophore 2-parted. Involucre or 
few-leaved. Involucels many-leaved. Sub-aquatic herbs. Stem 
terete, smooth, fistular. Leaves tripinnately or triternately dissected. 

1. C. maculata, L. Stem spotted or streaked; leaves bi- or tri- 
ternately divided, — the segments lanceolate, mucronately serrate ; 
umbels terminal and axillary. Torr. 6f Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 610. 
DC. Prodr. 4. p. 99. Fl. Cestr. p. 185. 
Spotted Cicuta. Vulgo — Spotted Cow-bane. Water Hemlock. 

* The longitudinal ribs, on the carpels, are distinguished into primary and se- 
condary. The primary ones (10 in number on the 2 carpels — or 5 on each.) are 
pretty constant and more or less conspicuous. — representing the midribs and 
sutures (or lines of junction) of the 5 sepals, which, by their union, form the 
tube of the calyx and coat of the fruit. The 5 ribs which correspond with the 
midribs of the 5 sepals, are termed carina! ribs, and their extension at apex 
forms the 5 calyx-teeth : the 5 which represent the sutures of the sepals, are 
called sutural ribs, — and they, of course, terminate at the sinuses between the 
calyx-teeth. Alternating with these primary ribs, there is sometimes a develop- 
ment of secondary ones,— which Prof. De Candolle regards as representing 
lateral nerves (i. e. one on each side of the midrib) of the united sepals. These 
ribs and vittae, together with the form or manner of compression of the fruit, 
afford important aid in determining the generic character of the plants of this re- 
markably natural family. 



UMBELLIFERAE 63 

Root perennial with thick oblong fleshy fibres. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, branch- 
ing, dark purple, or striate with green and purple or brown. Leaves smooth, — 
the lower ones on rather long petioles, triternately dissected with the terminal 
division mostly in fives ; segments or leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, petiolulate, 
penninerved, — the nerves (as remarked by Dr. Bigelow,) running to the notches 
of the serratures instead of the points. Umbels spreading ; rays slender. Invo- 
lucre or 1 or 2 linear leaflets. Involucels of 5 or 6 small lance-linear leaflets. 
Petals white. Fruit nearly round ; ribs rather broad ; channels reddish brown 
or dark purple, filled with aromatic oily matter. Swampy grounds, and mar- 
gins of rivulets : throughout the U. States. Fl. July. Fr. September. 

Obs. The mature fruit of this plant has a strong anisate odor. 
The root is an active poison ; and the lives of children, and others, 
are often endangered and sometimes destroyed by eating it, in mis- 
take for that of the Sweet Cicely (Osmorhiza longistylis, DC.) — 
an aromatic plant of the same natural family. The herbage is also 
said to be destructive to Cattle, when eaten by them : all which 
goes to show the propriety of possessing sufficient Botanical know- 
ledge to be able to identify the plant — and likewise the necessity of 
extirpating it from all meadows and pastures. 

f f Calyx with the limb obsolete, 

67. APIUM. Hoffm. Endl. Gen. .4.393. 
[From the Celtic, Apon, water ; near which it naturally grows.] 

Petals roundish, with a small inflexed apex. Fruit roundish. Sty- 
lopodium depressed. Carpels with 5 filiform equal ribs. Channels 
with single vittae, the outer ones often with 2 or 3 vittae. Carpo- 
phore undivided. Involucre ; 0. Involucels 0. Stems sulcate. Leaves 
pinnately dissected. 

1. A. graveolens, L. var. dulce, DC. Lower leaves on very long 
petioles ; segments cuneate, lobed and incised-dentate at apex. DC. 
Prodr. 4. p. 101. Fl. Cestr. p. 187. 

Strong-scented Apitjm. Vulgd — Celery. 

Fr. Celeri. Germ. Der Celeri. Span. Apio hortense. 

Whole plant glabrous. Root biennial, fusiform. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branch- 
ing. Radical leaves on stout succulent channelled petioles 6 to 12 inches or more 
in length, and which are green, or often purplish, when not artificially blanched ; 
stem leaves on short petioles. Umbels terminal and axillary, — the axillary ones 
often subsessile ; rays unequal, spreading. Petals greenish white. Fruit nearly 
orbicular. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September. 

Obs. This is much cultivated for the sake of the succulent spicy 
petioles of the radical leaves, —which are used as a salad : But in 
order to be rendered palatable — or even eatable — they require to be 
blanched or etiolated by the exclusion of light, — which is usually ef- 
fected by planting in trenches and covering them with earth. The 
var. rapaceum, DC. or Turnep-rooted Celery, is also cultivated,— 
though not so commonly. 

68. PETROSELINUM. Hoffm-. Endl. Gen. 4394. 
[Greek, Petrd. rock, and Selinum ; Rock Selinum, — from its native habitat.] 

Petals roundish, incurved, scarcely emarginate by the inflection of 
the narrow apex. Fruit ovate. Stylopodium conical, short. Car- 
pels with 5 equal ribs. Channels with single vittae. Commissure 
with 2 vittae. Carpophore 2-parted. Involucre few-leaved. In- 
volucels many-leaved. Stems somewhat angular. Leaves decom- 
pound. 



64 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

1. P. sativum, Hoffm. Segments of the lower leaves cuneate-ovate, 

trifid and incised-dentate, — of the upper ones linear -lanceolate and 

nearly entire ; involucels subulate. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 102. Fl. 

Cestr. p. 188. 

Cultivated Petroselinum. Vulgo — Parsley. 

Fr. Persil. Germ. Die Petersilie. Span. Perexil. 

Plant smooth. Root biennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, striate with green and 
yellowish stripes, branched. Leaves shining green, the lower ones much dis- 
sected. Umbels terminal and axillary, pedunculate. Involucre of a single leaflet 
(or sometimes 2 or 3), linear. Involucels of 5 or 6 short subulate leaflets. Petals 
greenish white. Fruit ovate. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Eastern Europe. 
Fl. June. Fr. August. 

Obs. Cultivated for the pleasant-flavored leaves which are used 
in culinary processes. The root has long been a popular diuretic. 
The var. crispum, or Curled Parsley — with the segments of the 
lower leaves broader, and curled on the margin — is also frequent in 
kitchen gardens. 

69. CARUM. Koch. Endl. Gen. 4406. 
[Said to be derived from Caria, — the native country of the plant.] 

Petals regular, obovate, emarginate by the inflection of the apex. 
Stylopodium depressed; styles deflected. Fruit ovate or oblong. 
Carpels with 5 filiform equal ribs. Channels with single vittae. 
Commissure with 2 vittae. Carpophore free, bifid at apex. Invo- 
lucre and Involucels various — sometimes 0. Stems striate, smooth. 
Leaves pinnately dissected ; segments multifid. 

1. C. Carui, L. Leaves somewhat bipinnatifid, the segments 
linear; involucre 1-leaved or 0; involucels 0. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 
115. Fl. Cestr. p. 188. 

Carian Carum. Vtdgd — Common Caraway. 

.Fr. Carvi. Germ. Gemeiner Kuemmel. Span. Alcaravea. 

Root biennial ? (perennial, DC), fusiform. Stem about 2 feet high, branched. 
Radical leaves rather large ; stem leaves multifid, the segments filiform. Petals 
white. Fruit oblong or elliptic, often oblique at apex. Gardens : cultivated. 
Native of Europe. JF7. June. JFV. August. 

Obs. This is sometimes cultivated for its highly aromatic fruit, — 
which is used to impart a flavor to calces, and other articles of cookery. 

TRIBE V. SESELINEAE. Koch. 
Fruit terete — l. e. a transverse section of it nearly orbicular. Carpels with 5 
filiform or winged ribs, — of which the lateral ones are marginal, and equal 
with, or a little broader than, the others. 

70. FOENICULUM. Adans. Endl. Gen. 4425. 
[Latin, diminutive of Foenurh, hay ; from a resemblance in its odor.] 

Calyx with the limb a little tumid, the teeth obsolete. Petals oval, 
entire, involute, with a broadish retuse apex. Fruit elliptic-oblong, 
subterete. Stylopodium conical. Carpels with 5 obtuse keeled 
ribs, — of which the lateral ones are marginal, and often a little 
broader. Channels with single vittae. Commissure with 2 vittae. 
Divolucre and Invohicels 0. Biennial or perennial. Stems terete, 
striate. Leaves decompound, pinnately dissected, the segments 
linear. 



UMBELLIFERAE 65 

1. F. vulgare, Gaertn. Segments of the leaves subulate-linear, 

elongated; umbels many-rayed. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 142. Fl. Cestr. 

p. 191. 

Common Foeniculum. Vulgo — Fennel. Garden Fennel. 

Fr. Fenouil. Germ. Der Fenchel. Span. Hinojo. 

Plant smooth. Root perennial ? (biennial, DC). Stem 4 to 5 or 6 feet high, 
branching, striate-grooved, purplish-green and somewhat glaucous. Leaves 
large, finely and somewhat biternately dissected ; segments an inch to an inch 
and half long, almost filiform, — the subdivisions often dichotomous: common 
petioles much dilated, sheathing, produced into 2 marginal lobes at summit. 
Umbels of'15 to 20 or 30 unequal rays. Petals yellow. Carpels semi-terete, 
striately ribbed and grooved. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. 
July. Fr. September. 

Obs. The whole plant is highly aromatic. Those who kept Bees, 
in former years, were much in the practice, when those insects 
swarmed, of rubbing the inside of the Bee-hive with this fragrant 
herb, — under the impression that the odor would attach them to their 
new domicil. It is chiefly cultivated for its aromatic frnit,— which 
is occasionally used in domestic economy ; and is sometimes smoked 3 
like tobacco, as a popular remedy for cholic. 

TRIBE VII. PETJCEDANEAE. DC. 

Fruit dorsally and more or less flatly compressed, surrounded with a single di- 
lated entire smooth margin, — which is flattened or slightly convex, but not 
thickened at the edge. Carpels with 5 filiform (or rarely winged) ribs, — of which 
the lateral ones are contiguous to the dilated margin or united with it. 

71. ARCHEMORA. DC. EndL Gen. 4472. 
[Named from Archemorus, — who died from eating Parsley. DC] 

Calyx 5-toothed. Petals obcordate by the inflection of the acumi- 
nate apex. Fruit elliptic-ovate, convex or lenticularly compressed. 
Stylopodium conical, broad at base. Carpels with 5 equidistant 
obtuse ribs, — the lateral ones dilated into a flattish thin-edged marr 
gin. Channels filled by single vittae. Commissure with 2 or more 
vittae. Carpophore 2-parted. Involucre or few-leaved. Invo- 
hccels many-leaved. Stem terete, striate. Leaves pinnately or 
ternately dissected, — the segments or leaflets entire or sparingly 
toothed near the apex. 

1. A. rigida, DC. Leaves pinnately dissected, — the segments in 3 
to 5 pairs with a terminal odd one, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, very 
entire or remotely incised-dentate near the apex ; umbels terminal 
and subterminal, on long peduncles. Torr. &r Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 
631. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 188. Fl. Cestr. p. 195. 
Rigid or stiff Archemora. Vidgd — Cow-bane. Wild Parsnep. 

Whole plant smooth. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, rather slen- 
der, sparingly branched above. Leaves all simply pseudo-pinnate ; common 
petioles 1 to 5 or 6 inches long, channelled and somewhat margined : leaflets or 
segments 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, — varying from linear to ovate-lanceolate and 
cuneate-oblong, often a little falcate. .Umbels about 3, on rather long sulcate- 
striate peduncles. Involucre 0, or sometimes of 2 or 3 lance-linear leaflets. In- 
volucels of 6 or 8 subulate-hnear leaflets. Petals white. Channels filled to con- 
vexity by the dark purple vittae. Commissure a little concave, lined with a 
white suberose coat. Swampy meadows, and low grounds : New York to 
Louisiana. Fl. August. Fr. October. 

6* 



66 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

Obs. This is reputed to be an active poison, — particularly to horned 
Cattle, when eaten by them ; and therefore every farmer is interested 
in knowing the plant, and causing it to be eradicated from his mea- 
dows and pastures. It varies somewhat in its features ; but the 
above is a description of its usual form, in Pennsylvania. 

72. PASTINACA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 4473. 
[Latm, Pastus, a repast or nourishment ; from the use made of the root.] 

Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Petals orbicular, involute, retuse 
by the inflection of the broadish apex. Fruit oval, flatly compressed, 
with a dilated flat margin. Stylopodium depressed, peltate. Car- 
pels with 5 very slender ribs, — 3 of them dorsal and equidistant — 
the other 2 remote, contiguous to the margins. Channels with 
single conspicuous vittae. Commissicre with 2 or more vittae. 
Carpophore 2-parted. Involucre mostly 0. hivolucels 0, or few- 
leaved. Stem sulcate, smooth. Leaves pinnately dissected, — the 
leaflets incised-dentate or lobed. 

1. P. sativa, L. Leaves minutely pubescent; leaflets in 3 or 4 
pairs with a terminal odd one, ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, incised- 
dentate, sessile, — the terminal one 3-lobed and petiolulate ; umbels 
large, spreading, fastigiate ; fruit emarginate. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. 

A. l.p. 632. DC.Prodr. 4. p. 188. Fl. Cestr.p. 196. 

Cultivated Pastinaca. Vulgd — Parsnep. Garden parsnep. 

Fr. Panais potager. Germ. Die Pastinake. Span. Chirivia. 

Plant yellowish green. Root biennial, fusiform, large and fleshy. Stem 3 to 5 
feet high, rather stout, furrowed and fistular, somewhat branching. Leaflets 2 
to 4 inches long (the primary leaves, of the young plant, orbicular-cordate and 
incisely crenate). Umbels nearly level on the top. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals 
yellow, small, with the apex incurved or rolled in. Fruit thin or very flatly 
compressed on the back. Ribs filiform ; channels greenish yellow; vittae dark 
purple, generally linear, sometimes a little clavate. Gardens: cultivated. Na- 
tive of Europe. Fl. June — August. Fr. August — October. 

Obs. Generally cultivated for its fine esculent root, — which, in the 
best varieties (such as that called the " Guernsey Parsnep"), is re- 
markably rich and marrow-like. The plant produces many seeds, 
and is apt to stray from the garden into the fields, — where it speedily 
degenerates, and, if neglected, becomes a troublesome unsightly weed. 

B. Carpels many -ribbed : i. e. with the secondary ribs prominently 

developed. 

TRIBE XII. DATJCINEAE. Koch. 

Fruit lenticularly compressed on the back, or sometimes nearly orbicular on a 
transverse section. Carpels with the 5 primary ribs filiform and bristly — the 
lateral ones on the commissure, — the 4 intervening secondary ribs more prominent, 
extended into prickles, which are either distinct or united at base into a wing. 

73. DAUCUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 4497. 
[Daukos, the ancient Greek name of the Carrot."] 

Calyx 5-toothed. Petals obovate, emarginate by the inflection of 
the acuminate apex, — those on the margin of the umbel often larger 
than the others, and obcordate or bifid. Fruit ovoid-oblong, some- 
what dorsally compressed. Stylopodium depressed, thickish. Car- 
pels with the 5 primary ribs filiform and minutely bristly, — of which 



UMBELLIFERAE 67 

ribs 3 are on the back of the carpel, and 2 on the commissure : the 
4 secondary ribs equal, prominently winged, and each pectinately 
cleft into a single row of prickles. Cha?uiels with single vittae 
under the secondary ribs. Carpophore free, entire. Involucre 
many-leaved ; leaflets pinnatifid. Involucels many -leaved ; leaflets 
trifid or entire. Leaves bi- or tri-pinnately dissected. 
1. D. Carota, L. Stem hispid; leaves 2- 3-pinnatifid ; segments 
pinnatifid, the lobes lanceolate and cuspidate ; leaflets of the invo- 
lucre nearly as long as the umbel ; prickles about equal to the 
diameter of the oblong-oval fruit. Torr. 4* Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 635. 
DC. Prodr. 4. p. 211. Fl. Cestr. p. 197. 
Carot Daucus. Vulgd— Carrot. Wild Carrot. 
Fr. Carotte. Germ. Die Moehre. Span. Zanahoria. 

Plant greyish green, hispidly pilose. Boot biennial, fusiform, yellowish or 
orange-colored. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, rather slender, terete, sulcate-striate, 
branching. Leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid ; segments half an inch to an inch 
long, much incised. Umbels on long peduncles or naked branches, nearly level 
on the top when in flower — concave when in fruit. Petals white or ochroleu- 
cous — occasionally with a purplish tinge, — the central floret of the umbel often 
abortive, with fleshy dark purple petals. Fruit very hispid, — the prickles on 
the secondary ribs somewhat barbed. Gardens, fields and road sides : intro- 
duced. Native of Europe, and the East. Fl. July— September. Fr. September — 
October. 

Obs. The var. sativa, DC. or common Garden Carrot, — with a 
large fleshy yellow or reddish orange-colored root, — is much culti- 
vated as a culinary vegetable, for soups, &c. In Europe, it is highly 
esteemed as a food for Milk Cows, and other stock, during winter ; 
but in this country, the root culture, for such objects, is but little 
attended to, — probably less than it ought to be. The wild variety 
is extensively naturalized, — and threatens to become a troublesome 
pest, on our farms. When it gets on the premises of a careless 
slovenly farmer, it soon multiplies so as to become a source of an- 
noyance to the whole neighborhood. It should be diligently eradi- 
cated before it matures its seeds. 

SUB-ORDER II. CAMPYLOSPERMAE. DC. 

Inner fact of the seed and albumen involute at the sides — forming a longitudinal 
groove. 

tti^ Fruit with primary ribs only. 

TRIBE XVI. SMYRNIEAE. Koch. 
Fruit turgid, often laterally compressed or contracted. Carpels with 5 ribs, — 
the lateral ones marginal, or placed in front of or opposite the margin — some- 
times nearly obliterated. 

74. CONIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 4532. 
[An ancient name, of obscure etymology.] 

Calyx with the limb obsolete. Petals obcordate by the inflection of 
the short acuminate apex. Fruit ovate, compressed or contracted 
at the sides. Stylopodium dilated at base. Carpels with 5 promi- 
nent equal ribs which are undulate-crenulate when immature, — the 
lateral ones marginal. Channels striate, without vittae. Carpo- 
phore bifid at apex. Seed with a deep narrow longitudinal groove 
on its face. Involucre few-leaved. Involucels dimidiate or one- 
sided, about 3-leaved. 



68 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 

1. C. maculatum, L. Stem terete, spotted; leaves tripinnately 

dissected, — segments lanceolate, pinnatifid, the lobes acute and often 

incised ; leaflets of the involucels lanceolate, shorter than the um- 

bellets. Torr. 4- Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 640. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 242. 

Fl. Cestr.p. 201. Icon. Fl. Lond. 1. 

Spotted Conium. Vulgo — Common Hemlock. 

Fr. Cigue ordinaire. Germ. Der Schierling-. Span. Ceguda. 

Plant smooth, deep bluish green, and sometimes glaucous. Root biennial', 
fusiform, whitish and fleshy. Stem 2 to 4 (sometimes 6 or 8) feet high, fistular, 
branched, somewhat sulcate, streaked with green and yellow and often spotted 
with dark purple. Common petioles dilated, nerved, with scar ious margins. Petals 
white. Fruit somewhat gibbous. Carpels with the ribs wavy, especially while 
young, — the faces inclining to separate between the base and apex (i. e. some- 
what eoelospermous), when mature. Waste places: introduced. Native of 
Europe. Fl. June — July. Ft. September. 

Obs. This foreigner is partially naturalized in many places,— and 
being a powerful narcotic poison, it ought to be known by every 
person on whose premises it may occur. The plant when bruised 
emits a disagreeable odor. The extract was formerly celebrated as 
a remedy in scrophulous disease ; and, like the generality of poisons, 
it may no doubt prove medicinal, when judiciously and skilfully 
employed. 

SUB-ORDER III. COELOSPERMAE. DC. 

Inner face of the seed and albumen transversely concave — or with the base 
and apex curved towards each other. 

TRIBE XVII. CORIANDREAE. Koch. 
Fruit globose, — or the carpels subglobose and didymous: primary tihs depressed 
and flexuous or nearly obsolete ; the second m y ones more prominent ; all wingless. 

75. CORIANDRUM. Hoffm. Endl. Gen. 4549. 
[Greek, Koris, a bug ; the bruised leaves having the odor of a bed-bug.] 

Calyx 5-toothed, — the teeth conspicuous, unequal, persistent. Petals 
obcordate by the inflection of the acuminate apex, — those on the 
margin of the umbel larger and bifid. Stylopodium conical. Car- 
pels cohering, scarcely separating, — each with 5 undulate depressed 
primary ribs, of which the lateral ones are placed in front of an ac- 
cessory margin ; the 4 secondary ribs more prominent and keeled. 
Channels without vittae. Commissure with 2 vittae. Carpophore 
free in the middle, semibifid, adnate at base and apex. Involucre 
1-leaved or 0. Involucels dimidiate, about 3-leaved. 

1. C. sativum, L. Leaves bipinnately dissected, — segments of the 
lower ones broad-cuneate, incised-dentate, — of the upper ones nar- 
row and linear; carpels hemispherical. DC. Prodr. A. p. 250. Fl. 
Cestr.p. 202. 

Cultivated Coriandrum. Vulgo — Coriander. 
Fr. Coriandre. Germ. Der Koriander. Span. Cilantro. 

Plant smooth. Root annual (sometimes biennial, DC). Stem 1 to 2 feet high, 
slender, striate, somewhat branched at summit. Umbels 3 to 5-rayed. Umbellets 
of numerous short unequal rays. Petals white — tinged with red before expand- 
ing. Carpels very concave on the face, cohering by their margins so as to form 
apparently a simple globose fruit. Commissure with 2 linear-lanceolate vittae 
in a loose membrane which covers the face of the seed. Gardens : cultivated. 
Native of Tartary and the East. Fl. June— July. Fr. August— September. 



UMBELLIFERAE 69 

Obs. Occasionally cultivated for its aromatic fruity — which is 
used by the pastry Cook and the Confectioner ; and also to impart 
a flavor to Tinctures, &c. It is said that the Tartars prepare a fa- 
vorite potage, from the fresh herb* 

ORDER LXVIII. ARALIACEAE. Juss. Richard. 

Perennial herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, mostly compound, destitute 
of stipules ; petioles long, thickened and dilated at base. Flowers mostly umbel- 
late, — the umbels often paniculate. Calyx adherent to the ovary, — the limb 
usually very small, toothed or entire Petals 5 to 10, valvate in aestivation. 
Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted under the mar- 
gin of an epigynous disk. Ovary 2 to 15-celled (i. e. composed of so many united 
carpels), with a solitary suspended ovule in each cell; styles as many as the 
cells — sometimes united; stigmas simple. Fruit baccate or drupaceous, — some- 
times nearly dry, but the carpels not separating. Embryo short, at the base of 
the copious fleshy albumen. 

A small Order, and of little interest to the farmer. The. Ivy (Hedera Helix. L.) 
is perhaps the only plant belonging to it, worth mentioning — in addition to those 
here noticed. 

76. ARALIA. L. Endl. Gen. 4558. 

[A name of unknown derivation: supposed to be of Canadian origin.] 

Flowers mostly perfect. Calyx 5-toothed, or with the limb entire. 
Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5, on short filaments. Styles 5, 
divaricately spreading, persistent. Berry 5-celled, often torose or 
somewhat 5-lobed. Herbs or shrubs, — sometimes prickly. Leaves 
mostly decompound. 

1. A. racemosa, L. Stem herbaceous, smooth, divaricately branched; 
leaves ternately and quinately decompound ; leaflets eordate-ovate, 
acuminate, doubly serrate ; racemes axillary, compound, paniculately 
umbellulate; involucels small. Torr. 4* Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 646. 
DC. Prodr. 4. p. 258. Fl. Cestr. p. 209. 
Racemose Aralia. Vulgo — Spikenard. 

Root perennial, thick, aromatic. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, with spreading and 
somewhat dichotomous branches. Leaflets 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, slightly hairy, 
mostly petiolulate. Flowers in large umbellulate panicles ; peduncles pubescent. 
Involucels of several short subulate leaflets. Calyx with 5 small acute teeth. 
Petals greenish white. Styles united below; stigmas diverging or recurved. — 
Berries small, not torose, dark purple when mature. Rich woodlands : Canada 
to Georgia ; and in Gardens, cultivated. JFY. July. Fr. September. 

Obs. This plant is native in our rich woodlands ; but has been 
long introduced into Gardens, as a popular medicine. The root, and 
berries, infused in alcohol, made a favorite Tincture, in times past, 
for those who indulged in the perilous habit of taking such stoma- 
chics. There is another species in our woodlands — known by the 
name of Sarsaparilla {A. nudicaulis, L.) — which is also a popular 
medicine, — and often substituted for the Sarsaparilla of the shops. 
Neither of them has much connection with Agriculture : but the 
intelligent farmer would doubtless like to know them,— or at least 
the usually cultivated species. 

77. PANAX. L. Endl. Gen. 4551. 

[Greek, Pan, all, and akos, a remedy : an imaginary Panacea, or universal 

medicine.] 
Flowers polygamous: Calyx turbinate, 5-toothed or the limb 

* " Herba recens in deliciis habetur et ex ea. jusculum conficitur, unde ubique 
in hortis Tataricis culta." DC. I. e. It would probably require a Tartar palate 
to relish soup, prepared with herbage which has the " odor of a bed-bug" ! 



70 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 



nearly entire. Petals 5. Stamens alternate with and as many as 
the petals, inserted with them under the margin of the disk. Styles 
2 or 3 (rarely 1). Fruit fleshy, drupaceous or subcoriaceous, didy- 
mous and reniform or trigonous-ovoid, 2 or 3-celled. Flowers mostly 
in a simple pedunculate terminal umbel. 

1. P. quinqtjefolium, L. Root fusiform, often branched; leaves 
in threes, compound ; leaflets mostly in fives, obovate, acuminate, 
unequally serrate, petiolulate ; peduncle of the umbel rather shorter 
than the common petioles ; styles 2 ; fruit succulent, 2-celled, 2- 
seeded. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 647. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 252. 
Fl. Cestr. p. 181. 

Five -leaved Panax. Vulgo — Ginseng. 

Root perennial, 3 to 6 inches long, and about half an inch in diameter, often 
forked downwards, whitish, transversely rugose. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, 
herbaceous, angular, smooth, with a verticil of 3 (rarely 4) petiolate compound 
leaves at summit, and a simple erect pedunculate umbel in the centre. Common 
petioles 3 or 4 inches long. Leaflets unequal, — the 3 principal ones 3 to 5 inches 
long, the lateral ones much smaller. Umbel many-flowered, — the central flowers 
often abortive. Petals yellowish green. Ovary compressed, cordate-ovate or 
gibbous at base on each side Fruit a fleshy drupaceous reniform berry, crowned 
with the persistent calyx-teeth and styles, smooth, bright crimson when mature. 
Rich woodlands : Northern and Western States. Fl. July. Fr. September. 

Obs. The root of this plant is slightly stimulant, and rather plea- 
santly aromatic. It has long been, and continues to be, an article 
of some importance in our commerce with China : and although it 
has but little to do with Agriculture, it is presumed that a brief de- 
scription of a native plant, so abundantly produced in our Western 
forests — and so highly prized in the " Celestial Empire" — will not 
be unacceptable. 

ORDER. LXIX. CORNACEAE. DC. Lindl. 

Chiefly small trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly opposite, entire, and destitute of sti- 
pules. Ftowers in cymes, sometimes clustered into heads and surrounded by 
a large petaloid involucre. Calyx adherent to the 2-celled ovary, — the limb 4- 
toothed. Petals 4, valvate in aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals, and 
alternate with them. Styles united into 1. Fruit a 2-celled drupe, crowned with 
the persistent calyx-teeth. Seeds solitary, pendulous : embryo nearly the length 
of the fleshy albumen. 

The genus which gives the name to this small Order, is the only one intitled to 
notice, here. 

78. CORNUS. Tournef. Bndl. Gen. 4574. 
[Latin, Cornu, a horn; from the horny toughness of the wood.] 

Calyx 4-toothed, — the teeth minute. Petals oblong, spreading. 
Stamens longer than the corolla. Style sub-clavate ; stigma obtuse 
or capitate. Drupe oval or subg!obose, with a 2 or 3-celled nut. 

Ddf Flowers capitate, with a 4-leaved Involucre. 

1. C. Florida,!/. Arborescent; leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate; 
involucre large, — the petaloid leaves obcordate or with a callous 
notch at apex; drupes oval. Torr. <$• Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 652. DC. 
Prodr. A. p. 273. Fl. Cestr. p. 106. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 48. 
Flowering Corntjs. Vtdgd — Dogwood. Common Dogwood. 

Stem 15 to 20 (sometimes 30 or 40) feet high, and 3 or 4 to 6 or S inches in diam- 
eter, much branched, — the young branches opposite or often verticillate in fours. 



CORNACEAE 71 

Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, pilose with short appressed hairs, glaucous beneath. 
Flowers in terminal capitate clusters ; involucre about 3 inches in diameter, — the 
leaves in opposite pairs, white or sometimes tinged with purple. Corolla green- 
ish yellow. Drupe bright red when mature. Woodlands: Canada to Louisiana. 
Fl. May. Fr. October. 

Obs. The wood of this small tree Is very close-grained and firm, 
and valuable for many purposes in Mechanics. The woodman se- 
lects it as the best material for wooden wedges. The young straight 
stems make good hoops, for the cooper ; and the slender verticillate 
branches once furnished distaffs for Spinsters, — when that descrip- 
tion of females had a practical existence in the community. The 
bark is an excellent tonic — almost equaling the Peruvian, in efficacy. 
Altogether, it is a valuable, as well as ornamental, little tree. Ob- 
serving farmers have remarked, that the proper time to plant Indian 
Corn (Zea Mays, L.) is when the Involucres of the Dogwood are 
first developed. 



MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS. 



ORDER LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Juss. Richard. 

Mostly shrubs, often twining. Leaves opposite, mostly without stipules. Calyx 
adherent to the ovary, — the limb 5- (rarely 4-) toothed. Corolla tubular or rotate, 
regular or irregular. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate 
with them — or rarely 1 fewer — inserted into the tube. Ovary mostly 3-celled ; 
style long and filiform with a capitate stigma — or 3 to 5 sessile stigmas. Fruit 
baccate, or sometimes dry, often 1-celled by abortion. Embryo in the axis of 
fleshy albumen. 

An Order of small importance in Agriculture ; but it contains the favorite tribe 
of Honeysuckles (Lonicera.) so much admired by the cultivators of flowers. 

TRIBE II. SAMBUCEAE. Kunth. 
Corolla regular, sub-rotate or rarely somewhat tubular. Stigmas 3 to 5, sessile. 
Testa of the seed membranaceous. 

79. SAMBUCUS. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 3341. 
[Greek, Sambuke,a. musical instrument; said to have been made of this shrub.] 

Calyx with the limb small, mostly 5-cleft. Corolla sub-rotate, 
mostly 5-lobed; lobes obtuse. Stamens 5, shorter than the corolla. 
Stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit subglobose, baccate, scarcely crowned ; 
nucules 3 (rarely 5), crustaceous, rugulose, each containing a sus- 
pended seed. Shrubs or perennial herbs. Leaves odd-pinnately 
dissected. Inflorescence cymose or thyrsoid. 

1. S. Canadensis, L. Stern suffruticose ; leaflets oblong-oval, acu- 
minate, serrate ; flowers in 5-parted spreading cymes. Torr. <$- Gr, 
Fl. N. A. 2. p. 13. DG. Prodr. 4. p. 322. FL Cestr. p. 205. 
Canadian Sambtjctjs. Vtdgd — Elder bush. Common Elder. 

Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet high, finally shrubby, filled with a large pith, branching, 
nodose — the young branches tumid at the nodes. Leaflets usually in 3 pairs with 
a terminal odd one, 2 to 4 inches long, petiolulate. Cymes broad, terminating 
young branches, on peduncles 4 to 6 inches long. Corolla white. Berries nu- 
merous, small, juicy, dark purple or nearly black when mature. Thickets, and 
Fence-rows : throughout the U. States. Fl. June. Fr. August. 



72 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

Obs. This is a rather troublesome plant, on our farms, — the long 
roots being very tenaceous of life, and inclined to spread extensively 
along fence-rows and hedges. If neglected, it soon gives the farm a 
very slovenly appearance. The Viburnums (Black Haw, Snow-Hall, 
Tall Cranberry ', &c.) belong here ; but they are scarcely of sufficient 
importance, in any respect, to intitle them to a place in this work. 

ORDER LXXII. RUBIACEAE. Juss. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or verticillate, entire, and furnished with 
stipules — which sometimes resemble true leaves. Flowers regular. Calyx-tube 
adherent to the ovary, or sometimes almost free, — the limb 4 or 5-cleft or toothed — 
occasionally obsolete. Corolla inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube, — the 
lobes as many as those of the calyx. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, 
and alternate with them. Ovary mostly 2-celled : styles mostly 2. more or less 
united ; stigmas mostly 2, distinct or concrete. Fruit various, — baccate, drupa- 
ceous, capsular, or separable into indehiscent carpels. Seeds solitary, few, or 
numerous, in each cell : embryo in the axis, or at the extremity, of eopious 
fleshy or horny albumen. 

This Order — comprising various Tribes, and nearly 250 Genera — contains 
many plants of great value, — though but few of them immediately concern 
the North American farmer. Among the most important, may be mentioned 
the Coffee plant (Coffea Arabica, L. which may yet, possibly, be advantageously 
cultivated in Florida, and some other places on our Southern borders) — the Pe- 
ruvian Bark (Cinchona officinalis, L.) — and the Ipecacuanha (Cephaelis Ipecacu- 
anha. Rich.). The popular vermifuge called Carolina Pink (Spigelia Marilandica, 
L.). and the well-known beautiful and fragrant Cape Jessamine (Gardenia florida, 
L.), are also referred to this large Natural Family. 

SUB-ORDER I. STELLATAE. R. Br. 

Herbs. Leaves apparently verticillate — but probably really opposite, — all except 
a single pair being regarded as stipules, because they never have axillary buds. 
Fruit of 2 united indehiscent 1-seeded carpels, baccate or dry. 

80. RUBIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3101. 
[Latin, Ruber, red, — the color produced by its roots.] 

Calyx-tube ovoid-globose, — the limb 4-toothed or obsolete. Corolla 

subrotate, 4 or 5-parted. Stamens short. Styles 3, united at base. 

Fruit didymous, subglobose, baccate, smooth. Herbaceous or sitf- 

friiticose. Stems 4-angled, diffusely branching. Leaves opposite — 

with 2 or 3 intermediate stiptdes resembling leaves , — constituting a 

4 to 6 or 8-leaved verticil. 

1. R. Tinctorum, L. Stem herbaceous, flaccid, aculeate on the 

angles ; leaves mostly in apparent verticils of six, lanceolate, sub- 

petiolate ; peduncles axillary, trichotomous ; lobes of the corolla 

with a callous acumination, but not cuspidate. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 

589. Fl. Cestr. p. 103. 

Dyers' Rubia. Vulgd — Madder. Dyers' Madder. 

Fr. La Garance. Germ. Die Faerber-Roethe. Span. Rubia. 

Root perennial, large, reddish brown. Stems procumbent, 3 or 4 feet long, 
much branched, pubescent at the joints ; angles prominent, sometimes more 
than 4, aculeate with short retrorsely curved prickles. Leaves and stipules simi- 
lar, 1 to 2 inches long, — the midrib and margins retrorsely aculeate — Flower- 
bearing branches axillary, opposite. Corolla brownish yellow, often 5-lobed. 
Gardens, and Lots : cultivated. Native of the East. Fl. July. Fr. September. 

Obs. This is sometimes cultivated, on a small scale, in Pennsyl- 
vania^ for the sake of the roots, — which are well known to yield a 
valuable red coloring matter : and I understand that a more extended 
culture has been tried, and found profitable, in Ohio — and perhaps 
in some other States. 



RUBIACEAE 73 

There is a Genus (Galium) very nearly allied to this, — of which 
one of the numerous species (G.Apari?ie, L. perhaps a foreigner,) — 
known by the name of Cleavers or Goose-grass — occurs frequently 
about gardens, and along fences, &c. on the farm : But it is scarcely 
of sufficient importance — even as a weed — to require notice, here. 

ORDER LXXIV. DIPSACEAE. Vaill Juss. 

Herbs. Leaves opposite or rarely verticillate, sessile, destitute of stipules. Flow 
ers aggregated — mostly in dense involucrate heads. Calyx-tube wholly (or some- 
times at summit only) adherent to the ovary, — the limb cup-shaped and entire, 
or toothed — or forming a bristly or plumose pappus. Corolla tubular, — the limb 
4 or 5-lobed— sometimes ringeat or irregular. Stamens mostly 4, distinct or 
rarely united in pairs— often unequal. Ovary 1-celled. with a single suspended 
ovule; style filiform. Fruit membranaceous or akene-like, indehiscent, crowned 
with the limb of the calyx, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Embryo nearly the length of the 
fleshy albumen. 

The Genus which is the type of this small Order, is the only one entitled to 
notice, in this work. 

TRIBE II. SCABIOSEAE. DC. 

Corolla 4 or 5-lobed, not ringent. Stamens 4 or 5, free and nearly equal. Flowers 
aggregated on a conic receptacle, with a general Involucre at base, — each floret 
embraced by a calyx-like Inuolucel, and with a chaffy bract on the lower side. 

81. DIPSACUS. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 2191. 
[Greek, Dipsao, to thirst; the stem-leaves holding water at their junction.] 

Involucre many-leaved, longer than the acuminate subfoliaceous 
chaff of the receptacle. Involucel 4-sided, 8-furrowed, closely in- 
vesting the ovary and fruit. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, — 
the limb minute, cup-shaped or discoid, entire. Corolla with 4 erect 
lobes. Stamens 4. Stigma longitudinal. Stout biennials. Stems 
angular and prickly. Leaves opposite and often connate at base. 
Heads large, oblong, — the florets commencing to expand in a ring 
about the middle of the head, and gradually extending the process 
towards base and apex ! 

1. D. sylvestris, Mill. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, crenate-dentate 
and serrate, prickly on the midrib ; involucre curved upwards, 
longer than the head; chaff of the receptacle straight and flexible. 
Torr. (V Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 54. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 645. Fl. Cestr. 
p. 98. Icon, Fl. Lond. vol. 1. 

Wild Difsacus. Vulgo — Teasel. Wild Teasel. 

Root biennial. Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, branched. Radical leaves 8 to 12 
inches long ; stem-leaves sessile, subconnate, — those of the branches lanceolate 
and often nearly entire. Leaflets Of the Involucre lance-linear, pungent at apex, 
unequal in length. Heads of flowers ovoid-oblong ; corolla pale purple. Bracts 
or Chaff of the receptacle oblong-cuneate, keeled, abruptly tapering into a 
straight flexible awn-like acumination, longer than the flowers.— those at the 
top of the head longest. Borders of fields, roadsides, &c. Northern and Mid- 
dle States : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September. 

Obs. This coarse plant is completely naturalized, in some locali- 
ties, — and is not only worthless, but threatens to become something 
of a nuisance to the farms, if not attended to. A little timely care, 
however, would soon subdue it. 

2. D. Fullonum, Mill. Leaves obovate and oblong-lanceolate, 
smoothish, serrate, — the upper ones entire ; involucre spreading or 

7 



74 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

reflexed, shorter than the head ; chaff of the receptacle recurved, 
rigid. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 645. Fl. Cestr. p. 99. 
Fullers' Dipsacus. Vulgo — Fuller's Teasel. [dencha. 

Fr. Chardon a Foulon. Germ. Aechte Kartendistel. Spa?i. Car- 

Root biennial. Stem 4 or 5 feet high, branched. Radical leaves obovate, narrowed 
to a petiole at base; stem-leaves connate-perfoliate. Leaflets of the Involucre 
lanceolate, mucronate, rigid. Heads of flowers cylindric or elliptical ; corolla 
pale purple. Bracts or Chaff of the receptacle cuneate-oblong, keeled, bnstly- 
ciliate on the margin, terminating in a rigid subulate recurved acuminalion. 
Lots : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September. 

Obs. This species is cultivated by some Cloth Manufacturers, for 
the sake of the Heads, — the rigid recurved points of the chaffy- 
bracts, on the mature heads, serving as a kind of card, to raise the* 
nap on woollen cloth. 

ORDER LXXV. COMPOSITAE. Vaill. 

Herbs, ot sometimes Shrubs. Leaves alternate and opposite, often lobed or dis- 
sected, but never compound, and not stipulate. Flowers in heads, crowded on 
a common receptacle, and surrounded by one or more series of small leaves 
{bracts or scales) which form an Involucre, — the several florets often furnished 
with each an accompanying bract {chaff or palea). Calyx-tube closely adherent 
to the ovary, — the limb (called pappus) consisting of scales, bristles, hairs, &c. 
or sometimes obsolete. Corolla of 5 united petals, tubular or ligulate. Stamens 
as many as the petals or lobes of the corolla. — the anthers united into a tube 
around the style {syngenesious). Ovary l-celled, with a single erect ovule ; style 
2-cleft, — the branches mostly flattish on the inner or upper side and furnished 
with pollen-collecting hairs, — the proper stigmas (stigtnatic glands) occupying the 
inner surface, near the margins, in the form of glandular slightly prominent lines. 
Fruit an akene, either crowned with the pappus, or naked at summit. Seed des- 
titute of albumen ; Cotyledons flat or plano-convex. 

This immense Order — containing between 800 and 900 Genera, or about one 
tenth of all the flowering plants — presents but few of much interest to the Ame- 
rican farmer, beside what are here noticed. Some possess medicinal properties 
— and others are remarkable for their beauty : but the general character of the 
Order is that of mere Weeds. — of which many species are found in all our fields, 
meadows, and woodlands ; though the greater portion may be readily kept in 
tolerable subjection by care and attention. 

SUB-ORDER I. TUBULIFLORAE. DC. 

Corolla of the perfect or disk florets tubular, and mostly 5-lobed. 

TRIBE I. VERNONIACEAE. Leasing. 

Heads discoid, with the florets all tubular and perfect (homogamous), or rarely- 
radiate. Style cylindric above ; the branches mostly subulate and elongated, 
equally hispid, — the stigmatic lines terminating below or near their middle, 
not confluent. 

SUB-TRIBE I. VERNONIEAE. Cassini. 
Heads discoid, homogamous. Branches of the style elongated, acuminate. 

82. VERNONIA. Sehreb. Endl. Gen. 2204. 
[Named in honor of William Vernon; an English Botanist.] 

Heads many-flowered; florets all equal and tubular. Involucre 
imbricate, shorter than the flowers, — the inner scales longest. Re- 
ceptacle mostly naked. Corolla regular — the lobes about the length 
of the tube. Filaments smooth. Akenes mostly striate or ribbed, 
with a cartilaginous callus at base, and the epigynous disk large. 
Pappus usually double, — the inner series of numerous bristles — the 



COMPOSITAE 75 

outer mostly short, minute, often dilated and scale-like. Mostly 
perennial Herbs, with alternate leaves. 

1. V. Noveboracensis, Willd. Stem striate-sulcate, roughish pu- 
bescent, leafy ; leaves lanceolate, serrulate, roughish ; heads numer- 
ous, in a terminal corymb ; scales of the involucre ovate, acute or 
often with a long filiform flexuous point. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. 
p. 57. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 63. 

V. praealta. Willd. Fl. Cestr. p. 448. not of DC. 
New- York Verxonia. Vulgo — Iron-weed. 

Stem 2 or 3 to 6 or 7 feet high, somewhat branching at summit, finally firm 
and subligneous. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, subsessile, thickish or subcori- 
aceous. Florets bright deep purple. Akenes turbinate-oblong, sulcate, scabrous 
with short hairs ; pappus a dirty white, or often purplish, scabrous, — the outer 
series consisting ot short chaffy or scale-like bristles. Moist meadows, and 
low grounds: throughout the U. States. Fl. August. Fr. September. 

Obs. This plant is quite common in moist low grounds, and along 
fence-rows. Its worthless character and coarse hard stem cause it 
to be regarded as a rather obnoxious weed, in our meadows ; and ot' 
course it is carefully eradicated, by all neat farmers. 

TRIBE II. EUPATORIACEAE. Less. 

Heads mostly discoid, with the flowers all tubular and perfect (hemogamous). 
Style cylindric above; the branches usually much elongated, subterete and obtuse 
or ela\ at •, puberulent or papillose externally towards the summit, — the stigmati-:. 
lines inconspicuous, terminating near the middle of the branches (rarely reach- 
ing the apex), not confluent at their termination. Anthers never caudate. 

SUB-TRIBE I. ETJPATORIEAE. DC. 

Heads discoid. — the flowers all perfect and similar (hemogamous), usually white, 
rose-color or purple — never yellow. 

DIVISION 2. ADENOSTYLEAE. DC. 

Pappus composed of slender hair-like bristles in one or more series, scabrous 
or plumose. Branches of the style more or less papillose or glandular above. 

QG^ A/cenes 5-angled, not striate. Pappus scabrozes. 

83. EUPATORIUM. Tour?ief. Endl. Gen. 2280. 
[Named from Eupator, King of Pontus ; who, it is said, first used the plant.] 

Heads 3 to many-flowered. Involucre oblong, cylindric or campan- 
ulate, — the scales imbricated in 2, 3, or more series — or sometimes 
nearly equal in a single series. Keceptacle flat, naked. Corolla 
funnel-form, or often with a campanulate limb. Anthers included. 
Branches of the style much exserted, terete or slightly flattened, 
obtuse. Pappus a single series of very slender bristles, rough or 
minutely serrulate. Perennial Herbs, with leaves mostly opposite 
or verticillate. 

1. E. perfoliattjm, L. Stem rigid, hirsutely villous, corymbosely 
branched above ; leaves opposite and decussate, connate-perfoliate, 
oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, reticulately veined and rugose, 
very pubescent beneath ; heads about 10-flowered. Torr. Sr Gr. Fl. 
N. A. 2. p. 88. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 151. Fl. Cestr. p. 451. 

Perfoliate Eupatorium. Vulgo — Thorough-stem. Bone-set.'— 
Indian Sage. 



76 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, the branches whitish and very pubescent. Leaves 4 to 6 
or 8 inches long, opposite and completely united at base — or sometimes con- 
tracted at base and scarcely connate (rarely verticillale in threes, and connate), 
tapering gradually to a slender point, sprinkled with resinous particles beneath. 
Heads of flowers crowded, in large corymbs. Scales of the involucre lance- 
linear, rather acute. Florets white. Akenes smoothish. Low swampy grounds : 
throughout the U. States. Fl. July — August. Fr. September. 

Obs. This species is so common in wet meadows, and low grounds, 
as to be regarded rather as an objectionable weed : But it is chiefly 
intitled to notice for its medicinal properties, — being either emetic, 
cathartic, or tonic — according to the dose, or mode of exhibition. 

There are several other species of this genus, which meet the eye 
of the farmer, in his meadows and along the borders of woods and 
thickets — particularly a tall stout one, with verticillate leaves and, 
purple flowers (E. pu?-puretim, L.) ; but they are scarcely of suffi- 
cient importance to claim a place in this work. 

TRIBE III. ASTEROIDEAE. Less. 

Heads mostly heterogamous, and often radiate. Style (in the perfect florets) 
cylindric above; the branches flattish, linear or lanceolate, externally pubescent 
above — the conspicuous stig??iatic lines terminating opposite to where the external 
pubescence commences, not confluent. Perennial Herbs. Leaves mostly alternate. 

SUB-TRIBE I. ASTERINEAE. DC. 

Heads mostly heterogamous and radiate — never dioicous. Receptacle seldom 
chaffy. Anthers not caudate. 

DIV. 1. ASTEREAE. DC. 

Heads heterogamous and radiate, — the rays varying in color from blue to purple 
and white, but never yellow, — the disk-florets yellowish, but finally becoming 
purplish. 

SUB-DIV. 1. EU-ASTEREAE. DC. 

Pappus composed of capillary — or rarely subulate — bristles. Akenes more or 
less compressed. 

D3P* Rays fertile. Pappus of the Kay and Dish mostly similar > — 
the inner series capillary. 

84. ASTER. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2301. 
[Greek, Aster, a star; the radiated heads of flowers resembling stars ] 

Heads many-flowered— the ray-florets in a single series, pistillate, — 
those of the disk tubular and perfect. Scales of the involucre more 
or less imbricated, usually whitish below and green or foliaceous at 
apex. Receptacle flat, mostly alveolate (or pitted). Akenes usually 
compressed. Leaves alternate, entire or serrate. Heads corymbose, 
jraniculate, or racemose. 

1. A. ericoides, L. Smoothish, much branched, — the simple leafy 
branchlets or peduncles racemose and mostly unilateral on the vir- 
gate spreading branches ; leaves rather rigid, — the radical and lower 
cauline ones oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate, tapering to a margined 
petiole, often serrate,— the others linear -lanceolate and linear-subu- 
late, entire, acute at each end ; heads small, numerous, solitary on 
the branchlets ; involucre hemispherical or subturbinate, — the scales 
loosely imbricated, linear-oblong, acute, spreading at apex. Torr. 
6f Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 123. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 241. 
A. tenuifolius. Fl. Cestr. p. 467. not of L. 
Erica — or Heath-like Aster. 



COMPOSITAE 77 

Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, often branched from the base. Radical leaves 1 to 3 
or 4 inches long, sparingly serrate, ciliate, tapering to a petiole nearly as long as 
the leaf; stem-leaves 1 to 3 inches long,— those on the branchlets smaller, subu- 
late-linear. Hays white, or often tinged with pale purple,— the disk often becom- 
ing reddish-purple. Sterile soils ; old fields, pastures, &c. throughout the U. 
States. Fl. August — September. Fr. October. 

Obs. Many species of this genus meet the eye of the farmer, in 
the latter part of summer, in his woodlands, low grounds, borders 
of thickets, &c. some of which species are quite ornamental : but 
the little bushy one here described (which, I believe, has not acquired 
a common name,) is almost the only one which invades our pastures 
to any material extent. In thinnish old fields, it sometimes becomes 
an abundant — as it is always a very worthless — weed. Good culture 3 
and enriching the soil, soon cause it to disappear. 

85. ERIGERON. L. Endl. Gen. 2333. 
[Greek, Fr spring, and Geron, an old man ; the plant being hoary in spring.] 

Heads many-flowered, somewhat hemispherical ; ray florets very 
numerous and usually in more than one series, pistillate, — those of 
the disk tubular, perfect — or some of the outer ones (perhaps trans- 
formed ray-florets) filiform-tubular, truncate, and pistillate only. 
Scales of the involucre mostly equal, narrow, in a nearly single 
series. Receptacle flat, naked, punctate. Branches of the style 
very short, obtuse. Al-enes compressed, usually pubescent. Pap- 
pus a single series of capillary scabrous bristles, often with minute 
ones intermixed, — or sometimes with an exterior coroniform pappus 
of subulate scales. Heads solitary, corymbose or paniculate. 

1. E. Canadense, L. Stem hirsute, paniculately branched; leaves 
lance-linear, mostly entire, hispidly ciliate ; heads of flowers small, 
numerous, racemose on the branches ; rays minute. Torr. fy Gr. 
Fl. N. A. 2. p. 1C7. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 239. Fl. Cestr. p. All. ■ 
Canadian Erigerox. Vulgo — Horse-weed. Butter-weed. 

Root annual. Stem 6 inches to .3 or G feet high. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, 
sessile, — the lower ones sparingly dentate. Kays white, very narrow, scarcely 
longer than the ?traw-colored pappus. Akcnes oblong, sparsely hispid. Fields. 
road sides, and waste places: throughout the U. Stales. Fl. August — Septem- 
ber. Fr. September — October. 

Obs. This plant varies very much in size, according to the soil in 
which it grows. On dry sterile banks, it is a very dwarf. It has 
disseminated itself, more or less abundantly, all over our country, — 
and, it is said, all over Europe ; and is a worthless weed, wherever 
found. Good farming is the mode for smothering out such intruders. 

2. E. annul m, Pers. Stem sparsely hirsute, corymbosely branched, 
above ; leaves coarsely and sharply dentate-serrate, — the radical 
and lower ones ovate, obtuse, tapering into a margined petiole, — 
the others sessile, lanceolate, acute, entire near each end ; rays very 
narrow, about as long as the sparsely setose involucre. Torr. §■ Gr.- 
Fl. N. A. 2. p. 175. 

E. heterophyllus. JSluhl. Fl. Cestr. p. 472. 

Stenactis annua, and S. stiigosa. {excl. syn.). DC. Prodr. 5. p. 
298. {fide Torr. e r Gr.). 

Annual Erigeron. Vulgo — Flea-bane. Daisy. 

7* 



78 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

Root biennial? (annual, DC). Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, rather stout, striate 
and often angular. Radical leaves 2 to 4 inches long, roughish and hairy, with 
narrow-margined petioles nearly twice as long as the leaves ; stem-leaves gradu- 
ally smaller as they ascend. Heads of florets rather small ; rays white, or some- 
times tinged with purple. Akenes oblong, somewhat compressed, hirsute ; pappus 
whitish. — the ray-florets destitute of pappus, except a few short coromfonn 
teeth at or near the summit of the akene. Pastures, and waste places : Northern, 
Middle and Western States. Fl. June — July. Fr. August. 

Obs. A frequent worthless weed, in our pastures : not particularly 
injurious, — but conspicuous enough to attract the notice of the ob- 
serving farmer ; and therefore worthy to be known by him. 

3. E. strigostjm, Muhl. Stem more or less strigosely hairy, co- 
rymbosely paniculate above ; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at base, 
dentate or entire, — the radical ones spatulate-lanceolate, tapering 
into a margined petiole ; rays narrow, nearly twice as long as the 
minutely hispid involucre. Torr. if Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 176. Fl. 
Cestr. p. All. 

Phalacrolomaobtusifolium. Cass. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 298. {excl. syn.) 
jide Torr. if Gr. Also, Stenactis ambigua, DC. Prodr. 5. p. 299. 

Stkigose Erigehon. Vtdgo — Flea-bane. Daisy. 

Root biennial? Stem 2 to 4 feet high, sulcate-striate and angular, rather slen- 
der, and often sparingly branched. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long. Heads of florets 
rather larger than in the preceding ; rays white. Akenes oblong, angular or rib- 
bedj sparsely pilose ; u inner pappus in the disk, of about 15 slender fragile and 
deciduous bristles; in the ray none, or sometimes of one or two caducous bris- 
tles: the exterior a small setaceous-squamellate crown, similar in the ray and 
disk." Torr. If Gr Pastures, and upland meadows : Canada to Florida. Fl. 
June — Aug. Fr. July — September. 

Obs. This plant has a strong general resemblance to the preced- 
ing, but is more common, — though they are usually both confounded 
under the same popular names. This one is apt to be very abundant 
in the first crop of our upland meadows, in Pennsylvania, after a 
course of Grain crops. After that — especially in good land — it be- 
comes more rare, — being probably choked down by the Grasses. 
All three of the species are equally worthless unwelcome weeds. 

DIV. 2. CHRYSOCOMEAE. DC. 
Heads either heterogamous and radiate, or homogamous and discoid (both forms 
sometimes occurring in the same genus): the rays and disk-florets yellow (the 
latter unchanging). Receptacle never chaffy. 

SUB-DIV. 3. SOLIDAGINEAE. DC. 
Rays in a single series — sometimes wanting. Pappus of the disk and ray-flo- 
rets similar, simple, capillary or bristle-like, — rarely chaffy or scale-like. — 
Akenes sub-terete, ribbed. 

86. SOLIDAGO. L. Endl. Gen. 2376. 
[Latin, Solidare, to unite, or make firm ; from its supposed healing virtues.] 
Heads few- or sometimes many-flowered ; ray-florets few, pistillate 
— sometimes wanting ; disk-florets tubular, perfect. Scales of the 
oblong involucre imbricated, appressed, not green or foliaceous at 
apex. Receptacle narrow, mostly alveolate. Branches of the style 
lanceolate. Akenes many-ribbed, somewhat terete. Pappus simple, 
consisting of numerous scabrous capillary bristles, mostly equal. 
Heads in terminal or axillary racemes, with the pedicels often uni- 
lateral, — sometimes corymbose. 



COMPOSITAE 79 

1 . S. nemoralis, Ait. Stem simple or corymbosely branched above, 
clothed with a very short velvety cinereous pubescence ; radical 
leaves obovate-cuneate or spatulate, tapering into a petiole, spar- 
ingly crenate-serrate, — cauline ones oblanceolate, nearly entire, 
roughish-pubescent ; racemes numerous, short, dense, unilateral, at 
length recurved-spreading, often corymbose-paniculate ; scales of 
the involucre lance-oblong, obtuse, appressed ; akenes pubescent 
with white appressed hairs. Torr. (y Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 220. DC. 
Prodr. 5. p. 333. Fl. Cestr. p. 456. 

Wood or Grove Solidago. Vulgo — Golden Rod. 

Whole plant of an ash-colored or gTeyish aspect, by reason of its short ciner- 
eous pubescence. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, sometimes branched from near the 
root. Radical leaves 1 to 4 or 5 inches long, with petioles 1 to 3 inches long. 
Heals with 3 to 6 disk-florets, and 6 to 9 ray-florets, in secund racemes — or (in 
stunted branched specimens) often in small axillary clusters; rays rather short, 
spatulate-oblong. Sterile, neglected old fields: borders of woods, &c. : through- 
out the U. States. FL August — September. Fr. October. 

Obs. Several species of Solidago (or Golden Rod, as they are all 
named, in the vernacular tongue) — some of them much larger than 
this — occur along fence-rows, borders of woods and thickets, &c. 
They are all no better than weeds, on a farm : But this is the one 
which mostly intrudes upon neglected pasture grounds, — and has 
therefore been selected for description, as a sample of the genus. 
It is speedily banished by good farming, — as most of our native 
weeds are, or may be. 

TRIBE IV. SENECIONIDEAE. Less. 

Heads homogamous, heterogamous, or heterocephalous {monoicous or dioicous). 
Style (in the perfect florets) cylindric above, — the branches linear, somewhat 
convex externally, penicillate or hairy at the apex, either truncate or produced 
into a cone, or a more or less elongated and hispid appendage; the stigmatic lines 
terminating at the base of the cone or appendage, not confluent. 

SUB-TRIBE 1. MELAMPODINEAE. DC. 

Flowers all unisexual, — the pistillate and staminate florets either on different 
plants (dioicous), or in different heads on the same plants (heterocephalous), or 
distinct in the same heads (monoicous). Anthers not caudate at base. Pappus 
none, or coroniform, or consisting of awns — never of hairs or bristles. Recep- 
tacle almost always chaffy. 

DIV. 6. AMBROSIEAE. DC. 

Heads heterocephalous — i. e. staminate and pistillate florets in distinct heads on 
the same plant, — the pistillate ones often apetalous — the staminate ones tubular. 
Scales of the involucre, in the fertile heads, united into an ovoid or oblong per- 
sistent covering, including or closely investing the florets and fruit, often prickly 
or spinose. Pappus none. Anthers distinct or cohering but slightly. 

87. AMBROSIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2482. 
[Poetically, Food of the Gods: in this case something like Lucus, a non lucendo.] 

Staminate heads in terminal racemes or spikes, — the pistillate ones 
at their base or in the axils of the upper leaves. Staminate Fl. 
Involucre fiattish, hemispherical, or subturbinate, composed of 
several united scales, 5 to 20-fiowered. Corolla funnel-form, 5- 
toothed. Anthers tipped with a bristle-like indexed appendage. 
Ovary none, — the abortive style included, minutely fringed at sum- 
mit. Receptacle fiattish, usually with filiform ohaff among the 



80 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

florets. Pistillate Fl. Involucre globose-ovoid or turbinate, 
closed, acuminate, usually with 4 to 8 pointed tubercles near the 
summit, 1-flowered. Corolla none. Stamens none. Branches of 
the style filiform, elongated. Ahene subglobose or obovoid. Annual 
Herbs. Leaves lobed, or pinnatifidly dissected. 

1. A. trifida, L. Stem tall and stout, hairy and rough; leaves 
mostly opposite, palmately 3 or 5-lobed, hairy, scabrous, — the lobes 
oval lanceolate, acuminate ; petioles narrowly winged, ciliate ; 
racemes elongated, paniculate. Torr. (y Gr. Fl. iV. A. 2. p. 290. 
DC. Frodr. 5. p. 527. Fl. Cestr. p. 478. 

Tkifid Ambrosia. 

Sum 3 to 6 or S feet high, branched. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long; petioles 1 
to 2 inches long. Stam'nute heads small, numerous^ in long terminal paniculate 
racemes ; florets whitish. Pistillate heals at the base of the racemes ; the invo- 
lucre turbinate-obovoid, with a conical apex, 6-ribbed, the ribs terminating in so 
many pointed tubercles, round, the base of the conical acumination. Low 
grounds, and waste places : Canada to Georgia. Fl. August. Fr. October. 

Obs. This coarse ugly weed has not acquired any popular name, 
that I know of; and yet it is sufficiently common, and worthless, to 
intitle it to the notice of every farmer who desires to keep his pre- 
mises clear of such nuisances. 

2. A. artemisiaefolia, L. Stem paniculately branched, villous ; 
leaves bipinnatifid, smoothish above, somewhat canescent beneath,— 
the uppermost simply pinnatifiJ ; petioles ciliate with long hairs; 
racemes somewhat spicate, paniculate. Torr. &r Gr. Fl. 2V". A. 2. 
p. 291. DC. Frodr. 5. p. 526. 

A. elatior. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 479. Also, DC. I. e. 

Artemisia-leaved Ambrosia. Vulgo — Bitter-weed. Rag -weed. 

Stem 1 to 3 or 4 feet high, usually much branched or bushy. Leaves 2 to 4 or 
5 inches long ; petioles half an inch to an inch and half long. Slam'nate heads 
small, numerous, in terminal slender spicate racemes. Pistillate heals solitary 
or clustered along the lower part of the staminate racemes and bracteate, or in 
the axils of the upper leaves: sometimes the heads arc dioicous — specimens 
occurring in which the terminal racemes (or rather spikes), as we'll as the clus- 
ters beneath, are all pistillate, and the flowers in small sessile bracteate clusters. 
Cultivated fields, and pastures : Canada to Florida. Fl. Aug. — Sept. Fr. Octo. 

Obs. This worthless weed occurs in most cultivated grounds, — 
and is usually very abundant among the stubble, after a crop of 
wheat : but, if the land be good, the plant seems to be smothered or 
choked out, the next season, by the crop of clover and timothy. It 
is always ready, however — like several other coarse weeds — to make 
its appearance whenever the grassy turf is broken up. The curious 
anomaly above mentioned, — of the flowers on the terminal spikes 
being all pistillate, — has been also observed by my friend, Mr. 
Daniel B. Smith, of Haverford School, near Philadelphia. 

88. XANTHIJJM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2480. 
[Greek, Xanthos. yellow ; a color said to be produced by the plant.] 

Heads glomerate-spicate, — the sterile spikes at the summit. Sta- 
minate Fl. numerous, in subglobose heads; scales of the involucre 
distinct, in a single series. Corolla tubular, clavate, somewhat 
hairy. Anthers connivent but distinct. Style abortive, undivided. 
Receptacle oblong, terete, chaffy. Pistillate Fl. 2, inclosed in a 



COMPOSITAE 81 

2-celled oblong coriaceous closed involucre, which is armed with 
hooked prickles and terminated by 1 or 2 stout beaks. Corolla fili- 
form. Stamens 0. Branches of the style linear-filiform. AJcenes 
solitary in each cell of the involucre, oblong, flat. Annual Herbs. 
Leaves alternate, lobed or dentate. 

1. X. strum arium, L. Leaves broad-ovate, mostly somewhat 3- 
lobed, dentate, unarmed at base ; involucre of the fruit oval, with 2 
straight beaks. Torr. §■ Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 294. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 
523. Fl. Cestr. p. 478. 

Scrophulous Xanthium. Vulgd — Clot Bur. Cockle Bur. 

Fr. Lampourde. Germ. Die Spitzklette. Span. Lampazo pequeno. 

Stem 1 to 3 feet high, roughish-pubescent. branching. Leaves 3 to 6 inches m 
length, and nearly as wide as long, subcordate at base, but cuneately produced 
at the union of the 3 principal nerves. Htarfs of flowers in axillary clusters. 
Involucre of the fruit persistent, becoming an oblong bur. with rigid uncinate 
prickles. Road-sides, and waste places : Northern and Middle States : Intro- 
duced? Fl. August — September. Fr. October. 

Obs. This has the appearance of a naturalized stranger, in Penn- 
sylvania, and is an obnoxious weed, — though not much inclined to 
spread; and with a little attention, is easily kept in subjection. 
The burs are a great annoyance in the fleeces of sheep. There is 
another species (X. echinatum, 3Iurr.), — described by Torrey & 
Gray as being naturalized along the atlantic coast, — which has con- 
siderable general resemblance to this. 

2. X. spinosum, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire or somewhat 
3-lobed, armed at base with slender 3-parted spines ; involucre of 
the fruit cylindric-oblong, with an inconspicuous beak. Torr. dy Gr. 
Fl. N. A. 2. p. 295. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 523. Fl. Cestr. p. 478. 

SriNOSE Xanthium. Vulgd — Thorny Clot-Bur. 

Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, branched. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and one fourth 
to three fourths of an inch wide, entire or with a lobe-like tooth on each side, — 
the upper surface pale green, pubescent on the midrib — the under surface clothed 
with a short cinereous tomentum. — the base narrowed to a short petiole — on each 
side of which is a triple or 3-forked spine, the branches about an inch long, very 
sharp, yellowish or pale straw color. Heads of flowers axillary, solitary. — 
Farmyards; road sides, &c. : Massachusetts to Georgia: introduced. Native 
of Europe. Fl. September. Fr. October. 

Obs. This execrable foreign weed is becoming naturalized in 
many portions of our country, — particularly in the Southern States. 
It may be frequently seen along the side-walks, and waste places, in 
the suburbs of our northern sea-port towns, — and is a vile nuisance 
wherever found. I have understood that the authorities of one of 
our cities, a few years since, enacted an Ordinance against the 
plant, — in which enactment it was denounced by the name of the 
Canada Thistle ! The misnomer probably did not impair the effi- 
cacy of the Ordinance : Yet I cannot help thinking it would be de- 
cidedly preferable that both Lawgivers and Farmers should avoid 
confounding objects which are essentially distinct, — and learn to 
designate even weeds by their proper names. 

SUB-TRIBE 2. HELIANTHEAE. Less. 
Heads heterogamous and radiate — rarely homogamous and discoid ; disk-florets 
perfect. Receptacle chaffy. Corolla of the perfect florets ■with the lobes often 
thickened and papillose. Anthers blackish, not caudate at base. Pappus either 



82 MONOFETALOUS EXOGENS 

wanting or coroniform, or consisting of awns which are sometimes chaffy or 
with chaffy scales intermixed, — never of capillary bristles nor of uniform and 
distinct chaffy scales. 

DIV. 2. EU-HELTANTHEAE. Torr. <$• Gr. 
Rays sterile (neutral or imperfectly styliferous). ligulate. Akenes often com- 
pressed, but never obcompressed. Pappus coroniform, toothed, or of 1 to 4 
awns or chaffy scales, or wanting. 

89. HELIANTHUS. L. Endl. Gen. 2538. 
[Greek, Hdios, the sun, and Anthos. a flower ; from the resemblance of the flowers.] 

Heads many-flowered; ray-florets numerous, neutral. Involucre 
imbricated in 3 or more series, — the scales often foliaceous and 
spreading at apex. Receptacle usually flat and large, — the persistent 
chaff embracing the akenes. Corolla of the disk commonly 10-nerved, 
with a short proper tube- Branches of the style hispid, subulate- 
conical at apex. Akenes laterally compressed or sometimes rather 
4-sided, not winged or margined. Pappus of 2 chaffy or awn-like 
scales arising from the principal angles of the akenes, and often 
with 2 or more intermediate smaller scales, very deciduous. Herbs, 
annual or perennial, mostly stout and rough. Leaves sometimes 
scattered, but usually opposite or with only the upper ones alternate. 
Heads somewhat corymbose, sometimes few or solitary and very 
broad : rays bright yellow ; disk-florets yellowish or sometimes 
purplish at summit. 

1. H. tuberosus, L. Root bearing oblong tubers; stem erect,, 
branching, scabrous ; leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, 
scabrous, petiolate, — the lower ones subcordate at base ; petioles 
ciliate ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, hispid and ciliate. Torr. 
<$- Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 332. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 590. Fl. Cestr. p. 484. 

Tuberous Heliaxthus. Vulgo — Jerusalem Artichoke. 

Fr. Topinambour. Germ. Die Erdartischoke. Spa?i. Cotiifa. 

Root perennial? (or rather appearing perennial, by the annual production of 
tubirous rhizomas?) Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet high, stout, branching, terete, hirsute. 
Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, very scabrous on the upper surface, abruptly con- 
tracted at base to a narrow cuneately-tapering margined petiole, which is ] to 2 or 
3 inches long, — the lower leaves opposite (or rarely temate), the upper ones alter- 
nate. Heads rather large. Akenes somewhat compressed and 4 sided, cuneate- 
oblong. smooth ; pappus 1 to 4 (usually 2) subulate chaffy scales. Gardens, and 
Lots: cultivated. Native of Brazil. Fl. August— September. Fr. October. 

Obs. This Sunflower is often cultivated for the firm fleshy tubers, 
or rluzomas, found at its roots. These tubers are pickled, and used 
as a condiment. They have been commended, also, for feeding 
Stock. It may be remarked, here, that hi a rich mellow soil, they 
multiply so rapidly as to make the plant rather troublesome, and 
difficult to keep within bounds. The large Garden Sunflower (H. 
annuus, L. with a fibrous root, and alternate broad-cordate or ovate 
leaves) is said to be w r orth cultivating, for the oil afforded by the 
seeds. There are several native species of Helia?ithusy — but none 
of Agricultural interest. 

DIV. 4. BIDENTIDEAE. Less. 

Rays neutral, ligulate — sometimes wanting. Akenes obcompressed, or often 4-sided> 
and sometimes terete, beaked at apex. Pappus consisting of 2 to 4 (rarely 5 or 6) 
barbed or retrorsely hispid awns. 



COMPOSITAE 83 

90. BEDENS. L. Endl. Gen. 2541. 
[Latin, Bi-dens, having 2 teeth ; in allusion to the awns of the akenes.] 

Heads many-flowered; ray-florets neutral, often inconspicuous and 
sometimes wanting, — those of the dish tubular and perfect. Invo- 
lucre double, — the outer scales larger and often foliaceous. Recep- 
tacle flattish, — the chaff deciduous with the fruit. Corolla of the 
disk-florets funnel-form, with a slender tube. Branches of the style 
hairy at summit, terminated by a subulate cone. Akenes obcom- 
pressed, or sometimes slender and more or less 4-sided, often attenu- 
ate or beaked at summit, crowned with 2 or 4 (rarely 5 or 6) retrorsely 
hispid awns. Annual or sometimes perennial Herbs. Leaves oppo- 
site, incised-serrate or pinnatifidly dissected. Floiuers mostly yellow. 

f Akenes flat and broadish, not beaked at summit, ciliate on the 
margins. 

1. B. frondosa,£. Leaves odd-pinnately divided, — the lower ones 
with 5 divisions, the upper with 3 ; divisions distinct and mostly 
petiolulate, lanceolate, serrate ; heads discoid, on slender axillary 
peduncles ; outer scales of the involucre foliaceous, narrowed and 
ciliate at base, much longer than the head ; akenes obovate-cuneate, 
2-awned, pubescent and ciliate with erect hairs . Torr. 4* Gr. FL 
N. A. 2. p. 351. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 594. Fl. Cestr. p. 486. 

Froxdose Bidens. Vulgo — Bur-Marigold. 

Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet hight, somewhat hairy, often dark purple, 
branched. Leaflets or segments 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, pilose beneath, abruptly 
narrowed at base to a short margined ciliate petiolule, — the common petiole 1 to 3 
inches long. Heads rather small, on long slender naked peduncles. Involucre 
double, — the S or 10 outer scales lanceolate, leaf-like, unequal, 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 
limes as long as the head, ovate-lanceolate, with a scarious margin. Florets yel- 
lowish. Chaff of the receptacle linear-lanceolate, about as long as the akenes. 
Gardens, fence-rows, Indian-Cornfields, &c. : throughout the U. States. Fl. Aug. 
— September. Fr. Obtober. 

Obs. All the species, here enumerated, are very worthless, and 
particularly disagreeable weeds, — on account of the barbed awns of 
the fruit, which cause it to adhere in great numbers to clothing. 
This one is apt to be quite abundant in gardens, Indian-corn fields, 
he. and if permitted to mature its fruit, becomes very annoying, in 
the -latter part of summer. 

2. B. chrysanthemoides, Mx. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering 
at each end, serrate, sessile, and connate at base ; heads conspicu- 
ously radiate, often somewhat nodding; outer scales of the involucre 
foliaceous, mostly shorter than the rays ; akenes oblong-cuneate, 2 
to 4-awned, retrorsely aculeate-ciliate on the margins. Torr. 4" Gr* 
Fl. N.A.2. p. 352. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 595. FL Cestr. p. 485. 

Also? B. quadriaristata. DC. I. c. 

Chrysanthemum-like Bidens. Vulgo — Beggar -ticks. 

Plant glabrous. Boot annual. Stem 6 inches to 2 feet high, erect or often de- 
clined at base, branching, the branches opposite and axillary. Leaves 3 to 6 inches 
long. Heads rather large, solitary, terminating the branches. Outer scales of 
the involucre about 8, linear-lanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, spreading, the largest 
sometimes nearly as long as the rays; the inner scales membranaceous, elliptic 
or ovate-oblong, nearly equal, about as long as the disk-florets. Rays bright yel- 
low, numerous, near an inch long. Akenes striate-ribbed and somewhat keeled 
on the flatted sides ; awns usually 4. Chaff of the receptacle spatulate4inear, 



S4 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

scarious, 3-nerved, yellow, or sometimes purplish at summit. Low grounds ; along 
swampy rivulets : generally throughout the U. States. Fl. Aug. — Sept. Fr. Octo. 

Obs. This species is rather showy, when in flower, — and is less 
inclined than either the preceding or the following to invade culti- 
vated grounds. It is, however, quite an objectionable weed, on ac- 
count of the vast quantity of its adhesive fruit, in autumn. There 
appear to be several varieties of the plant, — noticed in Torrey & 
Gray's N. A. Flora. 

f f Akenes slender, linear, 4-sided, beaked at summit, mostly smooth. 

3. B. bipinxata, L. Leaves bipinnately dissected, petiolate, — the 
segments lanceolate or oblong-ovate, mucronate, usually narrowed 
at base ; heads few-rayed, small, on slender angular-sulcate terminal 
and axillary peduncles ; outer scales of the involucre scarcely as long 
as the inner ones ; akenes long and slender, 4-angled and grooved, 
3 or 4-awned. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 354. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 
603. Fl. Cestr. p. 487. 
Bipinnate Bidens. Vulgc — Spanish Needles. 

Plant glabrous Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, quadrangular/branched. 
Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, delioid-ovate in the outline ; petioles 1 to 3 or 4 
inches long. Heads oblong, slender; rays 3 or 4, obovate, small, yellow with dark 
veins; disk-florets about 20, yellow. Akenes about three fourths of an inch long, 
somewhat scabrous with short erect hairs. Chaff o{ the receptacle lance-linear, 
shorter than the akenes. Garden?, and cultivated Lois : New England to Florida. 
Fl. August — September. Fr. October. 

Obs. This, like the B. frondosa — if not carefully watched and 
eradicated — is a great pest in cultivated Lots, — especially in Kitchen 
Gardens and Indian-corn fields. One or two other species, equally 
worthless as the preceding, are frequently to be met with, in low 
grounds : but those here given are the most common, and the most 
annoying, — and therefore most intitled to the notice of the farmer. 

SUB-TRIBE 6. ANtHEMLDEAE. Cass. 
Heals mostly heterogamous, never dioicous ; raw-florets in one or more series, 
pistillate or rarely neutral, ligulate or tubular ; disk-florets perfect or sometimes 
staminate. Receptacle naked «r chaffy. Anthers not caudate. Branches of the style 
truncate and mostly bearded at apex — rarely produced into a short cone. Pappus 
none, or small and coroniform. Leaves mostly alternate, often much dissected. 

DIV. 1. EU-ANTHEMIDEAE. DC. 

Receptacle chaffy. Heads mostly radiate,— the rays ligulate, in a single series; 
disk-florets perfect. 

91. MARUTA. Cass. Bndl. Gen. 2640. 

[ 1 

Heads many-flowered ; rays mostly neutral, continuous or obscurely 

articulated with the abortive ovary. Involucre hemispherical,— the, 

scales imbricated in few series, shorter than the disk. Receptacle 

prominently convex or oblong-conical, chaffy all over or only at 

summit. Akenes obovoid or obconic, ribbed, destitute of pappus. 

Annual Herbs. Leaves bi- or tri-pinnately dissected. 

1. M. Cotula, DC. Scales of the involucre with whitish scarious 
margins ; receptacle conical, chaffy at summit only ; chaff subulate. 
Torr. 4- Gr. FL N. A. 2. p. 408. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 13. 
Anthemis Cotula. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 489. Icon, Fl. Lond. vol. 3. 



COMPOSITAE S5 

Vulgd — Stinking Chamomile. Dog's Fennel. May-Weed, [fetida. 
Fr. Maroute. Germ. Stinkende Kamille. Span. Manzanilla 

Plant strongly fetid. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, mostly erect, somewhat pilose, 
leafy and much branched. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, bi- and tn-pinnately 
dissected, — the segments short, flat, linear, acute. Heads terminal on elongated 
pubescent peduncles ; rays white, sometimes imperfectly pistillate ; disk yellow, 
prominently convex or subcylindric. Akenes oblong or obconic, striate-ribbed, 
mostly tuberculate in lines, with a minute disk at summit, but no sort of pappus. 
Farm yards, and waste places; throughout the U. States : introduced. Native 
of Europe. Fl. June— Sept. Fr. August— October. 

Obs. This disagreeable little weed has become extensively natu- 
ralized ; and although not apt to spread to an injurious extent over 
cultivated grounds, it is often quite abundant in lanes and farm- 
yards, and not easily expelled. 

92. ANTHEMIS. L. Endl. Gen. 2639. 

[Greek, Anthemon, a flower ; in allusion to the great number it bears.] 

Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre im- 
bricated in few series. Receptacle conical, with membranaceous 
chaff among the florets. Akenes terete or obtusely quadrangular ; 
pappus minute, eoroniform, or sometimes wanting. Annual or pe- 
rennial Herbs. Leaves bipinnately dissected. 

1. A. nobilis, L. Stems simple, numerous, spreading and decum- 
bent, villous ; leaves pinnately dissected, subvillous, — the segments 
multifid with the sub-divisions linear -subulate ; chaff of the receptacle 
scarious, lanceolate, not awned at apex, a little shorter than the flo- 
rets. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 6. FL Cestr. p. 488. 

Noble Anthemis. Vulgd — Chamomile. Garden Chamomile. 

Fr. Camomille Romaine. Germ. Die Kamille. Span. Manzanilla. 

Root perennial, woody. Siems simple, but numerous from the root, 4 to 8 or 
10 inches long. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, sessile. Heads terminal on elongated 
leafless pubescent peduncles ; raps white, finally reflexed ; disk yellow, convex 
and at length conical. Akenes with a nearly obsolete crown-form pappus. 
Gardens : •cultivated. Native of Europe. FL July. Fr. September. 

Obs. The whole plant (and particularly the heads of flowers) is a 
fine aromatic bitter, and deservedly popular as a tonic medicine,— 
for which purpose it is generally cultivated. It is an old and still 
prevalent opinion, that this plant thrives better for being trampled 
upon or kept prostrate, — which is thus incidentally noticed by 
Shakspeare, in the first part of his King Henry TV. — " For though 
the Camomile, the more it is trodden on the faster it grows — yet 
youth, the more it is wasted the sooner it wears. 7 ' There is another 
species (A. arve?isis, L.) which is partially naturalized, — and ap- 
pears as a weed in the cultivated grounds of some of the middle and 
northern States : but it is not of sufficient importance to call for a 
more extended notice, here. There are no native species. 

93. ACHILLEA. L. Endl. Gen. 2649. 
[Named after Achilles, a disciple of Chiron, — who first used the plant.] 

Heads many- or several-flowered ; rays few and short, pistillate ; 
tube of the disk-florets obcompressed. Involucre ovoid- oblong, — 
the scales imbricated, unequal. Receptacle flat or sometimes elon- 

8 



86 MONOPETALOUS E&OGENS 

gated, chaffy. AJcenes oblong, obcompressed, somewhat margined", 
destitute of pappus. Perennial Herbs, heaves alternate, mostly 
pinnatifid. Heads small, corymbose. 

1. A. Millefolium, L. Stem sulcate--striate, somewhat villous; 
leaves bipinnately dissected,— the segments linear, incised-serrate, 
acute ; corymb compound, fastigiate ; rays about 5, roundish-obovate. 
Torr. Sf Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 409. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 24. Fl. Cestr.p. 
489. Icon, Fl. Lond. vol. 3. 

Thousand-leaf Achillea. Vulgo — Yarrow. Milfoil. 

Fr. La Millefeuille. Germ. Die Schafgarbe. Spa?i. Milenrama, 

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, hairy and somewhat lanuginous, mostly simple, corym- 
bose at summit. Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 inches long (the radical ones still longer), 
nearly sessile, much and finely dissected. Heads small, numerous, in a dense 
terminal fastigiate corymb ; rays white or often tinged with purple, crenate-den- 
xate at apex ; disk-florets whitish, — the tube sprinkled with resinous particles. 
Akenes obcompressed, slightly margined near the summit, smooth. Receptacle 
small, flat ; chaff lance-oblong, acute. Pastures ; fence-rows, &c. : throughout 
the U. States : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June — Sept. Fr. Aug. — Octo. 

Obs. This foreigner has become completely naturalized. It is an 
aromatic bitter, and somewhat astringent, — quite popular as a tonic. 
The English agricultural writers speak of it as a plant of some value, 
in their pastures ; but I believe it is universally regarded, here, as a 
mere weed. Certainly it is far inferior to our usual pasture plants, — 
and I think our cattle rarely eat it. 

DIV. 2. CHRYSANTHEMEAE. DC. 

Receptacle not chaffy. Heads mostly radiate. — the rays ligulate, pistillate or 
rarely neutral, in a single series ; disk-florets perfect. 

94. LEUCANTHEMUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2667. 
[Greek. Leukos, white, and Anthemon, a flower; in reference to its white rays.] 

Heads many-flowered ; rays pistillate, numerous. Involucre spread- 
ing or broad-campanulate, — the scales imbricated, with scarious 
margins. Receptacle flat or somewhat convex, naked. Tube of the 
disk-florets fleshy, obcompressed and slightly 2-winged. AJcenes of 
the disk and ray similar, subterete, striate, mostly destitute of pap- 
pus. Perennial Herbs. Leaves alternate, mostly pinnatifid or in- 
cised-dentate. Heads rather large, solitary and terminal. 

1. L. vulgare, Dam. Stem erect, somewhat branched ; leaves lacini- 
ately incised or pinnatifid-dentate, — the cauline ones sessile and 
somewhat clasping — the radical ones obovate-spatulate, petiolate ; 
scales of the involucre with narrow russet-brown margins. Torr. iV 
Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 412. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 46. 

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. L. Fl. Gestr. p. 490. Icon, Fl. 
Lond. vol. 3. [weed. 

Common Leucanthemum. Vulgo — Daisy. Ox-eye Daisy. White 

Fr. L'oeil de Beuf. Germ. Die Wucherblume. Span. Margarita 
mayor. 

Stem 1 to near 2 feet high, erect or subdecumbent, angular and striate, some- 
what hairy, simple or sparingly branched, but often several from the same root. 
heaves 1 or 2 inches long, — the upper stem-leaves oblong — the lower ones cune- 
ate-spatulate — and the radical ones obovate or orbicular-spatulate. Heads 
broad ; rays very white — in length about equal to the diameter of the disk ; disk- 



COMPOSITAE 87 

florets yellow. Akenes subterete, ribbed, smooth, dark purple between the ribs, 
destitute of pappus. Receptacle slightly convex, dotted. Fields and meadows, 
more or less throughout the U. States : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. 
June — Aug. Fr. July — Sept. 

Obs. This vile intruder is becoming a great nuisance in our 
country. In some districts, the careless slovenly farmers have per- 
mitted it to get almost exclusive possession of their pasture fields, — 
rendering them quite white, when the plant is in bloom. Cows will 
occasionally crop a portion of the weed, in our pastures, — and I have 
heard it alleged, that it contributes to the making of good Butter : 
but my own observations induce me to regard it as utterly worthless. 
It is propagated rapidly, — --and is, moreover, exceedingly difficult to 
get rid of, when once fully established : so that one negligent sloven 
may be the source of a grievous annoyance to a whole community. 
I have understood that annual ploughing and cropping, for a few 
years, is the most effectual remedy for the evil : but then the fence- 
rows and neighboring fields must be well watched, to prevent the 
formation and introduction of fresh seed. The Com Marygold 
(Chrysanthemum, segetum, L. a kindred plant) — which is said, to be 
such a pest to the agriculture of Europe — does not appear to have 
found its way, as yet, to the TJ. States. 

DIV. 3. ARTEMISIEAE. DC. 

Receptacle naked (i. e. not chaffy). Heads discoid, homogamous or heteroga- 
mous : forets all tubular, — the central ones perfect — one or more series of the 
marginal ones sometimes pistillate. 

95. TANACETUM. L. Endl. Gen. 2696. 
[Corrupted from Athanasia, Gr. a, not, and Thanatos, death: from its durable 

flowers.] 

Heads homogamous with the florets all perfect, or heterogamous 
with the marginal ones pistillate in a single series. Scales of the 
involucre imbricated, dry. Receptacle more or less convex. Akenes 
angled or ribbed, with a large epigynous disk. Pappus none or 
minute, coroniform, entire or toothed, often unequal. Perennial 
Herbs, or suffruticose plants. Leaves alternate, variously dissected. 
Heads solitary or corymbose. 

1. T. vulgare-, i. Stem herbaceous, smoothish ; leaves bipinnately 

parted, — the rachis and lobes incised-serrate ; heads heterogamous, 

numerous, in a dense fastigiate corymb ; pappus coroniform, of 5 

equal lobes. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 414. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 

12S. Fl. Cestr. p. 492. 

Common Tanacetum. Vulgo — Tansey. 

Fr. Tanaisie. Germ. Der Rainfarn. Spa?i. Tanaceto. 

Stems 2 to 4 feet high, somewhat branched above, often growing in clusters 
Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, interruptedly pseudo-pinnate, — the segments 
pinnatifid, unequally incised-serrate. Heads depressed-hemispherical ; involucre 
sinoothish, — the outer scales lanceolate, acuminate — the inner ones oblong, ob- 
tuse ; florets deep yellow, numerous and densely crowded, — the marginal ones 
trifid, obsoletely radiate. Receptacle nearly flat. Gardens, fence-rows, way- 
sides, &c. : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. July— Aug. Fr. September. 

Obs. This was originally introduced as a garden plant, and gene- 
rally cultivated for its aromatic bitter properties, — which have ren- 
dered it a prominent article in the popular Materia Medica. It has 



SS MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

now escaped from the gardens, and is becoming naturalized— and 
something of a weed — in many places. 

96. ARTEMISIA. L. Endl. Gen. 2694. 
[Said to be so called from Artemis, — one of the names of Diana.] 
Heads discoid, few- or many-flowered, heterogamous, — the central 
florets perfect (yet sometimes abortive), 5-lobed — the marginal ones 
pistillate in a single series, and 3-lobed, — or sometimes the heads are 
homogamous, with the florets all perfect. Scales of the involucre 
imbricated, mostly dry and with scarious margins. Receptacle flat- 
tish or convex, naked or villous. Al-anes obovoid, with a small 
epigynous disk, destitute of pappus. Herbaceous or fruticose — 
mostly perennial plants. Leaves alternate, usually pinnatifid. — 
Heads small, racemose or paniculately spicate. 

§. 1. Receptacle naked : Heads heterogamous, — the central or disk- 
fiorets apparently perfect, but sterile by the abortion of the ovary. 

1. A. Dracunculus, L. var. sativa, Bess. Herbaceous, green and 
glabrous; stem erect, branching; radical leaves trifid at apex, — 
stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sub-dentate or entire ; heads subglo- 
bose, racemose-paniculate ; scales of the involucre with scarious 
margins, — the outer ones oblong — the inner ones broadly elliptic. 
DC. Prodr. 6. p. 97. 

Little-Dragon Artemisia. Vulgd — Tarragon. 

Fr. Estragon. Germ. Esdragon. Span. Estragon. 

Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves 1 to, 2 or 3 inches long, mostly 
entire sessile, narrowed at each end, those on the branches smaller. Heads 
small. Florets yellowish. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Russia and Siberia. 
Fl. August. Fr. September. 

Obs. This species is sometimes cultivated, in the kitchen gardens 
of the curious, for the sake of its aromati© herbage. It is said to im- 
part a fine flavor to vinegar, by steeping a bunch of the green Herb 
in that liquid. 

§. 6. Receptacle villous or hairy : Heads heterogamous, — the 
florets all fertile. 

2. A. Absinthium, L. Silky -canescent ; stem suflruticose, angular- 
sulcate, paniculately branched above ; leaves bipinnatifid, — the seg- 
ments lanceolate, often incised ; heads hemispherical, racemose- 
paniculate, nodding; outer scales of the involucre linear — the inner 
ones rounded, scarious. Torr. 6r Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 424. DC. 
Prodr. 6. p. 125. Fl Cestr. .p. 491. 

Vttlgb — Worm-wood . 

Fr. L'Absinthe. Germ. Der Wermuth. Span. Axenjo. 

Plant hoary with a short and rather dense silky pubescence. Root perennial. 
Stems 2 to 4 feet high, clustered or numerous from the root. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 
inches long, petiolate, multilid or irregularly bipinnatifid, — the principal seg- 
ments often trifid, and cuneate at base — the subdivisions elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 
entire. Heads numerous, in leafy paniculate racemes ; florets yellowish. Akenes 
obconic-oblong, smooth. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. August. 
Fr. September — October. 

Obs. This plant — proverbial for its bitterness — is generally kept 
in gardens ; and is valuable for its medicinal properties, as a tonic, 
vermifuge, &c. 



COMPOSITAE 89 

There is another species (A. Abrotanum, _£.), commonly known 
by the name of " Southern-wood," or " Old Man," frequent in gar- 
dens ; and a fourth (A. vulgaris, L.), called "Mug-wort," is occa- 
sionally met with : But these are of less importance, — and scarcely 
intitled to a place, here. 

SUB-TRIBE 7. GNAPHALIEAE. Less. 
Heads discoid, homogamous or heterogamous. sometimes dioicous ; florets all 
tubular, — the pistillate ones filiform, or very rarely ligulate. Anthers caudate at 
base ! Style, in the perfect florets, with the branches not appendiculate, — in the 
staminate ones mostly undivided. Pappus capillary or setaceous — rarely want- 
ing. Leaves mostly alternate. 

KF" Receptacle not chaffy. 

97. GNAPHALIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 2746. 
[Greek, Gnaphalo?i, soft down or wool, — with which the plants are clothed.] 

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; florets all tubular, — the outer 
ones pistillate, very slender, mostly in several series — the central 
ones perfect. Involucre ovoid ; scales imbricated, appressed, scari- 
ous or hyaline. Receptacle flat. Akenes subterete, or sometimes 
obcompressed. Pappus in a single series, capillary and scabrous. 
Herbaceous or rarely suffruticose plants, mostly woolly or tomentose. 
Leaves sessile or decurrent. Heads corymbose, glomerate, or spi- 
cate ; scales of the involucre variously colored. 

1. G. polycephaluit, Mx. Stent herbaceous, erect, paniculately 
branched ; leaves linear -oblanceolate, acute, sessile and not decur- 
rent, smoothish above, tomentose beneath ; heads numerous, in 
terminal corymbose clusters. Torr. <y Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 427. 
DC. Prodr. 6. p. 227. Fl. Cestr. p. 494. 
Ma^y-headed Gnaphalium. Vulgo — Life-everlasting. 

Root annual. Ste?n 1 to 2 feet high, hoary-tomentose and generally much 
branched. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, somewhat undulate on the margins, green 
and nearly smooth on the upper surface — whitish and densely tomentose be- 
neath. Heads rather small, oblong-ovoid, ochroleucdus, aggregated in dense 
terminal clusters, very fragrant. Florets slender, yellowish. Akenes oblong, 
subterete, smooth. Pappus somewhat tawny. Old fields, and Pastures : Canada 
to Texas. Fl. Aug.— Sept. Fr. October. 

Obs. This is often quite abundant in old pasture fields ; and al- 
though not a pernicious plant, it is altogether valueless to the farmer, 
and must be regarded as a mere weed. 

SUB-TRIBE 8. SENECIONEAE. Cass. 
Heads homogamous or heterogamous (never dioicous), discoid or radiate : tcjs 
(when present) ligulate, in a single series. Receptacle very rarely chaffy. An- 
thers not caudate. Pappus capillary — sometimes wanting on the outer akenes. 
Leaves alternate. 

DIV. 1. ERECHTITEAE. DC. 

Hads discoid, heterogamous ; florets all tubular. — the marginal ones pistillate. 

98. ERECHTITES. Rafin. Endl. Gen. 2790. 
[One of the names given, by DioScorides, to the Senecio.] 

Heads many-flowered, discoid ; marginal florets pistillate, very 
slender, 2 or 3-toothed, — the others perfect, 4 or 5-toothed. hivo- 
lucre cylindrical, — the scales in a single series, linear, acute, bracte- 

8* 



90 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

olate. Receptacle naked, somewhat papillose. Branches of the style 
tipped with a pubescent cone. Akenes oblong, striate, somewhat 
attenuated at apex. Pappus copious and smoothish, of very fine 
capillary bristles in several series. Annual Herbs. Heads corymbose. 

1. E. hieracifolia. Raf. St6m simple, or paniculate at summit ; 
leaves lance-oblong, narrowed at base, acute, unequally incised- 
dentate, sessile, — the upper ones often sagittate-auriculate and 
somewhat amplexicaul ; involucre sub-cylindric, smooth, with subu- 
late-linear bracteoles at base. Torr. §■ Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 434. 
DC. Prodr. 6. p. 294. 

Senecio hieracifolius. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 498. 
Hieracium-leaved Erechtites. Vulgd — Fire-weed. 

Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, rather large, succulent and tender when young', 
striate-sulcate, more or less hairy, sometimes nearly smooth. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 
inches long. Heads middle-sized, often numerous, in small cymose corymbs 
terminating the paniculate branches; involucre terete-oblong, slightly ventrieose ; 
florets whitish or ochroleucous, very slender and numerous. Pappus very white, 
of numerous fine and almost silky hairs. Receptacle flat, roughish-dotted. Moist 
grounds; recent clearings, &c. : throughout the U. States. Fl. July — August. 
Fr. September. 

Obs. This plant (which has much the aspect of a Sonchus, or 
Sow-thistle) is remarkable for its prevalence in newly-cleared 
grounds, — especially in and around the spots where brush-wood has 
been burnt ; whence its common name, "Fire-weed." It is a coarse 
worthless weed, and often very abundant in new grounds ; but it is 
not apt to be troublesome in cultivated fields. 

DIV. 2. EU-SENECIONEAE. DC. 
Heads either homogamous. anil discoid, or heterogamous and radiate, — the 
ray-florets pistillate. 

99. SENECIO. L. Endl. Gen. 2811. 
[Latin, Senex, an old man ; the pappus resembling a white beard.] 

Heads many-flowered, — either discoid with the florets all tubular 
and perfect — or radiate with the ray-florets pistillate. Scales of the 
involucre in a single series, or calyeulate with a few accessory scales. 
Receptacle naked or alveolate, not chaffy. Branches of the style, in 
the perfect florets, truncate, — the apex only minutely penicillate. 
Ahenes not beaked nor winged — often grooved or ribbed. Pappus 
of numerous very slender caducous hairs. Herbs, or sometimes 
shrubby plants. Leaves alternate. Heads solitary, paniculate or 
corymbose. 

Oj^" Perennial : Heads mostly radiate, corymbose. Radical leaves 
undivided. 

1. S. aureus, L. Smooth, or often somewhat arachnoid-woolly 
when young ; radical leaves roundish-ovate and subcordate, or vary- 
ing to obovate and oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, petiolate ; 
lower stem-leaves lyrate, — the upper ones lanceolate, pinnatifid, 
sessile or partly clasping; corymb subumbellate. Tbrr. 4* Gr. Fl. 
N. A. 2. p. 442. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 432. Fl. Cestr. p. 496. 
Also, S. obovatus, and Balsamitae. Muhl. DC. I. c. Fl. Cestr. p. 
Golden Senecio. Vulgd — Groundsel. Squaw-weed. [497. 



COMPOSITAE 91 

t Stem 1 to 2 feet high, corymbosely branched, — the lower branches elongated, 
axillary and distant — the upper ones crowded or subumbellate at the summit of 
the stem. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, varying in form on the different varieties ; 
petioles of the radical leaves 1 or 2 to 6 or 3 inches long. Heads terminal on the 
fastigiate branches ; rays and disk yellow. Akenes linear-oblong, striate-ribbed; 
-pappus white. Banks of streams ; moist sterile fields, and meadows : through- 
out the U. States. Fl. April — June. Fr June — July. 

Obs. Torreyand Gray have reduced Muhlenberg's two species 
(viz. obovatus, and Balsamitae,) to varieties of the <S. aureus, L. 
The var. Balsamitae — with a nearly simple stem, and elliptic or 
lance-oblong radical leaves— is a frequent weed in poor moist mea- 
dows and pastures, — where the farmer may often see patches, in the 
spring, made conspicuous by its yellow rays. The var. obovatus 
(called " Squaw-weed ") has been denounced, by an Agricultural 
writer in New York, as being poisonous to sheep ; but I know not 
how correctly, — and am rather inclined to doubt the accuracy of the 
statement. The Senecios are a multitudinous family. Prof. De 
Candolle describes nearly 600 species, — of which about 40 are 
enumerated by Torrey & Gray as inhabitants of North America. 
Although the species are so numerous — and, I believe, altogether 
worthless, — I do not know that they have been found very trouble- 
some, on the farm. Our native ones, certainly, have not. The 
common Groundsel, of Europe (S. vulgaris, L. — a homely little 
weed, with discoid heads and pinnatifid leaves) — which De Candolle 
says migrates almost every where with European men — has been 
introduced about the sea-ports of the northern States ; but it does 
not appear to extend itself very rapidly.* 

TRIBE V. CYNAREAE. Less. 

Heads homogamous or heterogamous, sometimes dioicous. Style, in the perfect 
florets, often nodose-thickened near the summit (sometimes penicillate at the 
node) ; the branches either distinct or concrete, puberulent externally, — the stig- 
matic lines extending to their apex, and there confluent. 

SUB-TRIBE 2. CENTATJRIEAE. DC. 

Heads discoid, many-flowered, — the marginal florets usually neutral, irregular 
and much larger than the central ones. Scales of the involucre imbricated, vari- 
ously appendiculate. Akenes with an areola (or small cavity) at base which is 
more or less lateral. Pappus capillary, bristly, or chaffy — never plumose, — 
sometimes wanting. 

100. CENTAUREA. L. Endl. Gen. 2871. 
[From the Centaur, Chiron, — who, it is said, cured his wound with the plant.] 

Heads many-flowered ; florets unequal, — the marginal ones larger 
and neutral, or sometimes wanting, — the central ones perfect. Iu- 
vohecre imbricated, the scales various. Receptacle bristly-paleace- 
ous. Akenes compressed. Pappiis usually composed of scabrous 
filiform bristles in one or more series, — the inner series often smaller 
and somewhat connivent. Polymorphous Herbs. Leaves alternate. 
Heads solitary, large. 

♦Since the above was written, the S. vulgaris has been detected in the streets 
of West Chester, Pa. by Mr. Pennock Passmore — a gentleman who is at once a 
practical farmer and an acute observer, with the eye of a Botanist. It is possible 
the plant may yet become generally disseminated, — though I had only noticed it 
in the vicinity of Philadelphia, before Mr. Passmore pointed it out to me in my 
own village. 



92 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

1. C. Cyakus, Lk Floccose-tcmentose ; stem erect, much branched; 
leaves lance-linear, sessile, entire, — the lower ones broader, tapering 
into a kind of petiole, toothed or pinnatifid at base ; pappus shorter 
than the akene. Torr. <$• Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 454. DC. Prodr. 6. 
2>. 578. Fl. Cestr. p. 435. Icon, Fl. Loud. vol. 3. 

Blue Centaurea. Vulgo — Blue-bottle. Ragged Robin. Blue Bon- 
nets, of the Scotch. 
Fr. Bluet. Germ. Die Korn-blume. Span. Ciano. 

Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, hoary-vil- 
lous or lanuginous — especially on the under side. Heads roundish-ovoid, pedun- 
culate, not bracteate : outer scales of the involucre ovate, serrate. — the inner ones 
longer, lanceolate, scarious and entire below, serrate near the apex. Florets of 
the centre regular, with a slender tube, mostly violet-purple. — the marginal ones 
obsoletely pistillate, larger, spreading or recurved, funnel-form with a long tube, 
blue, or sometimes pm-plish or white. Aketies oblong, compressed, striate, pilose, 
with a cavity {areola) on one side of the base : pappus composed of numerous 
russet scabrous hairs of unequal length. Gardens and cultivated fields : Northern 
and Middle States : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. August. 

Obs. This plant is often seen in Gardens, — and in some places is 
gradually straggling into the cultivated fields. As it is considered a 
troublesome weed, among the grain crops of Europe, it may be well 
to watch and arrest its progress, here. Every worthless intruder 
should be regarded with a jealous eye, by the farmer. 

SUB-TRIBE 3. CARDUINEAE. Less. 

Heads discoid, homogamous, many-flowered ; florets all similar, perfect or dioi- 
cous. Scales of the involucre imbricated in several series, often spinose at apex. 
Corolla usually curved outwards, — the exterior lobe often more deeply separated 
than the others. Anthers slightly or not at all caudate. AJsenes not beaked, gla- 
brous, with a terminal areola. Pappus composed of slender scabrous or plumose 
bristles, which are often muted into a ring at the base. 

101. CYNARA. Vaill. Endl. Gen. 2882. 
[Greek. KtjOn, kyno<. a dog; the spines of the involucre resembling dog's teeth.] 

Heads homogamous, many-flowered ; florets all equal. Involucre 
ovoid, — the scales imbricated, coriaceous, produced into a lanceolate 
appendage which is spinescent at apex. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate 
or bristly-paleaceous. Corolla 5-cleft, — the limb thick at base, 
half as long as the tube, the lobes very unequal. Anthers with a 
very obtuse appendage ; filaments papillose, somewhat barbed. — 
Branches of the style concrete. Akenes obovate compressed or 4- 
sided, smooth; areola broad, somewhat oblique. Pappus in several 
series, long, plumose, — the bristles free at base, but attached to-a 
deciduous ring. Perennial spinose Herbs. Leaves alternate, pinna- 
tifidly lobed, not decurrent. Heads large, with a thick fleshy 
leceptaele. 

1. C. Scolymvs, L. Stem branching; leaves subspinose, bipin- 
natifid and sometimes undivided, tomentose beneath ; scales of the 
involucre ovate, thick and fleshy at base, obtuse at apex and some- 
what emarginate, — rarely subspinescent, straight or slightly diver- 
gent. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 620. 
Vulgd — Artichoke. 
Fr. Artichaud. Germ. Die Artischoke. Spa?i. Alcachofa. 

Hoot perennial. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, stout, striate and tomentose. Leaves large, 
entire or lobed and spinose. Heads ovoid. 2 to 3 inches in diameter: florets blue 
or violet-purple. Gardens: cultivated. Native country uncertain. Fl. Aug. 
Fr. September. 



COMPOSITAE 93 

Obs. The thick receptacle — together with the fleshy bases of the 
scales of the involucre — affords a favorite vegetable dish, — for which 
this plant is cultivated, by those who -are curious in such matters. 
I have seen magnificent specimens from the Garden of Mrs. Lati- 
mer (near Wilmington, Del.), — a Lady who excels in the culture of 
rare plants, choice fruits, and beautiful flowers. 

Another species, called Cardoon (C. Cardu?iculus, L.), — with the 
leaves all bipinnately lobed, and more spinose, — to which the fore- 
going is nearly allied (if, indeed, it be not, as Prof. De Candolle 
suggests, a mere variety produced by long culture) — is also cultiva- 
ted for the thick fleshy petioles and ribs of the leaves, — which are 
rendered delicate and white by etiolation, or blanching, after the 
manner practiced with Celery. 

102. CIRSIUM. Tournef. Bndl. Gen. 2887. 
[Greek, Kirsos, a varix, or enlarged vein ; for which the plant was a supposed 

remedy.] 

Heads many-flowered ; florets all similar and perfect, or rarely 
dioicous. Involucre subglobose ; scales imbricated in numerous 
series, mostly cuspidate or tipped with a spine. Receptacle fimbril- 
late. Corolla with the limb regularly, or sometimes unequally, 5- 
cleft, — the tube rather short. Anthers more or less produced and 
lacerate at base ; filaments often hairy. Branches of the style con- 
crete nearly or quite to the apex. Akenes oblong, compressed, not 
ribbed, glabrous ; areola terminal. Pappus of many series, — the 
hairs united into a deciduous ring at base, plumose, merely denticu- 
late (the stouter ones slightly clavellate) at apex. Biennial or per- 
ennial Herbs. Leaves alternate, sessile or decurrent, often pinna- 
tifid with the margins and segments spinose, — the radical ones much 
larger than the cauline — as is usual with biennials. 

1. C. lanceolatum, Scop. Leaves decurrent on the stem and form- 
ing a spinose lobed wing, pinnatifid, prickly hispid on the upper 
surface, arachnoid-lanuginous beneath, — the segments lanceolate, 
bifid, divaricate, spinose ; involucre ovoid, nearly bractless ; scales 
linear-lanceolate, tipped with a spine, the outer ones spreading. 
Torr. 4- Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 456. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 636. 

Carduus lanceolatus, L. Fl. Cestr. p. 436. 

Lanceolate Cirsium. Vulgd — Common Thistle. 

Fr. Chardon lanceole. Germ. Die Kratzdistel. Span. Cardo. 

Root biennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched, striate-sulcate, hairy, winged 
by the decurrent leaves. Leaves 4 to 8 or 12 inches long. Heads terminal, erect, 
about an inch in diameter ; scales of the involucre connected by a cobweb-like 
villus. Florets purple, with yellowish anthers. Akenes small, obovate-oblong ; 
•pappus about an inch long, silky. Pastures, fence-rows, way-sides. &c. Northern 
and Middle States : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June— July. Fr. July — 
August. 

Obs. This foreigner — which delights in a rich soil — is abundantly 
naturalized in Pennsylvania, and the Northern States, generally. — 
Though not so repulsive and ugly as some of the spinose Compositae 
of Europe (such as Onopordon, Carlina, Kentrophyllum, &c), it is 
nevertheless a very objectionable weed, on our farm, — and requires 
constant vigilance and attention to exclude it, or keep it in subjec- 
tion. If permitted to mature its fruit, the spreading pappus may be 



94 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

seen, by hundreds, floating the akenes through the air, and dissemi- 
nating the noxious intruder far and wide. 

2. C. discolor, Spreng. Leaves sessile, more or less deeply riinna- 
tifid, sparsely hairy and green above, densely hoary-tomentose be- 
neath, — the segments linear -lanceolate, cuspidate and spinulose-cili- 
ate ; involucre ovoid-oblong ; scales appressed, tipped with a slender 
prickle, — the outer or lower scales lance-ovate, the inner or upper 
ones linear-lanceolate. Torr. <y Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 457. DC. 
Prodr. 6. p. 640. 

Carduus discolor. Nutt. Fl. Cestr. p. 437. 

Two-colored Cirsium. 

Root biennial. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, with rather slender spreading leafy 
branches, striate, pubescent with crisped membranous hairs. Leaves 3 or 4 to 12 
or 15 inches long (those on the branches small), the under surface bluish-white 
with a soft dense tomentum. Heads 1 to 2 inches long, and an inch or more in 
diameter ; sca'es somewhat arachnoid-villous, all appressed, terminating in a 
slender spreading spine. Florets reddish-purple, with whitish anthers. Fields, 
and borders of thickets : Northern and Western States. Fl. Aug.— Sept. Ft. 
Sept. — October. 

Obs. Like all others of the genus, this is a worthless, obnoxious 
weedy — but is much easier kept in subjection, than the preceding. 

3. C. ptjmilum, Spreyig. Leaves semi-amplexicaul, pinnatifid, green 
on both sides, — the segments short, irregularly lobed, spinulose-cili- 
ate and pointed with strong sharp spines ; heads few and large, 
roundish -ovoid, bracteate ; scales of the involucre appressed, — the 
outer ones ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, tipped with a short spine, 
the inner ones lance-linear with acuminate scarious serrulate tips. 
Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 459. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 651. 
Carduus pumilus. Nutt. Fl. Cestr. p. 437. 

LOW OR DWARF ClRSIUM. 

Plant pale greyish green. Root biennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, stout, spar- 
ingly branched, striate, retrorsely pilose. Leaves 4 to 12 inches long .very prickly, 
more or less hairy, densely pilose on the midrib beneath. Heads few (I to 3). often 
near 2 inches in diameter, mostly with large pinnatifid spinose bracts at base. 
Florets often 2 inches in length, usually of a pale reddish-purple, with whitish 
anthers Neglected old fields, and low grounds : Middle and Northern States. 
Fl. July. Fr. August. 

Obs. The flowers of this species are quite fragrant, and the heads 
somewhat showy or conspicuous, — being larger than those of any 
other native thistle. It does not disseminate rapidly ; and is there- 
fore easily kept in subjection, by proper attention. 

4. C. horridulum, Mx. Leaves semi-amplexicaul, pinnatifid, lanu- 
ginous beneath, — the short segments toothed or incised, strongly 
spinose ; involucre ovoid, large, with a verticil of pectinately spi- 
nose bracts at base ; scales loosely imbricated, linear-lanceolate, 
tapering to a subulate point, but scarcely spinose. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. 
N. A. 2. p. 460. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 651. 

Carduus spinosissimus. Walt. Fl. Cestr. p. 438. 
Somewhat rugged Cirsium. Vulgd — Yellow Thistle. 

Root biennial? (perennial, DC). Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, rather 
Btout, simple or sparingly branched, arachnoid-lanuginous when young, finally 



COMPOSITAE 95 

smoothish. Leaves 4 to 12 inches long:, hairy on the upper surface, lanuginous 
beneath, — the segments pointed with short rigid spines. Heads terminal, lew. 
(often but one), nearly as large as in the preceding species, surrounded at base 
by a whorl of numerous (10 to 20 or 30) linear-lanceolate bracts, about as long 
as the involucre, — the bracts subpinnatifid or sinuate-dentate, pectinately spi- 
uose, with the spines somewhat in pairs, or fascicled. Florets an inch to an 
inch and half long, pale yellow (sometimes purple ? or becoming purple in dry- 
ing?). Pastures, and waste places: Sea coast, from Massachusetts to Louisiana: 
inlroduced ? Ft. July. Fr. August. 

Obs. This rugged repulsive plant has, to me, the appearance of a 
foreigner, in our soil. I have only met with it on the sandy coast of 
New Jersey, — and in a single locality in Chester County, Penna., 
where it was evidently a stranger. It is very desirable that it should 
continue to be a stranger, to our farms. 

5. C. arvexse, Scop. Rhizoma creeping; stem rather slender, 
striate-angled, paniculately branched at summit ; leaves sessile, 
lance-oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid and dentate, undulate, ciliate-spi- 
nose ; heads numerous, small, sometimes dioicous ; involucre oblong- 
ovoid ; scales appressed, lance-ovate, mucronate, — a few of the 
outer ones cuspidate-spinose. Torr. iy Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 460. 
DC. Prodr. 6. p. 643. 

Carduus arvensis. Sm. Fl. Cestr. p. 439. 

Cnicus arvensis, lloffm. Fl. Lo?id. Icon, vol. 3. 

Field Cirsium. Vulgd — Canada Thistle. Cursed Thistle. 

Fr. Chardon aux Anes. Germ. Die Acker Kratzdistel. 

Rhizoma perennial. — creeping horizontally 6 or 8 inches below the surface of 
the ground, and giving off numerous erect biennial branches. Stem IS inches to 
3 feet high, slender and smoothish. — the branches slender and lanuginous. 
Leaves 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, sessile and slightly decurrent, smoothish on the 
upper surface, sometimes arachnoid-lanuginous beneath. — the radical ones 
curled or wavy. Heads half an inch to two thirds of an inch in diameter, ter- 
minal, sub-pedunculate ; stales smoothish, minutely ciliate. Florets palish lilac- 
purple, with whitish anthers, perfect or the heads dioicous by abortion. Aktnes 
linear-oblong, slightly 4-cornered : pappus finally longer than the florets. Fields, 
and way-sides : Northern and Middle States: introduced. Native of Europe. 
Fl. July. Fr. August. . 

Obs. This foreigner is, perhaps, the most execrable weed that has 
yet invaded the farms of our Country. The rhizoma, or subterra- 
nean stem (which is perennial and very tenacious of life,) lies rather 
below the usual depth of furrows,— and hence the plant is not des- 
troyed by common ploughing. This rhizoma ramifies and extends 
itself horizontally in all directions, — sending up branches to the sur- 
face, where radical leaves are developed the first year — and aerial 
stems the second year. The plant appears to die, at the end of the 
second summer ; but it only dies down to the horizontal subterra- 
nean stem. The numerous branches, sent up from the rhizoma, 

soon cover the ground with the prickly radical leaves of the plant, 

and thus prevent cattle from feeding where they are. Nomina- short 
of destroying the perennial portion of the plant will rid the ground 
of this pest ; and this, I believe, has been accomplished by a few 
years of continued culture (or annual cropping of other plants, that 
require frequent ploughing, or dressing with the hoe,) — so as to pre- 
vent the development of radical leaves, and deprive the rhizoma, 
of all connection or communication with the atmosphere. 



96 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

The following notice of this annoying weed, from Curtis' Flora 
Londineiisis, may not be uninteresting to the American farmer : 

" Vitium agrorum apud nos primarium est [it is the greatest pest 
of our fields], Linnaeus observes in his Flora Lapponica. The 
same may be said with us : and we have bestowed on this plant the 
harsh name of cursed, with a view to awaken the attention of the 
Agriculturists of our country to its nature and pernicious effects. 

" Repeated observation has convinced us that many husbandmen 
are ignorant of its economy, — and while they remain so, they will 
not be likely to get rid of one of the greatest pests which can affect 
their corn fields and pastures. Of the Thistle tribe the greatest 
part are annual or biennial, and hence easily destroyed. • Some few 
are not only perennial, but have powerfully creeping roots, — and 
none so much as the present. In pulling this plant out of the ground, 
we draw up a long slender root which many are apt to consider as 
the whole of it ; but if those employed in such business examine 
the roots so drawn up, they will find every one of them broken off 
at the end : for the root passes perpendicularly to a great depth, and 
then branches out horizontally under ground. 

" To give an idea of its astonishing increase, we shall subjoin 
from the memoirs of the Bath Agricultural Society an experiment 
made for the very purpose of ascertaining it. * When this paper 
was delivered to the Society, from experiments then made, I was of 
opinion that repeated mowing or spudding would not destroy this 
Thistle. I have since had cause, from further observation and ex- 
periments, to think differently : so deep, however, does it penetrate, 
that these operations are the only ones which can well be applied to 
its destruction, — and if they do not effectually overcome, they will 
greatly enfeeble it." 

Two or three other species of Cirsium are frequently to be met 
with (viz : C. mnticum, Mx. with the heads not spinose, — and C. 
altissimum, Spreng. with the stem-leaves not pinnatifid) : But, as 
they do not incline much to infest the open grounds or farm land, I 
have not judged it necessary to notice them more particularly, here. 

103. LAPPA. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 2892. 
[Celtic, Hap, a hand-^or Greek. Idbein, to seize ; from its adhesive involucres.] 

Heads many-flowered ; florets all perfect and similar. Involucre 
subglobose ; scales imbricated, coriaceous, appressed at base, 
spreading and subulate above, with the rigid apex uncinately in- 
curved. Receptacle somewhat fleshy, bristly-paleaceous. Corolla 
regularly 5-cleft, 10-nerved. Anthers tipped with filiform appen- 
dages, and caudate at base ; filaments papillose. Branches of the 

* " April 1st, 1778, I planted in a garden a piece of the root of this Thistle, 
about the size of a goose quill, and 2 inches long, with a small head of leaves, 
cut off from the main root just as it was springing out of the ground. By the 
2nd of the November following, this small root'had thrown out shoots, several 
of which had extended themselves to the distance of 8 feet, — some had even 
thrown up leaves 5 feet from the original root : most of the shoots, which had 
thus far extended themselves, were about 6 inches under ground, — others had 
penetrated to the depth of 2 feet and a half: the whole together, when dug up 
and washed from the earth, weighed 4 pounds. In the spring of 1779, contrary 
to my expectation, this Thistle again made its appearance on and about the 
spot where the small piece was originally planted. There were between 50 
and 60 young heads, which must have sprung from the roots which had eluded 
the gardener's search, — though he was particularly careful in extracting them." 



COMPOSITAE 97 

style free and divergent at apex. AJcenes oblong, compressed, 
transversely rugose. Pappus in several series, short, filiform, sca- 
brous, not united into a ring at base, caducous. Biennial Herbs 9 
coarse and branching. Leaves alternate, subcordate, petiolate, large. 
Heads rather small, solitary or somewhat corymbose. 

1. L. major, Gaertn. Lower leaves cordate-oblong, upper ones 
ovate ; scales of the involucre all subulate with uncinate tips, smooth 
or loosely arachnoid. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 2 p. 463. DC. Prodr. 
G.p. 661. 

Arctium Lappa. L. FL Cestr. p. 436. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3. 

Greater Lappa. Vulgo — Bur-dock. 

Fr. Glouteron. Germ. Die Klette. Span. Bardana Lampazo. 

Root biennial. Stem 2 to 4 or 6 feet high, paniculately branching, striate-sul- 
cate, roughish-pubescent. Leaves green and roughish-pubescent above, paler 
and arachnoid-tomentose beneath, — the radical ones 1 to 2 feet long, erosely 
dentate and undulate on the margin (sometimes pinnatifid, or coarsely and 
deeply dentate) ; petioles 9 to 18 inches long ; stem-leaves smaller, and more or 
less ovate. Heads roundish-ovoid, on short peduncles, terminal and axillary ; 
scales of the involucre subulate-lanceolate, keeled, minutely serrulate, smoothish, 
spreading, with the point incurved and hooked. Florets purple, with bluish an- 
thers. AJcenes compressed, angular, rugose. Receptacle fimbrillate, — the bristly 
chaff smooth, longer than the akenes. Fence-rows, and waste places : intro- 
duced. Native of Europe- Fl. July — Sept. Fr. Sept. — October. 

Obs. Every body knows this coarse homely weed, wherever it has 
gained admittance, — but every body does not take care to keep it in 
due subjection. One of the earliest and surest evidences of slovenly 
negligence, about a farm-yard, is the prevalence of huge Bur-docks. 
The plant is considerably bitter ; and the leaves are a favorite ex- 
ternal application in fevers, head-ache, &c. 

SUB-ORDER III.* LIGULAEFLORAE. DC. 

Florets all ligulate and perfect, disposed in a homogamous radiatiform head. 

TRIBE VIII. CICHORACEAE. Vaill. 

Style cylindric above,— the summit, as well as the rather obtuse braruhes, 
equally or uniformly pubescent ; stigmatic lines terminating below or near th« 
middle of the branches. Plants with a milky juice ! Leaves alternate. 

SUB-TRIBE 2. HYOSERIDEAE. Less. 

Pappus coroniform or of numerous small chaffy scales, in one or two sanei. 
Receptacle not chaffy. 

104. CICHORIUM. Toumef. Bndl. Gen. 2978. 
(Etymology obscure : perhaps from Chicouryeh, the Arabic name of the plant.] 
Heads usually many-flowered. Involucre double, — the outer one of 
about 5 short spreading scales-^the inner one of 8 or 10 scales. 
AJcenes turbinate, somewhat compressed and angular, striate, gla- 
brous. Pappus of numerous very small chaffy scales. Branching 
Herbs. 

1. C. Intybus, L. Radical leaves runcinate, hispidly scabrous on 
the midrib, — the cauline ones small, oblong or Lanceolate, partly 

♦Sub-Order IL Labiatiflorae, contains no plant of Agricultural interest. 

9 



98 MONOPETALOUS EXOGE1SS 

clasping, sinuate-dentate or entire — those of the branches inconspi- 
cuous ; heads axillary, subsessile, mostly in pairs. Torr. 4* Gr. Fl. 
N. A. 2. p. 472. DC. Prodr. 7. p. 84. Fl. Cestr. p. 440. Icon, Fl. 
Lo?id. 3. 

Vulgo — "Wild Succory. Chiccory. 
Fr. La Chicoree sauvage. Germ. Der "Wegewart. Span. Achicoria. 

Root perennial, somewhat fusiform. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, angular-striate, 
roughish-pubescent, with numerous and somewhat virgate scabrous branches. 
Radical leaves 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, numerous. Heads axillary on the side of 
the stem and branches, in pairs or often solitary. Florets blue, or sometimes 
purplish — and not unfrequently white,— all ligulate and radiating towards the 
circumference. Pappus of minute chaffy scales, oblong, obtuse or emarginate, 
in a double series. Fields, and meadows : Northern and Middle States : intro- 
duced. Native of Europe. Fl. August. Fr. Sept. — October. 

Obs. This foreigner is becoming extensively naturalized. Some 
European Agriculturists recommend it as a valuable forage plant, — 
though they admit that it gives a bad taste to the milk of Cows 
which feed upon it. In this country, it is generally — and I believe 
justly — regarded as an objectionable weedy which ought to be ex- 
pelled from our pastures. The roasted root has been used, on the 
continent of Europe, as a substitute for the Coffee-berry ; but those 
who delight in the aromatic beverage, are not likely to take much 
interest in this or any other substitute for the genuine article. 

2. C. Endivia, Willd. var. sativa, DC. Radical leaves somewhat 
erect, obovate-oblong, sinuate-dentate, and often pinnatifid, smooth- 
ish,— the cauline ones auriculately dilated at base ; heads sessile and 
aggregated in twos and fours in the axils of the upper leaves, or 
solitary on elongated branches. DC. Prodr. 7. p. 84. 

Vulgo — Endive. Garden Succory. 

Fr. La Scaroie. Germ. Die Endivie. Spa?i. Endibia. 

Root biennial — or sometimes annual. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, terete, fistular, 
somewhat branched, smoothish, or often sparsely hirsute. Radical leaves 6 to 
12 inches long, sinuate-dentate with the teeth varying from large to very small 
and numerous, sometimes pinnatifid with the margin curled and lacerate, slen- 
der and tapering to the base. Outer scales of the involucre hispid-ciliate. Florets 
violet-purple, or sometimes white, — the ligules at first involute. Akenes turbinate 
or obconic, somewhat compressed, angular and ribbed ; pappus of minute chaffy 
scales in a double series. Gardens : cultivated. Native, of India. Fl. July — 
August. Fr. September. 

Obs. Cultivated for the young radical leaves, — which are etiolated 
or blanched by the exclusion of light, and used as a salad. 

SUB-TRIBE 3. SCORZONEREAE. Less. 

Pappus of narrow semi-lanceolate chaffy scales or bristles, — the inner ones, and 
those on the interior akenes, mostly plumose. Receptacle not chaffy. 

105. TRAGOPOGON. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2995. 
[Greek, Tragos, a goat, and Pogon, a beard ; in allusion to the pappus.] 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre in a nearly single series ; scales 
8 to 16 A somewhat united at base, finally reflexed. A&enes sessile, 
with a lateral areola at base, scabrous, terminating in a long con- 
tinuous beak. Pappus in several series,— all plumose except the 5 
outer ones, which are longer than the rest. Biennial or perennial 
Herbs. Leaves sublinear, with parallel nerves. 



COMPOSITAE 99 

1. T. porrifolitjm, L. Glabrous; leaves lance-linear, acuminate, 
very entire ; peduncles somewhat obconical, fistular ; scales of the 
involucre about 8, lanceolate, acute, longer than the florets. DC. 
JProdr. 7. p. 113. Fl. Cestr. p. 442. 

Leek-leaved Tragopogon. Vulgc — Oyster-Plant. Salsify. 

Fr. SalsiAs. Germ. Der Bock-bart. Span. Barba cabruna. 

Plant glabrous and somewhat glaucous. Root biennial ? (annual, DC), fleshy 
and fusiform. Stem 3 to 4 or 5 feet high, sparingly and somewhat dichotomously 
branched. Leaves 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, ovately dilated at base, and taper- 
ing to a long narrow acumination, keeled, sessile and semi-amplexicaul, some- 
what distichous. Heads terminal, on enlarged clavate hollow peduncles. — 
Florets violet-purple with a fuscous tinge. Akenes lance-oblong, striate-sulcate, 
scabrous, tapering to a smooth slender beak, about an inch in length, and sup- 
porting the pappus at summit Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe, Fl. 
June. Fr. July. 

Obs. This is frequently cultivated for its fleshy root, — which, 
when properly cooked, has something of the flavor of fried Oysters ; 
whence one of its common names, 

SUB-TRIBE 4. LATUCEAE. Cass. 
Pappus capillary, — the bristles mostly soft or fragile — not dilated nor thickened 
at base, nor plumose. Receptacle not chaffy. 

Rj?" Pappus bright white. 

t AJben.es terete, ribbed or angled. 

106. TARAXACUM. Haller. Endl. Gen. 3010. 
[Greek, Tarasso, to stir or disturb ; in allusion to its supposed active properties.] 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre double, — the outer scales small, 
appressed, spreading, or reflexed — the inner ones erect, in a single 
series, — all of them sometimes callous-corniculate at apex. Akenes 
oblong, striate-ribbed or angled, minutely muricate on the ribs, often 
spinellose at summit, — the apex abruptly produced into a long slen- 
der beak. Pappus in many series, capillary, very white. Peren- 
nial stemless Herbs : Leaves, consequently, all radical. Heads of 
flowers mostly solitary, on simple fistular naked scapes. 
1. T. Dens-leonis, Desf. Leaves lance-oblong, unequally and 
acutely runcinate, — the lobes triangular, dentate anteriorly ; scales 
of the involucre not corniculate at apex, the outer ones reflexed ; 
akenes spinellose at summit. Torr. 4* Gr. Fl. iV. A. 2. p. 494. DC. 
Prodr. 7. p. 145. 

Leontodon Taraxacum. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 443. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3. 
Lion-tooth Taraxacum. Vulgo — Dandelion. 
Fr. Dent de Lion. Germ. Der Loewenzahn. Span. Amargon. 

Plant at first somewhat pubescent, at length smooth. Root perennial. Leaves 
4 to 10 or 12 inches long. Scapes several from the same root, 4 to 12 or 15 inches 
long (elongating), terete, each bearing a single head. Involucre oblong, — the 
inner scales lance-linear, appressed, with scarious margins — the outer ones re- 
flexed, slightly ciliate, — finally the entire involucre reflexed. Florets yellow. 
Akenes terminating in a beak, which is short at first, then suddenly elongating to 
about three fourths of an inch in length, filiform, bearing the pappus at summit, 
diverging so as to form a globose head. Pastures, &c. : nearly throughout the 
U. States : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. April — Aug. Fr. May — Sept. 

Obs. This foreigner — although not a very obnoxious plant — has 
become so thoroughly naturalized as to be more abundant fhan vvel- 



100 MONOPETALOUS EXOGEN* 

come, in our pasture-grounds and meadows : and yet, if it cannot 
be repressed or smothered out by better plants, it will be a difficult 
task to extirpate it, — as myriads of seeds are annually wafted over 
the country by means of the pappus* The plant is reputed to be 
medicinal ; and the young radical leaves , when blanched, are saidl 
to make a good substitute for Endive. 

f f Aleves flattened) compressed or obcompressed. 

107. LACTUCA. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 30QS. 
[Latin, Lac, milk ; in reference to its milky juice.] 

Heads few- or several -flowered. Involucre cylindrical, calyculaJe- 
imbricate ; scales in 2 to 4 series, — the outer ones shorter and broader. 
AJcenes flatly obcompressed, wingless, abruptly produced into a fili- 
form beak. Pappus in several series of soft white hairs. Caules- 
cent Herbs. Heads of flowers paniculate or corymbose. 

1. L. sativa, L. Stem corymbosely branching, leafy ; radical leaves 
erect, oval, narrowed at base, wavy, — the cauline ones cordate, 
amplexicaul. DC. Prodr. 7. p. 138. Fl. Cestr. p. 442. 
Cultivated Lactuca. Vulgo — Garden Lettuce. Salad. 
JFV. La Laitue. Germ. Der Salat. Span. LechugsD* 

Plant smooth, mostly yellowish green and glaucous, — sometimes fuscous andS 
tinged with dark purple. Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet high ; branches clothed 
with numerous small leaves. Heads numerous, terminal, smai!. Inner sccdes-oi 
the involucre lanceolate, — the outer or lower ones- ovate. Florets yellow. Akenes- 
lance-obovate, striate-ribbed, about half as long as the filiform beak. Gardens : 
cultivated. Native country uncertain, — probably India. Fl. July. Fr. August. 

Ob s. This plant — called Salad, par excellence —is almost univer- 
sally known, and cultivated. Those forms known as Curled^ and 
Head Salad (Z». crispa, and L. e-apitata), are considered as distinct 
species, by Prof. De Candoele, /. c. There is a native species (£. 
elongata, Muhl.) frequently to be met with, on the farm ; but it is 
scarcely of sufficient importance to be intitled to notice, here. 

Some species of S&nehus, and Mulgedium y — plants belonging to 
Lactuceae, but with aJtenes not beaked, — are often to be found on 
farms (the Sonehus or Sow-thistle-, in Gardens, — and 2 or 3 species 
of Mulgedium — coarse, brittle plants — alsong fence-rows, and borders 
of thickets) : But, although they are worthless weeds, they are 
neither very troublesome, nor difficult to manage, — and are there- 
fore omitted. 

ORDER LXXVL LOBELIACEAE. Juss. 

Herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, often lactescent. Leaves alternate, without 
stipules. Flcnvers mostly solitary, axillary, and racemose. Calyx E-parted, 
more or less adherent to the ovary. Cotolla irregularly 5-lobed, usually some- 
what bilabiate, cleft on one side nearly or quite to the base. Stamens 5, cohe- 
rent into a tube. Style 1 ; stigmas mostly 2-lobed, fringed with a pilose ring. 
Fruit capsular, 2 or 3- (sarely 1-) celled, many-seeded. Seeds with a fleshy 
albumen. 

The genus which represents this Order, is the most important one, on account 
of its acrid and narcotic properties. Some of the species are remarkable for 
the showy brilliance of the flowers. 

TRIBE IV. LOBELIEAE. Presl. 

Capsule 2-ceIled, opening at apex by 2 valves which are septiferous in the mid- 
dle (loculicidal), or rarely by 2 pores. 



LOBELIACEAE 101 

108. LOBELIA. L. EndL Gen. 3058. 
[Named in honor of Matthias de Lobel, — a Flemish Botanist.] 

Calyx 5-lobed; tube obconic, ovoid, or hemispherical. Corolla 
tubular, — the tube cylindric or funnel-form, cleft on the upper side 
nearly to the base; limb somewhat bilabiate, — the upper lip mostly 
smaller and erect — the lower one broader, spreading, 3-cleft or 3- 
toothed. Anthers coherent in a tube, — the 2 lower ones (rarely all) 
bearded at apex. Ovary more or less adherent to the calyx, some- 
times nearly free. Mostly Herbs. Flowers racemose-spicate, of 
various colors — usually blue or red. 

1. L. inflata, L. Stem erect, hirsute, paniculately branched; 
leaves subsessile, lance-ovate, crenate-dentate, pilose; racemes 
leafy ; flowers small, axillary ; calyx-tube ovoid, smoothish, the 
segments as long as the corolla ; capsule ovoid or oval, inflated. 
DC. Prodr. 7. p. 380. Fl. Cestr. p. 155. 

Inflated Lobelia. Vulgc — Eye-bright. Indian Tobacco. 

Root annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, sometimes angled or slightly winged 
by the decurrence of the leaves, often very hairy ; branches axillary. Leaves 
1 to 3 inches long, more or less ovate, unequally sinuate-dentate or crenate. 
Peduncles one fourth to half an inch long. Corolla pale blue, rather inconspicu- 
ous. Capsule thin and membranaceous, smoothish. Seeds minute, elliptic-ob- 
long, rough with ferruginous reticulated ridges. Pastures, roadsides, &c. : Cana- 
da to S. Carolina. Fl. July — Sept. Fr. Aug. — October. 

Obs. This is an acrid plant, — possessing emetic, cathartic and 
narcotic properties ; and is somewhat notorious for the use made of 
it by a tribe of reckless modern Empirics. It is frequent, in our 
pastures, in the latter part of summer, — and has been suspected of 
causing the ptyalism or slabbering of Horses, so often observable at 
that season. I cannot, however, help doubting the correctness of 
the opinion ; for the Horse is a dainty animal in the selection' of his 
food. I have often remarked the care and dexterity with which he 
separates the palatable herbage from that which is not so ; and have 
never seen him eat, nor even crop, so acrid and offensive a weed as 
this Lobelia. We have two species, in Pennsylvania, which are 
admired for the beauty of their blue and red flowers, — particularly 
the crimson C ardinal-floiver (-L. cardinalis, L.) : but they are not 
intrusive on the farm. 

ORDER LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. Juss. EndL 

Shrubs, or sometimes Heibs. Leaves mostly alternate and entire, without stipules. 
Flowers regular, or nearly so. Calyx either adherent to the ovary, with a 4 to 
6 (usually 5-) parted epigynous limb,— or entirely free, 4 or 5-parted and persistent. 
Corolla 4 to 6 (usually 5-) lobed, epigynous or hypogynous,- — rarely with the petals 
almost or quite distinct. Stamens definite, as many, or twice as many, as the petals 
or lobes of the corolla, mostly distinct; anthers 2-celled, often with awn-like ap- 
pendages. Styles and stigmas united into 1 - Fruit baccate or capsular. Seeds 
with fleshy albumen. 

An interesting Order, mostly of shrubs. — some of them medicinal, and others 
very beautiful — especially the Azaleas, Rhododendrons. Kalmias, and many spe- 
cies of the genus (EriGa) which is the type of the Order. The medicinal plant 
called Uva Ursi (Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi, Spring, indigenous in the Pine forests 
of New Jersey), also belongs here. 

SUB-ORDER I. VACCINIEAE. EndL A. Gray. : 

Ovary adnate to the tube of the calyx, becoming a berry or a drupe<-lilce fruit. 
Stamens epigynous, — twice as many as the lobes of the corolla ; anthers 2-parted, 
mostly awned on the back. 

9* 



102 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

109. VACCINIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 4332. 
[An ancient classical name ; etymology obscure.] 

Calyx adherent to the ovary, but mostly with a free 5-toothed limb. 
Corolla either campanulate, urceolate, or cylindrical, — the limb 4 
or 5-cleft, and often reflexed. Stamens twice as many as the lobes 
of the corolla, inserted on the limb of the calyx, often included ; 
anthers with 2 tubular horns at summit, and sometimes with 2 
bristle-like awns on the back, near the base. Berry globose, umbil- 
icate at apex by reason of the persistent calyx-teeth, 4 or 5-celled,— 
the cells several -seeded. Seeds angular, — the testa membranaceous 
and reticulately rugose. Shrubs and under shrubs. Leaves scat- 
tered, mostly entire, often sempervirent, and never sprinkled with 
resinous atoms. 

D^* Anthers not awned on the back. 

It V. corymbosum, L. Flower-bearing branches nearly leafless; 
leaves oblong-oval, acute at each end, pubescent when young, deci- 
duous ; racemes short, subcorymbose, bracteate, — the bracts scale- 
like ; corolla tubular, ovoid-cylindric. DC. Prodr. 7. p. 571. Fl. 
Cestr. p. 256. [Blue-berry. 

Corymbose Vaccinium. Vulgo — Swamp, or Tall Huckleberry. 

Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet high, often stout, with irregular straggling branches, — 
t'.ie young leafing branches pubescent — the flower-bearing ones somewhat an- 
gular, naked, and inclining to a greenish bronze color. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 
generally elliptic, entire, and always with a short obtuse callous mucro, or point, 
at apex, pubescent when young — especially on the nerves and under surface. — 
finally smoothish ; petioles very short. Racemes half an inch to an inch long. 6 
to 10 or 12-flowered, proceeding from lateral buds, and unaccompanied with 
leaves ; pedicels 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch long, with purplish bracts, at base, 
which resemble bud-scales. Corolla white, mostly tinged with purple, nearly 
cylindrical, somewhat contracted at the orifice, — the lobes short and tooth-like. 
Stamens included ; filaments pubescent; anthers not awned on the back, — the 
terminal parallel tubes opening laterally, and becoming flat, linear, acute mem- 
branes. Style longer than the stamens, but scarcely as long as the corolla 
(rarely exserted). Berries rather large, black with a bluish bloom when mature, 
very agreeable to the taste. Swamps, and moist woods : Canada to Georgia. 
Fl. May. Fr. July— August. 

Obs. Not being personally familiar with the localities, in New 
Jersey, which supply the Philadelphia market so abundantly with 
the favorite blue Huckleberries, I have heretofore been under the 
impression (received from others), that those delightful Berries were 
the product of the V. fro?idosum, L. : But, my friend Prof. A. Gray 
— who has recently examined the whole matter — assures me that 
we are indebted, for them, to the plant above described. It seems, 
moreover, that several Shrubs, hitherto considered as species of Vac- 
cinium, do not, in fact, accord with the essential character of that 
genus, — but must be separated from it, " on account of their re- 
markable ten-celled ovaries, and drupaceous ten-seeded fruit. >} Of 
these, may be mentioned, the aforesaid V. frondosum, L. the V. re- 
sinosum, Ait. and the V. dumosum, Andr. (all with " resinous- 
dotted leaves"), — which are now to be transferred to the genus 
Gay-Lussacia, of H. B. K. [so named in honor of the distinguished 
French Chemist and Philosopher, Gay-Lussac] — as will more fully 
appear in the forthcoming North American Flora, by Torrey and 



ERICACEAE 103 

Gray.* Several species, however, of this new Genus — as well as a 
number of the true Va cclni urns — afford esculent fruit ; but none so 
much admired as the Blue-berry , of the Jersey swamps. 

110. OXYCOCCUS. Tournef. Bndl. Gen. 4331. 
[Greek, Oxys, sharp or acid, and kokkos, a berry ; in allusion to the acid fruit.] 
Calyx adherent to the ovary, with the limb 4-toothed. Corolla 
deeply 4-parted, — the lobes lance-linear, revolute. Filaments 8, 
connivent ; anthers 2-parted, tubular, opening by oblique pores. 
Berry 4-celled; cells many-seeded. Suffruticose, slender and 
mostly trailing plants. Peduncles solitary, axillary, bibracteate near 
the flower. Fruit rather large. 

1. 0. macrocarpus, Pers. Creeping; branches ascending, filiform ; 
leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, nearly fiat, glaucous beneath ; pe- 
duncles lateral, elongated. DC. Prodr. 7. p. 511. Fl. Cestr. p. 
241. 

Large-fruited Oxycoccus. Vulgd — Cranberry, or Crane-berry. 

Sum 1 to 2 or 3 feet long, very slender, prostrate, creeping, throwing up short 
branches. Leaves about half an inch long, entire or with distant obsolete serra- 
tures, slightly revolute on the margin, glabrous, — the young ones pubescent-cili- 
ate at apex ; petioles very short. Flowers nodding: corolla pale purple. Berry 
subglobose. about half an inch in diameter, bright red or crimson when mature. 

Sandy swamps, and wet grounds : Northern and Middle States. Fl. May 

June. Fr. October. 

Obs. The acid fruit of this slender vine-like shrub is highly 
prized, when prepared for the table. It is said to be successfully 
and advantageously cultivated, in the Northern States ; and it cer- 
tainly merits that attention, wherever a suitable situation for it can 
be obtained. 

SUB-ORDER II. ERICINEAE. Desv. A. Gray. 

Ovary free from the calyx. Fruit capsular, or sometimes baccate or drupace- 
ous. Stamens as many, or twice as many, as the lobes of the corolla; anthers 
2-celled. opening by terminal pores. Testa, conformed to the nucleus of the seed. 
Shrubs, or small trees. Leaves often acerose and evergreen. Petals sometimes 
distinct. 

TRIBE II. ANDROMEDEAE. DC. 

Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Corol'.a deciduous. 

111. ANDROMEDA. L. Bndl. Gen. 4318. 
[Named in allusion to the exposure of Andromeda; from its place of growth.] 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, tubular, campan- 
ulate, or globose, — the limb 5-cleft, reflexed. Stamens 10; anthers 
often 2-horned at summit, and sometimes awned on the back. 
Capsule ovoid or subglobose, 5-celled, 5-valved, — the valves septi- 
ferous in the middle {loculicidal), entire or finally bifid. 
1. A. Mariana, L. Glabrous; leaves oval, mostly acute at each 
end, very entire, sub-coriaceous, paler and puncticulate beneath, 

* Dr. Gray designates the fruit of the Gaylussacias by the popular name of 
Huckleberries, — and distinguishes that of the true Vacciniums by the name of 
Blue-berries. The " Huckleberry " of the Boston market, he informs me, is the 
product of Gaylussacia resinosa, — while the fruit of G. frondosa is little known, 
there. He further states, that the " Blue-berries," of the same market, are chiefly 
afforded by the Vaccinium corymboswn, V. virgatum, and V. Pennsylvanicum. 



104 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

deciduous ; flowering branches nearly leafless ; pedicels fasiculate, 
bracteate ; calyx naked at base ; corolla ovoid-cylindric ; anthers 
awnless at summit. Fl. Cestr. p. 260. 

Leucothoe Mariana. DC. Prodr. 7. p. 602. 

Maryland Andromeda. Vulgo — Stagger-bush. 

Stem 1 or 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, with erect branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long: 
petioles about one fourth of an inch long. Flowers in racemose fascicles on the 
old branches. Corolla white, or reddish-white. Capsule pentangular-ovoid, 
truncate at apex. Seeds numerous, small, clavate. Woodlands, and sandy 
plains : New England to Florida. Fl. June. Ft. Aug. — Sept. 

Obs. This shrub is very abundant in the sandy districts of New 
Jersey ; and the farmers, there, allege that it is injurious to sheep, 
when the leaves are eaten by them, — producing a disease called the 
staggers. I believe the evidence is not conclusive, on this point : 
but it may be well to know the plant, against which such a charge 
is made. 

SUB-ORDER III. PYROLEAE. DC. A. Gray. 

Ovary free from the calyx. Petals distinct! or nearly so. Fruit a capsule. 
Testa of the seed loose and cellular, not conformed to the nucleus. 

112. CHIMAPHILA. Purs.h. End!. Gen. 4348. 
[Greek, Cheima. winter, and Philos. a lover ; from its green appearance in winter.] 

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, orbicular, spreadingj deciduous. Stamens 
10, — 2 in front of each petal ; filaments dilated in the middle ; an- 
thers 2-celled, opening by 2 pores. Ovary obtusely conic, or de- 
pressed-globose, umbilicate at apex ; style very short, immersed in 
the ovary ; stigma orbicular, peltate. Capsule depressed, obtusely 
pentagonal, 5-celled, 5-valved, loculicidal at base and apex. Seeds 
very minute, reticulate-striate. Humble suffruticose evergreens. 
Pedtc?icles terminal, somewhat corymbose. 

1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Leaves cuneate-oblong, acute at base? 
serrate, uniform-green ; flowers in a terminal subumbellate corymb ; 
filaments glabrous. DC. Prodr. 1 . p. 775. 

Pyrola umbellata. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 266. 

Umbellate Chimaphila. Vulgo — Pipsissawa. Winter-green. 

Root creeping. Stem ascending, 3 to 6 inches long ; leafy at summit. Leaves 
1 to 2 inches long, subverticillate (often in 2 or 3 distinct verticils), coriaceous, 
glabrous. Corymb 4 to 6-flowered. Petals reddish-white. Hilly woodlands — 
particularly of Northern exposure : Northern and Middle States. Fl. June. 
Ft. September. 

Obs. This half-shrubby little Evergreen possesses some astringency 
and bitterness, so as to be moderately tonic, — though doubtless 
much over-rated in popular estimation. It has been so long and so 
generally noted, as an Indian medicine, under the name of Pipsis- 
sawa, that every one who resides in the country ought to be able to 
identify it. 

ORDER LXXX. EBENACEAE. Vent. 

Trees or shrubs, destitute of milky juice, — the wood often black. Leaves mostly 
alternate and entire, without stipules. Flowers often polygamous. Calyx 3- to 
deleft, free from the ovary. Corolla 3 to 6-cleft, subcoriaceous, often pubescent 



EBENACEAE 105 

externally. Stamens twice to four times as many as the lobes of the corolla. 
Ovary 3- to several-celled. — the style with as many divisions. Fruit baccate. 
Seeds pendulous, bony, with cartilaginous albumen. 

A small Order ; and the genus here given is the only one of any considera- 
ble importance, — some of the species of which furnish the well-known hard 
black wood, called Ebony. 

113. DIOSPYROS. L. Endl. Gen. 4249. 

[Greek, Ms, Dios, Jupiter, and Pyros, fruit ; a rather fanciful name for such fruit.] 

Dioicously Polygamous : Calyx 4 to 6-parted. Corolla tubular, 
somewhat urceolate, 4 to 6-cleft. Sterile Fl. Stamens twice or 
many times (usually 4 times) as numerous as the lobes of the co- 
rolla; anthers linear-lanceolate. Ovary abortive. Fertile Fl. 
Stamens 8 to 12, mostly abortive. Ovary 4 to 8- (rarely 10 or 12-) 
celled ; styles 2, 4, or several, more or less connate at base. Berry 
ovoid or subglobose, with the persistent calyx often adhering to the 
base, 8 to 12-seeded. Seeds oblong, compressed. Trees, or rarely 
shrtibs. Leaves alternate — rarely sub-opposite — entire, on short 
petioles. Flowers axillary, subsessile, — the fertile ones solitary — 
the sterile ones mostly in threes. 

1. D. Virginiana, L. Leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, obtusely 
acuminate, reticulately veined, pubescent on the petiole, nerves and 
margin ; calyx 4-parted, silky-pubescent within at base ; corolla 4- 
lobed, obtusely 4-angled, contracted above, glabrous. DC. Prodr. 
8. p. 228. Fl. Cestr. p. 244. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 2. tab. 93. 

Virginian Diospyros. Vulgd — Persimmon. Date Plum. 
Fr. Le Plaqueminier. Germ. Der Pseudo-Lotus. 

Stem 20 to 50 or 60 feet high, and 10 to 15 or 20 inches in diameter, irregularly 
branched. Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 inches long, subcoriaceous, green above, paler or 
somewhat glaucous beneath ; petioles half an inch to near an inch long. Calyx 
of the fertile flower spreading and persistent at the base of the fruit. Corolla 
ochroleucous or pale greenish yellow, of a thick leathery texture. Berry about 
an inch in diameter, reddish-orange color when mature, — soft and pulpy after 
frost. Seeds large, flattish. Rich bottom-lands, along streams: Middle and 
Southern States. Fl. June. Fr. Octo. — November. 

Obs. The ripe fruit of this tree is sweet and luscious, after being 
subjected to the action of frost, —but is remarkably harsh and as- 
tringent, in a green state. The baric is astringent and tonic. 

ORDER LXXXIV. PLANTAGINACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 

Chiefly low, apparently stemless, perennial Herbs. Leaves radical, rosulate, 
strongly ribbed. Flowers small, spicate, on axillary or interfoliaceous scapes. 
Calyx mostly 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla tubular or urceolate, membranaceous 
and persistent, — the limb 4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla 
alternately with the lobes; filaments very long, flaccid, persistent. Ovary 2-cell- 
ed ; style single. Capsule membranaceous, circumscissed ; cells 1 to several- 
seeded. Seeds sessile, peltate or erect; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. 

An Order consisting chiefly of the genus whose name it bears ; and the spe- 
cies here described are those of chief interest, to the Agriculturist. 

114. PL ANT AGO. L. Endl. Gen. 2170. 
[A name of obscure and uncertain derivation.] 

Calyx 4- (rarely 3-) parted, — the segments nearly equal. Corolla 
tubular, searious, marcescent; limb 4-cleft, reflexed. Stamens 4, 
much exserted. Ovary free, 2-celled ; ovules peltately affixed to 
the dissepiment. Style simple, — the summit or stigma pubescent, 



106 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

exserted before the florets open. Capsule ovoid, 2-celled, trans- 
versely dehiscent ; dissepiment finally free, bearing the seeds on its 
faces. Flowers spicate or capitate, bracteolate. 

1. P. major, L. Leaves ovate or oval, smoothish, obscurely dentate, 
on long petioles ; scape terete, smooth ; spike nearly cylindrical, 
rather slender and very long ; flowers somewhat imbricated ; cap- 
sule about 6-seeded. Willd. Sp. PL 1. p. 641. Fl. Cestr. p. 110. 
Icon, Fl. Loud. 1. 

Greater Plantago. Vulgd — Common Plantain. Way -bread. 
Fr. Plantain ordinaire. Germ. Der grosse Wegetritt. Span. Llanten. 

Root perennial. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, strongly 5 to 7-nerved with an 
elastic filament in each nerve, generally smoothish (sometimes quite pilose), 
abruptly contracted at base to a channelled petiole about as long as the leaf. 
Scapes several, 6 to 18 inches high (including the spike of flowers, which varies 
from 2 to 12 or 15 inches in length). Bracteoles lanceolate, keeled, appressed, 
shorter than the calyx. Corolla whitish, inconspicuous, ventricose below, con- 
tracted into a neck above, shrivelling and persistent. Stamens about twice as 
long as the corolla. Moist rich grounds ; a'ong foot paths, &c. : throughout the 
U. States : introduced. Native of Europe and Japan. Fl. June — September. 
Fr. August — October. 

Obs. This foreigner is very generally naturalized; and is remark- 
able for accompanying civilized man, — growing along his footpaths, 
and flourishing around his settlements. It is said our Aborigines 
call it " the tvhite man's foot," from this circumstance. t Perhaps 
the generic name {Plantago) may be expressive of a similar idea, — 
viz. Planta, the sole of the foot, and ago, to act, or exercise. It is 
rather a worthless weed, — but is not much inclined to spread, or be 
troublesome, on farm lands. The leaves are a convenient and 
popular dressing for blisters, and other sores ; a fact which seems 
to have been known in the time of Shakspeare, — aa we may learn 
from his Romeo 4" Juliet, Act 1. Sc. 2. 

"Rom. Your Plantain leaf is excellent for that. 
" Ben. For what. I pray thee? 
u Rom. For your Ircken shin** 

The Plantain leaf continued in vogue, for that purpose, until a 
substitute was furnished by modern Experimenters, in their empiri- 
cal attempts to regulate the national C7irre?icy / 

2. P. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end ; 
scape sulcate-angled, long and slender ; spike ovoid-cylindric, 
short ; calyx deeply 3-parted ; capsule 2-seeded. Willd. Sp. PI. 1. 
p. 643. Fl. Cestr. p. 110. Icon, FL Loud. 1. [Plantain. 
Lanceolate Plantago. Vulgd — English Plantain. Buckhorn 

Root perennial. Leaves 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, hairy, narrowed gradually at 
base to a petiole 2 to 5 or 6 inches in length. Scapes several. 1 to 2 feet high, 
somewhat pilose with appressed hairs. Spike 1 to 2 inches long,— at first ovoid- 
oblong, finally nearly cylindric, dense-flowered. Bracteoles ovate, acuminate, 
scarious on the margins and at apex, — the slender point at length reflexed. 
Ca'yr deeply 3-parted (or rather of 3 sepals) —the outer or lower segment or 
sepal oval, truncate, emarginate, with 2 green keel-like lines— the lateral seg- 
ments or sepals rather longer, boat-shaped, acute, keel green, fringed with hairs 
near the apex. Corolla dirty white. Stamens several times longer than the 
corolla ; anthers greenish-white. Seeds oblong, convex on one side, concave on 
the other, shining, brown or amber-colored. Pastures, and upland meadows: 
introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May— August. Fr. July-— September. 



PLANTAGINACEAE 107 

Obs. This species, also, is extensively naturalized, and is becom- 
ing particularly abundant in the upland meadows, or clover grounds, 
of Pennsylvania. The seeds being nearly the same size and weight 
as those of the red clover, they cannot readily be separated, — and 
thus the two plants are disseminated together, in the culture of 
clover. Nearly all kinds of Stock eat this Plantain freely, — and it 
has even been cultivated expressly for a Sheep-pasture : but it is 
generally much disliked, in Pennsylvania. I do not, however, per- 
ceive any mode of getting rid of it — or even of arresting its progress, 
— unless it can be choked down by heavy crops of Clover and the 
valuable Grasses. 

ORDER LXXXVIII. BIGNONIACEAE. Juss. R. Br. 

Mostly trees, or climbing shrubby plants. Leaves usually opposite, sometimes 
simple but generally pinnately compound. Flowers large and showy. Calyx 
5-parted, 2-parted or bilabiate, often spalhaceous. Corolla with a large open 
throat, — the limb irregular, 5-lobed or somewhat bilabiate. Stamens 5, — of which 
1, and often 3, are reduced to sterile filaments or rudiments ; when 4 are fertile 
they are didynamous. Ovary 2-celled, with the placentae in the axis, — the base 
surrounded by a fleshy ring or disk. Capsule woody or coriaceous, pod-shaped, 
2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds commonly winged, destitute of albumen. 

An Order of which there are but few species known in the U. States. They 
are chiefly remarkable for their large showy flowers ; though some of the 
South American Bignonias are said to furnish valuable ship-timber. 

TRIBE I. BIGNONIEAE. Bojer. 
Fruit capsular, dehiscent. Seeds with a membranaceous margin. 

SUB-TRIBE 2. CATALPEAE. DC. 

Septum of the mature capsule opposite to the flat or convex valves; i. e. the 
valves septiferous, and therefore the dehiscence loculicidal. 

115. CATALPA. Scop. Bndl. Gen. 4113. 
[A name said to be derived from our Southern Indians.] 

Calyx bilabiately 2-lobed. Corolla campanulate, — the tube ventri- 
cose — the limb unequally 5-lobed, sub-bilabiate. Stamens 2 fertile 
and 3 sterile or abortive (rarely didynamous). Style filiform ; 
stigma bilamellate. Capsule silique-form, cylindric, long, 2-valved j 
septum thickish, opposite the valves. Seeds numerous, transverse, 
compressed, produced at each end into a membranous wing, which 
is fringed or comose at apex. Trees. Leaves simple, opposite or 
ternately verticillate, petiolate, without stipules. Blowers in termi- 
nal panicles. 

1. C. bignonioides, Walt. Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire, 
pubescent beneath ; panicles pyramidal, trichotomously branched ; 
calyx-segments with a single mucronation. DC. Prodr. 9. p. 226. 
C. cordifolia. Duham. Bl. Cestr.p. 363. 
Bignonia Catalpa. L. Mx. Sylva, 2. p. 63. Icon, tab. 64. 
Bignonia-like Catalpa. Vulgo — Catawba. Bean-tree. 

Stem 15 to 25 feet high, with irregular spreading branches. Leaves 4 to 8 or 10 
inches in length ; petioles 2 to 6 inches long, terete, smoothish. Corolla whitish, 
tinged with violet-purple, the throat spotted with purple and yellow, — the lobes 
unequal, crenate and wavy. Capsule 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, and about half 
an inch in diameter, pendulous, persistent. Seeds lance-oblong, about half an 
inch in length, — apparently of 2 flat oval divaricate lobes, connate at base, with 



108 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

a membranous covering which is extended at the margin, and especially at the. 
apex, — each apex terminating in a slender filamentous tuft or coma. About 
farm-houses, and along streams : Southern, Western and Middle States. Fl. 
June — July. Fr. October. 

Obs. This small tree is said to be indigenous in the South and 
West, — though it has the appearance of an introduced plant, in 
Eastern Pennsylvania. It is not of much value, — and has been cul- 
tivated chiefly as an ornamental shade tree : but it is rather objec- 
tionable, on account of the numerous suckers from its roots. 

ORDER LXXXIX. PEDALIACEAE. R. Br. Lindl. 

Herbs, oAen viscid. Leaves opposite, or nearly so. Flowers axillary, bibrac- 
teate. Calyx with 5 nearly equal segments. Corolla irregular, — the throat ven- 
tricose — the limb somewhat bilabiate. Stamens 4, didynamous, with the rudi- 
ment of a fifth. Ovary seated in a glandular disk ; style 1 ; stigma divided. 
Fruit capsular or drupaceous, valvular or indehiscent, with 2 to 8 cells. Seeds 
rarely winged, destitute of albumen. 

A small Order, and of little interest to the Agriculturist. 

TRIBE II. PEDALINEAE. R. Br. 

Fruit indehiscent or imperfectly dehiscent at apex, drupaceous or a hard woody 
capsule. Seeds few, never winged. 

116. MARTYNIA. L. Endl. Gen. 4175. 
[Named in honor of John Martyn, Prof, of Botany at Cambridge, England.] 
Calyx nearly equally 5-cleft, with 2 or 3 small bracts at base. Co- 
rolla irregular, campanulate, gibbous at base, — the limb unequally 
5-lobed. Stame?is mostly 4, didynamous, with a fifth rudimentary 
one,— sometimes all, sometimes 2 only, bearing anthers. Capsule 
somewhat 4-celled, 2-valved, woody with a coriaceous and finally 
deciduous coat, ovoid-oblong, terminating in a curved beak at apex, 
— the beak parting into 2 horns, but the capsule scarcely dehiscent. 
Seeds few in each cell, arranged in a single series along the septum, 
somewhat baccate, finally tuberculate-rugose. 

1. M. proboscidea, Glox. Stem branching; leaves orbicular-cor- 
date, entire, petiolate, — the upper ones alternate ; beaks longer than 
the pericarp. DC. Prodr. 9. p. 253. 
Long-beaked Martynia. Vtilgd — Unicorn Plant. 

Plant pale green, viscid-pubescent and fetid. Root annual. Stem leaning or 
procumbent, 1 to 2 feet long, branching, fistular. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long; 
petioles 2 to 6 inches long* Flowers axillary ; peduncles 1 to 3 inches long. Ca- 
lyx slit on one side to its base. Corolla large, pale greenish-yellow or ochroleu- 
cous, with orange-colored or brownish spots within. Capsule 2 to 3 inches long, 
Eomewhatsulcate in front, with a bipartible crest-like fringe along the suture in 
the broad shallow groove, tapering to a beak which is 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 
finally split into two rigid horns, which are incurved like claws. South West- 
ern States : Gardens : cultivated. Fl. July— August. Fr. Sept.— Octo. 

Obs. This plant— a native of the valley of the Mississipi, and the 
plains of Mexico — is much cultivated, of late, for its singular fruit, — 
which, in its young state — before it becomes hard and woody — is 
used for making that kind of condiment called picl-les. 

The Benni plant (Sesamum Indicam, L.) — which belongs to this 
natural Order — is cultivated, in the Southern States, for the sake of 
its oily seeds, — and also for the bland mucilage afforded by the fresh 
leaves, when macerated in water. 



SCROPHULARIACEAE 109 

ORDER XCI. SCROPHULARIACEAE. Jus*. Lindl. 

Herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants. Leaves alternate, opposite or verticillate, 
without stipules. Calyx of 4 or 5 more or less united sepals, persistent. Corolla 
more or less irregular, bilabiate or personate, — the lobes imbricated in aestiva- 
tion. Stamens either 4 and didynamous — the fifth stamen sometimes appearing 
in the form of a sterile filament, or very rarely antheriferous, — or often only 2 — 
one pair being either suppressed or reduced to sterile filaments. Ovary 2-celled, 
with the placentae united in the axis. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds indefinite, albu- 
minous. 

An Order of nearly 150 genera, — affording many curious and rather hand- 
some flowers, — some troublesome weeds, — and a few plants of considerable 
medicinal powers — especially the purple Fox-glove {Digitalis purpurea, L.). 

TRIBE I. VERBASCEAE. Benth. 

Corolla with the tube short or subglobose, — the limb flat or spreading, 4 or S-cleft, 
or bilabiate, not ringent. Stamens 2 to 5 fertile, often declinate. Capsule 2-valredj 
cepticidal, — the valves often bifid. 

117. VERBASCUM. L. Endl. Gen. 3878. 
[Quasi Barbascum : Latin, Barba, beard ; from its bearded or woolly habit.] 

Calyx 5-parted, the segments nearly equal. Corolla with a very 
short tube ; limb sub-rotate, 5-lobed, — the lobes nearly equal or the 
front one larger. Stamens 5, unequal, inserted on the tube of the 
corolla, declinate, exserted, — the filaments (or some of them) 
bearded. Capsule ovoid or globose, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, — 
the valves inflected, bifid at apex. Placentae adnate to the septum. 
Seeds numerous, rugose-pitted. Herbaceous or suffruticose plants. 
Flowers in dense spikes, or paniculate racemes. 

1. V. Thapstjs, L. Stem simple, erect, tomentose; leaves oval- 
lanceolate or oblong, very woolly on both sides, — the cauline ones 
decurrent; flowers in a dense terminal spike. DC. Prodr. 10. p. 
225. Fl. Cestr. p. 134. 

Thapsus Verbascum. Vulgb — Mullein. Common Mullein. 

Fr. Bouillon blanc. Germ. Das WollkrauU Span. Gordolobo. 

Whole plant pale greyish-green or hbary-tomentose, — the pubescence much 
branched. Root biennial. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, rather stout, leafy, rarely branch- 
ing unless injured. Radical leaves 6 to 12 inches long, — the cauline ones smaller. 
Spike cylindric, 6 to 12 or 15 inches long; flowers bracteate. Corolla bright 
yellow. Stamens unequal, — the two lower ones longer, with smooth filaments. 
Neglected fields ; road-sides, &c. : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June — 
July. Fr. Aug. — September. 

Obs. This plant, although abundant in all the older settlements, 
is undoubtedly, in my opinion, a naturalized foreigner. It is a 
worthless unseemly intruder, in our pastures and cultivated grounds. 
There is no surer evidence of a slovenly, negligent farmer, than to 
see his fields over-run with Mulleins . As the plant produces a vast 
number of seeds, it can only be kept in subjection by a careful eradi- 
cation while young — or at least before the fruit is mature. When 
neglected, the soil soon becomes so full of seeds, that the young 
plants will be found springing up, in great numbers, for a long suc- 
cession of years. There is a slender smoothish species, called Moth 
Mullein (V. Blattaria, L.), which is frequent in pasture fields, and 
altogether worthless ; but it is not so much of a nuisance as the one 
here described. 

10 



110 MONOPETALOTJS EXOGENS 

TRIBE III. ANTIRRHINEAE. Chav. 

Corolla tubular, — the limb personate or ringent, bilabiate or rarely equally lobecf. 
Stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers approximated in pairs. Capsule 2-eelled, open- 
ing with teeth or lids, rarely of several valves — sometimes irregularly ruptured. 

118. LINARIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3891. 
[Latin, Linum, flax; from the resemblance of the leaves.] 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with the limb personate, — the upper lip 
bifid with the lobes folded back — the lower lip trifid, closing the 
throat by its prominent palate ; tube inflated, spurred at base. Sta- 
mens 4, didynamous, — usually with a minute abortive rudiment of a 
fifth. Capsule ovoid or globose, chartaceous or membranaceous, 2- 
celled, opening with several valves at apex, or sometimes with a lid. 
Seeds numerous, margined. Mostly Herbs, annual or perennial. 
Leaves alternate,, rarely opposite or verticillate. Flowers usually 
racemose. 

1. L. vulgaris, Mill. Stem erect, simple; leaves lance-linear, 
acute, alternate, numerous ; flowers imbricated, in a terminal 
raceme; spur of the corolla acute, about as long as the tube. DC. 
Prodr. 10. p. 273. Fl. Cestr. p. 368. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3. [Eggs. 

Common Linaria. Vulgo — Toad-flax. Ranstead-weed. Butter and 
Fr. Muflier linaire. Germ. Das Flachskraut. Span. Linaria. 

Plant smooth and somewhat glaucous. Root perennial, creeping, subligneous. 
Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, slender, terete, leafy, sometimes branched at summit 
and bearing several racemes, generally growing in bunches or small patches. 
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, narrow, irregularly scattered on the stem, but very 
numerous. Floivers pedunculate, in a dense bracteate raceme — the peduncles 
shorter than the bracts. Corolla pale greenish-yellow, smooth, — the palate of 
the lower lip bright orange-color, villous in the throat ; spur subulate, about half 
an inch long. Style shorter than the longest stamens ; stigma obliquely truncate. 
Capsule ovoid-oblong, thin, smooth, longer than the calyx. Seeds with a dilated 
orbicular margin, roughish-dotted in the centre. Pastures; fence-rows, &c: 
introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June— Sept. Fr. Aug. — October. 

Obs. This foreigner is extensively naturalized,— and has become 
a vile nuisance in oui pastures and upland meadows. Mr. Watson, 
in his annals of Philadelphia, says it was introduced from Wales, as 
a garden flower, by a Mr. Ranstead, a Welsh resident of that city ; 
and hence one of its common names. It inclines to form large 
patches, by means of its creeping roots, — and as far as it extends, 
takes almost exclusive possession of the soil. Although the flowers 
are somewhat showy, it is a fetid, worthless and very objectionable 
weed, — the roots very tenacious of life — and requiring much perse- 
vering effort to extirpate them. The remarkable variety called Pe~ 
loria — with a regular 5-lobed ventricose corolla, 5 spurs, and 5 
perfect stamens — is occasionally to be observed. Sometimes these 
Pelorias are tetramerous ; i. e. the corolla 4-lobed, with 4 spurs, &c. 
They are frequently, if not always, late flowers, — situated at the 
summit of the raceme of full grown capsules, and apparently the 
latest floral developments of the plant. 

ORDER XCII. VERBENACEAE. Juss. 

Herbs, shrubs, and even trees within the tropics. Leaves mostly opposite, with- 
out stipules. Floivers variously arranged. Calyx tubular, 4 or 5-toothed, persis- 
tent. Corolla tubular,— the limb 4 or 5-lobed, mostly irregular, sometimes bilnbiate. 
•Stamens mostly 4 and didynamous, occasionally only 2. Ovary free, entire, 2 to 



VERBENACEAE 111 

4-celled. Fruit drupaceous, baccate, or dry and splitting into 2 or 4 indehiscent 
1-seeded nucules (or little nuts). Seeds with little or no albumen. 

An Order of but little importance to the farmer, — though containing a number 
of plants interesting to the florist. The tree which furnishes the "ever-during 
Teak," of India {Tectona grandis, L.) — so celebrated in ship-building — belongs 
to- this Order. 

119. VERBENA. L. Endl. Gen. 3685. 
[Celtic, Fa-faen, to remove stone ; from its supposed medical virtues.] 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, — one of the teeth often shorter. Corolla 
tubular, somewhat funnel-form, with the limb rather unequally 5- 
lobed. Stamens mostly 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the 
corolla and included. Ovary 2 to 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each 
cell. Fruit dry, with a thin evanescent pericarp, separable into 2 
or 4 nucules. Herbaceous or suffruticose plants. Leaves opposite. 
Flowers mostly in terminal spikes, bracteate. 

1. V. urticaefolia, L. Leaves ovate and lance-ovate, acute, ser- 
rate, petiolate ; spikes filiform, terminal and axillary, somewhat 
paniculate; flowers distinct. Willd. Sp. PI. 1. p. 119. Fl. Cestr. 
p. 373. 

Nettle-leaved Verbena. Vulgz — Common Vervain. 

Root perennial. Stem erect, 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, obtusely quadrangular, hir- 
sutely pubescent, with slender axillary spreading branches above. Leaves 2 to 
4 inches long, abruptly narrowed at base to a short petiole. Spikesl or 2 to 5 or 
C inches long, green, very slender. Flowers distinct and finally a little distant, 
small, sessile, with a minute bract at base. Corolla white, — the throat closed by 
a delicate white villus. Fruit separating into 4 nucules, which are oblong and 
triquetrous, with the outer side convex. Pastures ; road-sides, &e. : throughout 
the U. States. FL July — Aug. Fr September. 

Obs. This is not a very pernicious nor troublesome weed : but as 
it is altogether worthless, and often so abundant in pasture fields as 
necessarily to attract the notice of the observing farmer, I thought it 
might be admitted into the present work. 

ORDER XCIII. LABIATAE. Juss. 

Herbs, or suffruticose plants, with quadrangular stems and opposite branches. 
Leaves opposite or sometimes verticillate, simple, without stipules, replete with 
receptacles of volatile oil. Flowers in axillary opposite Cymules (each pair 
forming what Bentham calls a verticillaster or imperfect verticil), rarely solitary. 
Calyx tubular. 5-toothed or 5-cleft, or often bilabiate, persistent. Corolla bilabiate. 
Stamens 4, didynamous (the lower pair usually longer), inserted on the corolla, — 
or sometimes diandrous — the 2 upper ones being wanting: anthers 2-celled ; the 
cells either parallel, or diverging, or completely divaricate, — sometimes distinct 
anil remote from each other by means of the thickened or elongated filiform 
connective. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, — the style proceeding from the base of the 
lobes. Fruit consisting of 4 (or by abortion fewer) little nuts {nucules or akenes)^ 
at the bottom of the persistent calyx. Seeds with little or no albumen. 

A highly interesting and valuable Order, containing upwards of 100 genera. — 
and particularly remarkable for the aromatic fragrance, and stomachic proper- 
ties, of many of the species. The most important, however, — being generally 
cultivated, — are here inserted. 

TRIBE I. OCIMOIDEAE. Benth. 

Stamens declinate. Corolla sub-bilabiate, — the 4 upper lobes flat and nearly 
equal, — the lower one declinate and mostly of a different form — flat or often 
concave, boat-shaped or saccate. 

120. OCIMUM. L. Endl. Gen. 3569. 
[Supposed from the Greek, Ozo, to smell; in reference to its fragrance.] 

Calyx 5-cleft, — the upper segment dilated, orbicular -ovate. Corolla 



112 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

with the upper lip 4-cIeft, — the lower lip scarcely longer, declinate, 
entire, flattish. Stamens 4, declinate, the lower pair longer, — the 
upper filaments often toothed at base. Akenes compressed, elliptic- 
ovate, smoothish. 

1. O. basilicum, L. Stem herbaceous; leaves ovate-oblong, sub- 
dentate, smooth, petiolate ;, racemes simple. Benth. Lab. p. 4. Fl, 
Cestr. p. 338. 

Royal Octmum. Vzclgo — Sweet Basil, 

Fr. Basilic. Germ* Gemeines Basilienkraut. Span. Albahaca. 

Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, often much branched, smoothish a? 
base, pubescent above with short reflexed hairs. Leaves half an inch to an inch 
long; petioles one third to two thirds of an inch long, somewhat ciliate. Flowers 
in simple terminal interrupted racemes. Bracts ovate, acuminate, petiolate, 
ciliate. Calyx inflated-campanulate, reflexed after flowering. Corolla whitish 
or bluish-white. Akenes minutely punctate. Gardens: cultivated. Native of 
India. Fl. July. Fr. September. 

Obs. This fragrant little plant is one of the numerous kitchen- 
garden Herbs, usually cultivated for culinary purposes. 

121. LAVANDULA. L. Endl. Gen. 3585. 
[Latin, lavare, to wash, — the distilled water being used for that purpose.] 

Calyx tubular, ovoid- cylindric, ribbed, with 5 short teeth, the upper 
one sometimes dilated and produced at apex. Corolla with the 
upper lip 2-lobed, the lower one 3-lobed ; lobes all nearly equal, 
spreading ; tube exserted. Stamens 4, included, declinate ; filaments 
smooth, not toothed ; anthers ovoid-reniform, confluent, 1-celled. 
Style bifid at summit, — the branches flatted, subconnate, stigma- 
tiferous on the margin. Disk concave, with 4 fleshy scales on the 
margin opposite the akenes. Akenes smooth and even, adnate to 
the scales of the disk. Perennial Herbs, or suffruticose plants, — the 
stems leafy near the base, but often naked below the spike. Flowers 
in terminal spikes. 

1. L. vera, DC. Leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire, revo- 
lute on the margin, the younger ones hoary ; spikes interrupted ; 
cymules 3 to 5-flowered ; floral leaves (or bracts) rhomboid-ovate, 
acuminate, membranaceous, the tipper ones shorter than the calyx ; 
bracteoles obsolete. Benth. Dab. p. 148. 

L. Spica. DC. Fl. Cestr. p, 338. 

True Lavandula. Vulgo—- Lavender. Garden Lavender. 

Fr, La Lavande. Germ. Der Lavandel. Span. Espliego. 

Plant clothed with a short hoary tomentum. Root perennial Stem, suflruti- 
cose, branching from the base ; branches erect, 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves 1 
to 2 inches long, crowded near the base of the branches, — often with fascicles 
of young leaves in the axils. Flowers in a terminal imbricated spike about an 
inch in length, with 1 or 2 distant cymules below. Corolla blue, pubescent, 
nearly twice as long as the calyx. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Southern 
Europe and shores of the Mediterranean. Fl. July. Fr. September. 

Obs. The compound tincUire of this herb (or, as the good ladies 
term it, " Davander Compo?c?id" — ) is deservedly popular, for its 
cordial and stomachic properties. The distilled water is also highly 
esteemed for its pungent and grateful fragrance. 



LABIATAE 113 

TRIBE II. MENTHOIDEAE. Benth. 

Corolla campanulate or funnel-form ; tube scarcely longer than the calyx ; limb 
4 or 5-cleft, — the lobes nearly equal. Stamens mostly 4, not approximated in 
pairs, but distant, upright or diverging. 

122. MENTHA. L. Endl. Gen. 3594. 
[From Minthe, a daughter of Cocytus, — fabled to have been changed into this 

plant.] 

Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or subbilabiate,-— 
the orifice naked or rarely villous. Corolla 4-cleft, nearly regular, — 
the upper lobe broader and usually emarginate. Sta?)ie?is 4, nearly 
equal, erect, distant ; filaments glabrous, naked ; anthers with 2 
parallel cells. Style bifid, — the branches stigmatiferous at apex. 
Herbs. Cy mules often many-flowered, axillary or terminal. 

\X^" Cy mules interruptedly spicate, — the spikes terminal. 

1. M. viridis, L. Stem erect; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutely 
incised-serrate, subsessile ; spikes terete, slender, elongated, taper- 
ing at summit, — the cymules mostly distant. Benth. Lab. p. 173. 
Fl. Cestr.p. 339. 

Green Mentha. Vulgd — Spear-mint. Common Mint. 

Fr. Baume verte. Germ. Die Spitzmuenze. Span . Menta puntiaguda. 

Plant smoolhish and rather pale green. Root perennial, creeping. Stem 1 to 2 
feet high, branching, mostly green. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, very acute, 
palish green. Spikes of cymules terminal, often numerous and somewhat pani- 
culate, 2 to 4 inches long. Corolla pale purple. Moist grounds ; waste places, 
&c: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. July — August. F?. September. 

Obs. This pleasantly aromatic herb has been so generally intro- 
duced into ail the older settlements of this country, that it is now 
very extensively naturalized. It is deservedly popular as a domestic 
medicine, in relieving nausea, &c. and it is the species employed in 
preparing that most seductive beverage, known as the "Mint Jtdep" 
of old Virginia. 

2. M. piperita, L. Stem procumbent at base, ascending; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, serrate, petiolate ; spikes cylindric, rather short, 
obtuse, — the cymules loosely approximated. Benth. Lab. p. 175. 
Fl. Cestr. p. 339. 

Pepper Mentha. Vzdgo — Pepper-mint. 

Fr. La Menthe. Germ. Pfeffer-muenze. Span. Menta piperita. 

Plant smoothish and purplish. Root perennia creeping. Stem 1 to 2 feet 
long, branching, mostly dark purple, sometimes pubescent. Leaves 1 to 2 inches 
long, more or less ovate and rounded a base, dark green, on petioles one fourth 
to half an inch in length. Spikes of cymules half an inch to an inch or more in 
length, terminal, solitary, — the cymules crowded — except the lower pair which 
are often a little distant. Corolla purple, larger than in the preceding species. 
Moist low grounds; Gardens, &c. : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. Aug. 
Fr. Sept.— October. 

Obs. This most grateful aromatic is generally allowed a place in 
gardens, or about houses, — and is apparently naturalized, in many 
localities. The essential oil, and distilled water, are well known for 
their stomachic properties, and deservedly held in high esteem. 

10* 



114 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

TRIBE III. MONARDEAE. Benth. 

Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 2 fertile, ascending, — the upper pair abortive ; an- 
thers 2-celled, the cells either contiguous or separated by a long linear connective, — 
one of the cells often empty. 

123. SALVIA. L. Endl. Gen. 3597/ 
[Latin, salvare, to save ; on account of supposed medicinal virtues.] 

Calyx subcampanulate, bilabiate, — the upper lip mostly 3-toothed — 
the lower one bifid ; throat naked. Corolla ringent, — the upper lip 
erect, straight or falcate. Stamens 2 ; anthers halved, — the cells 
separated by the long linear connective, which is transversely 
articulated with the filament. 

1. S. officinalis L. Stem shrubby at base, leafy, hoary-tomentose; 

leaves lance-oblong, crenulate, rugose ; upper lip of the corolla as 

long as the lower one, somewhat vaulted. Benth. Lab. p. 208. Fl. 

Cestr. p. 342. 

Officinal Salvia. Vulgb — Sage. Garden Sage. 

Fr. La Sauge. Germ. Die Salbei. Span. Salvia. 

Root perennial. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, growing in bunches, branching from 
the base. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, rather obtuse, sometimes lobed near 
the base, clothed with a short pubescence, greyish-green, — the upper or floral 
leaves sessile — the others on petioles about an inch long. Cymules 5 to 10-flow- 
ered, in interrupted terminal racemes. Corolla mostly violet-purple. Stamens 
ascending. — the 2 lower ones fertile — the 2 upper ones minute abortive rudi- 
ments. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Southern Europe. Fl. May — June. 
Fr. July — August. 

Obs. Generally cultivated in kitchen gardens, for culinary pur- 
poses. The infusion makes a good gargle, — and is otherwise mod- 
erately medicinal. 

The plant would seem to have been once considered as a kind of 
panacea, — if we may judge from the following monkish lines : 

'• Cur moriatur homo cui Salvia crescit in horto? 
"Contra vim mortis non est medicamen in hortis. 
"Salvia salvatrix, Naturae conciliatrix. 
"Salvia turn Ruta faciunt tibi pocula tuta." 

There is now, however, but little confidence placed in the virtues 
thus imputed or implied : and in these temperance times, the doctrine of 
the concluding line would be denounced as rank heresy, — even though 
the charm be fortified " with Rue " — that " herb of grace o'Sundays," 
as Shakspeare terms it — which is here appropriately enough associ- 
ated with an indulgence in ciips ! We often find, on dry sterile mea- 
dow banks, a native species of this genus (S. lyrata, L.), which is 
a mere weed ; but scarcely of sufficient importance to require a des- 
cription, here. 

TRIBE IV. SATUREINEAE. Benth. 

Calyx 5-toothed and equal, or bilabiate with the upper lip 3-toothed and the 
lower one bifid. Corolla sub-bilabiate, — the upper lip erect, flat, entire or bifidly 
emarginate — the lower lip spreading, trifid, with the lobes nearly equal ; tube 
about as long as the calyx. Stamens 4, (or the 2 upper ones sometimes abor- 
tive), distant, straight, diverging. 

124. MAJORANA. Moench. Endl. Gen. 3609. 
[A name derived from the Arabic] 

Calyx sub-bilabiate, deeply divided — the upper lip flat, dilated and 



LABIATAE 115 

rounded at apex, entire or 3-toothed, contracted and involute at base 
— the lower lip very small. Corolla sub-bilabiate, — the upper lip 
rather erect, emarginate — the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, lobes 
nearly equal; tube about as long as the calyx. Stamens 4, exserted, 
distant; anthers 2-celled; cells parallel, diverging, or finally divari- 
cate. Flowers in short dense 4-sided spikelets, imbricated with 
orbicular bracts. 

1. M. hortensis, Moench. Branches smoothish, racemose-panicu- 
late ; leaves elliptic-ohovate or spatulate, obtuse, entire, petiolate, 
downy and canescent on both sides ; spikelets oblong, compact, 
clustered at the ends of the branches. Benth. Lab. p. 338. Fl. Cestr. 
p. 347. 

Garden Majorana. Vulgo — Sweet Marjoram. 

Fr. La Marjolaine. Germ.Dex Majoran. Span. Majorana. 

Root annual. Stem 9 to 12 or 18 inches high, subterete, somewhat branched. 
Leaves one third of an inch to an inch long, varying from ovate to obovate and 
spatulate. Spikelets one fourth to half an inch long, obtusely 4-cornered, hoary- 
pubescent, in sessile terminal clusters of threes, or on short axillary branches; 
bracts very obtuse or rounded, ciliate-pubescent, quadrifariously and densely 
imbricated. — the margins at base involute. Calyx with the upper lip free, like 
a distinct sepal, dilated, obtuse, ciliate-pilose and mostly 3-toothed at apex, nar- 
rowed below with the margins folded in, — the lower lip or division ovate, 
smooth, very small. Corolla white, or tinged with purple. Gardens: cultivated. 
Native of Africa and Asia. Fl. July — Aug. Fr. September. 

Obs. One of the fragrant culinary Herbs, generally cultivated. 

125. THYMUS. L. Endl. Gen. 3610. 
[Greek. Thymos, courage ; in allusion to its cordial qualities.] 

Calyx tubular -campanulate, 10-ribbed, bilabiate, — the upper lip tri- 
fid— the lower one bifid; throat villous. Corolla with the upper lip 
erect, nearly flat, emarginate,— the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, mid- 
dle lobe longer. Anthers 2-celled; cells parallel or finally diverging. 
Humble shrubby or suffruticose plants. Leaves small, entire. 
Cymules few-flowered, — sometimes all remote, — sometimes in loose 
terminal heads, or interrupted spikes. 

1. T. vulgaris, L. Stems erect or procumbent at base; leaves 
oblong-ovate or lance-ovate, revolute on the margin, fasciculate in 
the'axils ; cymules in terminal interrupted leafy spikes. Benth. Lab. 
p. 342. Fl. Cestr. p. 347. 

Common Thymus. Vulgo — Garden Thyme. Standing Thyme. 
Fr. Serpolet. Germ. Der Thymian. Span. Tomillo. 

Root perennial, woody. Stems 4 to 6 inches high, numerous, slender, rather 
erect, much branched and matted together at base, suffruticose, clothed with a 
short cinereous pubescence. Leaves one fourth to half an inch long, abruptly 
narrowed to a petiole, punctate, slightly pubescent beneath, fasciculate in the 
axils by reason of abortive branches. Calyx hirsute, strongly ribbed, punctate ; 
segments of the lower lip subulate, pectinately ciliate. Corolla pale purple. 
Gardens : cultivated. Native of Southern Europe. Fl. June— Aug. Fr. Aug. — 
September. 

Obs. A favorite condiment in culinary processes, — and generally 
cultivated, in kitchen gardens. The creeping Thyme (T. Serpyl- 
lum, L.) — a species nearly allied in properties and appearance — is 
naturalized in many places. 



116 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

126. SATUREJA. L. Endl. Gen. 3611. 
[A name supposed to be derived from the Arabic] 

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 10-nerved, deeply and nearly equally 
5-toothed, or obscurely bilabiate ; throat naked, or nearly so. Corolla 
bilabiate, — the upper lip erect, flat — the lower one spreading, 3-lobed, 
lobes nearly equal. Stamens 4, diverging; anthers 2-celled, — the 
cells parallel or diverging. Herbs or suffruticose plants. Leaves 
small, entire, often fasciculate in the axils. Cymules sometimes 
few-flowered and scarcely brae teate— sometimes many-flowered or 
aggregated in heads, and supported by bracts. 

1. S. hortensis, L. Stem erect, much branched, pubescent ; leaves 
oblong-linear, acute ; cymules axillary, pedunculate, few-flowered, 
somewhat secund, remote or the upper ones somewhat spiked. 
Benth. Lab. p. 352. Fl. Cestr. p. 348. 
Garden Satureja. Vtdgo. — Summer Savory. 
Fr. La Sarriette. Germ. Die Saturey. Span. Ajedrea. 

Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, obscurely 4-angled, branched so as to 
appear bushy, suffruticose at base, roughish-pubescent, mostly dark purple. 
Leaves half an inch to an inch long, narrowed at base to a very short petiole. 
Cymules about 3-flowered, — the upper ones crowded into a leafy spike. Corolla 
pale violet-purple, somewhat pubescent, scarcely longer than the hispid-ciliate 
calyx-teeth. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Southern Europe. Fl. July — 
Aug. Fr. September. 

Obs. Cultivated as a culinary Herb. 

127. HYSSOPUS. L. Endl. Gen. 3612. 
[Latinized from Ezob, — an ancient Hebrew name.] 

Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed ; throat naked. Corolla 
bilabiate, — the upper lip erect, flat, emarginate — the lower lip spread- 
ing, 3-lobed, middle lobe larger. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging ; 
anthers 2-celled, — the cells linear, divaricate. Style bifid, — the 
branches equal, subulate, stigmatiferous at apex. 
1. H. officinalis, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rather acute, very 
entire, sessile ; cymules secund, racemose, — the upper ones approx- 
imate. Benth. Lab. p. 356. Fl. Cestr. p. 348. 

Officinal Hyssopus. Vulgo. — Hyssop. Garden Hyssop. 
Fr. Hysope. Germ. Der Isop. Span. Hisopo. 

Root perennial. Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, subterete, shrubby at base 
and much branched. Leaves three fourths of an inch to an inch and half long. 
Cymules rather crowded in a one-sided terminal raceme or spike, with a few- 
distant ones below. Corolla bright blue, or sometimes purplish. Gardens : cul- 
tivated. Native of Southern Europe, and Asia. Fl. July — Aug. Fr. Sept. 

Obs. Cultivated as a medicinal Herb. The infusion has long 
been a popular febrifuge. The Dittany (Cunil 'a Mariana, L.) — 
which belongs to this Tribe — is also a well known article in the popu- 
lar Materia Medica : but as it grows wild— and is usually confined to 
dry hilly woodlands— it is scarcely intitled to a place among Agricul- 
tural plants. 

TRIBE V. MELISSINEAE. Benth. 
Calyx 13- or rarely 10-nerved, bilabiate, — the upper lip 3-toothed — the lower one 
bifid. Corolla bilabiate, — the upper lip straight, entire or emarginately bifid, 
mostly flattish — lower lip spreading, 3-lobed ; lobes flat, the middle one often 
broader. Stamens ascending, 4 and didynamous, or sometimes the 2 upper ones 
abortive. 



LABIATAE 117 

12S. HEDEOMA. Pers. Endl. Gen. 3615. 
[Greek, Hedeia Osme, a pleasant odor; from its fragrance.] 

Calyx ovoid-tubular, gibbous on the under side near the base, 13- 
nerved, bilabiate, — the upper lip 3-toothed — lower one bifid ; throat 
villous. Corolla bilabiate, — the upper lip erect, flat — lower lip 
spreading, 3-lobed, lobes nearly equal. Stame?is 2 fertile, ascending, 
about as long as the corolla ; anthers 2-celled ; cells divering or divar- 
icate : the two upper stamens entirely wanting, — or rudimentary and 
sterile, short, subulate and capitate. Herbs, or suffncticose plants. 
Cymules few-flowered, loose, axillary. 

1. H. ptjlegioides, Pers. Stem herbaceous, erect, branching, 
pubescent ; leaves lance-ovate, rather obtuse, subserrate, narrowed 
at base, petiolate ; cymules about 3-flowered ; corolla about as long 
as the calyx. Benth. Lab. p. 366. Fl. Cestr. p. 350. 

Pulegium-like Hedeoma. Vulgd. — Pennyroyal. 

Root annual. Stem G to 12 inches high, hoary-pubescent, branched above. 
Leaves half an inch to an inch long, sparingly serrate or sometimes entire, 
slightly pubescent, narrowed at base to a pubescent petiole one eighth to half an 
inch in length, — ihe floral leaves resembling the cauline ones. Cymules usually 
3-flowered ; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, scarcely as long as the pedicels. Corolla 
pale blue, with purple spots. Stamens scarcely exserted, ascending, the anthers 
approximated under the upper lip, — the upper pair of stamens reduced to mere 
abortive rudiments. Slaty soils j old fields, &c. : throughout the U. States. Fl. 
July — Aug. Fr. September. 

Obs. A warmly aromatic little herb, — in general use as a popular 
diaphoretic, carminative, &c. and therefore entitled to a description 
by which it may be certainly recognized, This is not the "Penny- 
royal" of Europe ; but has been so called because of its resemblance 
to that plant, — which is a species of Mint — viz. the Mentha Pttle- 
giiim, L. 

129. MELISSA. Benth. Endl. Gen. 3617. 
[Greek, Melissa, the honey-bee; the flowers being a favorite of that insect.] 

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, bilabiate, — the upper lip mostly spread- 
ing, 3-toothed — the lower one bifid. Corolla bilabiate, — the upper 
lip erect, flattish, emarginately bifid ; — the lower lip spreading, 3- 
lobed, middle lobe mostly broader. Stamens 4, ascending, mostly 
approximated in pairs at summit ; anthers 2-celled ; cells distinct, 
parallel, finally diverging, — the connective often thickened. Herba- 
ceous or snffrutieose. 

1. M. officinalis, L. Stem herbaceous, erect, branching ; leaves 
ovate, coarsely crenate-serrate, obtuse or truncate and sometimes 
cordate at base, rugose ; cymules loose, few-flowered, turned to one 
side ; bracteoles few, ovate, petiolate ; corolla twice as long as the 
calyx. Benth. Lab. p. 393. Fl. Cestr. p. 351. 

Officinal Melissa. Vulgd — Balm. Common Balm. 

Fr. La Melisse. Germ. Die Melisse. Spayi. Melisa. 

Boot perennial. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, more or less pubescent. Leaves 2 
to 3 or 4 inches long; petioles half an inch to an inch an i half in length, — the 
floral leaves resembling the cauline, but usually somewhat cuneate at base. Cy- 
mules 3 to 6-flowered, on a short common peduncle. Calyx arid, pilose, — the 
upper lip truncate, with 3 short acute teeth— the teeth of the lower lip longer, 
subulate and ciliate ; throat gaping, pilose. Corolla white or ochroleucous — some- 
times slightly tinged with purple. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Southern 
Europe, and Asia. Fl. July— Aug. Fr. September. 



US MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

Obs. This is generally cultivated or kept in gardens, as a popular 
medicinal Herb, — the infusion being a pleasant diaphoretic drink. 
It is partially naturalized, in many places. 

TRIBE VI. SCUTELLARINEAE. Benth. 
Ca J yr bilabiate, — the upper lip truncate, entire or somewhat 3 toothed. Corolla 
bilabiate,— the upper lip vaulted ; lube exserled, ascending, annulate within or 
naked. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. 

130. PRUNELLA. L. Endl. Gen. 3624. 
[German, Brunette,— from Die Braeune, the Quinsy; said to be cured by it.] 

Calyx tubular -campanulate, about 10-nerved, reticulately veined, 
bilabiate, — the upper lip flat, dilated, truncate, with 3 short teeth — 
the lower lip bifid, segments lanceolate. Corolla ringent, — the upper 
lip erect, vaulted, entire — the lower lip depending, 3-lobed, middle 
lobe rounded, concave, crenulate ; tube a little contracted at throat, 
inflated below it on the und6r side, with an annulus, or little ring of 
short hairs or scales, near the base within. 

1. P. vulgaris, L. Leaves ov ate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, cre- 
nate dentate or obsoletely serrate, sometimes pinnatifidly incised, 
petiolate. Benth. Lab. p. 417 . Fl. Cestr. p. 352. Icon, Fl. Lond.3*. 
Common Prunella. Vulgd — Heal-all. Self-heal. 
Fr. Brunelle ordinaire. Germ. Gemeine Brunelle. Span. Brunela. 

Root perennial. Stem 8 to 12 or 15 inches high, erect or ascending, somewhat 
branched, especially at base. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long; petioles half an inch to 2 
inches long (those of the radical or lower leaves often 3 or 4 inches long) ; the 
floral leaves bract-like, orbicular-cordate, sessile, with a short abrupt acuminaiion,— • 
the lower ones conspicuously acuminate. Cymules 3-flowered, crowded into 
compact imbricated oblong terminal spikes. Bracteoles none. Corolla violet-pur- 
ple (rarely pale purple or nearly white), smoothish. Fields; roadsides; open 
woodlands, &c. : introduced. Native of the old world. FL July — September. 
Fr. August — November. 

Obs. This plant appears to be distributed over the four quarters 
of the globe ; but I should judgde it not to be a native, here. 
Although not a pernicious weed, it is so common, on our farms, 
that it seemed proper to notice it in this work. Its ancient reputa- 
tion for healing wounds — like that of many other such medicaments 
of the olden times — is now quite obsolete. The famous mad-dog 
scull-cap (Scutellaria lateriflora, L.) — which once figured in the 
Gazettes as a specific for Hydrophobia — belongs to this Tribe, — and 
is frequent in wet meadows. 

TRIBE VIII. NEPETEAE. Benth. 
Cd'yx with the limb oblique, or sub-bilabiate, — the upper segments larger. Corolla 
bilibiate, — the upper lip somewhat vaulted — lower one spreading; throat mostly 
inflated. Stamens 4, ascending or diverging, — the upper pair longer ! 

131. NEPETA. Benth. Endl. Gen. 3636. 
[Supposed to be named from Nepete, — a town in Italy.] 

Calyx tubular, sometimes ovoid, about 15-nerved, arid ; limb 
obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate, —the upper lip erect, some- 
what concave, emarginate or bifid —the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, 
middle lobe largest ; throat dilated, with the margin often reflexed ; 
tube slender below, naked within. Stamens ascending, — the lower 
pair shorter ; anthers mostly approximated in pairs, 2-celled j cells 
diverging, finally divaricate. 



LABIATAE 119 

1. N. Catakia, L. Hoary-pubescent; stem erect, tall; leaves 
oblong-cordate, acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, rugose ; cymules 
densely many-flowered, the upper ones crowded in a spike — the lower 
ones distant; calyx ovoid-tubular; corolla one half longer than the 
calyx. Benth. Lab. p. 477. Fl. Cestr. p. 356. 

Cat Nepeta. Vulgo. — Cat-mint. Cat-nep. 

Fr. Herbe aux Chats. Germ. Die Katzen muenze. Span. Gatera. 

Plant softly pubescent. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, mostly several 
from the same root, somewhat branched. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, green 
above; canescent beneath; petioles half an inch to an inch and half in length, 
grooved on the upper side. Cymules on short common peduncles, in interrupted 
terminal spikes; bracteoles lance-linear, a little longer than the pedicels. Corolla 
ochroleucous, with a reddish tinge and purple dots, pubescent, — the upper lip 
emarginately bifid, the lower one cienate dentate, villous at base. Fence-rows; 
fields, and waste places : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June — August. 
Fr. July — September. 

Obs. This foreigner is so extensively naturalized as to be a 
rather troublesome weed. The dried herb, in infusion, is a highly 
popular medicine among the good ladies who deal in simples, — and 
is probably often useful : But, as a weed on the farm, it is objection- 
able, — and, when permitted to multiply, gives to the premises a very 
slovenly appearance. 

2. N. Glechoma, Benth. Stem procumbent, radicating at base; 
leaves cordate-reniform, rounded, crenate ; cymules few-flowered, 
— all distant, axillary; calyx tubular ; corolla nearly three times as 
long as the calyx. Benth. Lab. p. 485. Fl. Cestr. p. 356. 

Glechoma hederacea. L. Icon, Fl. Loncl. 3. 

Vulgd. — Ground Ivy. Ale-hoof. Gill. 

Fr. Lierre tei-restre. Gerwi. Die Gundelrebe. Spa?i. Yedra terrestre. 

Root perennial. Stem 6 to 18 inches long, slender and prostrate,— the flowering 
branches erect or ascending, 4 to 8 or 10 inches high, retrorsely pubescent. Leaves 
three fourths of an inch to an inch and half long, and rather wider than long; 
petioles 1 to 3 inches long : floral leaves conformable, or similar to the cauline ones. 
Cymules all distant; bracteoles minute, subulate and ciliate. Corolla blue or pur- 
plish-blue (rarely white), pilose,— the upper lip bifid. Anthers approximated in 
pairs, — the cells diverging and presenting the figure of a cross. Fence-rows, 
und moist shaded places: introduced. Native of Europe, and Northern Asia. 
Fl. May — June. Fr. July. 

Obs. Naturalized about many settlements, — and being a mere 
weed, is often inconveniently abundant. The herb was employed, 
in England, to clarify and give a flavor to Ale (whence one of its 
common names), until the reign of Henry Sth, — at which period 
Hops were substituted. The infusion of the herb is a popular medi- 
cine, — like that of the preceding species. 

TRIBE IX. STACHYDEAE. Benth. 
Calyx irregularly veined, or 5 to 10-nerved, — the limb equal, oblique, or some- 
what bilabiate, 3 to 10-toolhed. Corolla bilabiate, — the upper lip galeate or flat, 
entire or emarginate — the lower lip variously 3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending, — 
ihe upper pair shorter. 

132. LAMIUM. L, Endl. Gen. 3645. 
[Greek, Laimos, the throat, from its gaping flowers.] 

Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5-nerved; limb mostly oblique; 
teeth 5, nearly equal, subulate at apex. Corolla ringent, — the 



120 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

upper lip ovate or oblong, galeate, mostly narrowed at base ; throat 
dilated ; lateral lobes at the margin of the throat truncate or oblong 
— sometimes with a tooth-like process ; middle or lower lobe (lower 
lip) broad, emarginate, contracted at base and substipitate. Anthers 
approximated in pairs, 2-celled ; cells finally divaricate, oblong, often 
hirsute externally. Akenes triquetrous with the angles acute, trun- 
cate at summit, smooth or minutely rugose-tuberculate. 
1. L. amplexicaule, L. Leaves orbicular, crenately incised, — the 
lower ones petiolate — the floral ones sessile, amplexicaul ; tube of 
the corolla naked within, the lateral lobes not toothed ; anthers 
hirsute. Benth. Lab. p. 511. Fl. Cestr. p. 357. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3. 
Stem-clasping Lamium. Vulgo — Dead-Nattle. Hen-bit. 
Fr. Le Lamier. Germ. Die Taube-nessel. Span. Ortiga muerta. 

Root annual. Stems several, or much branched from the base, decumbent or 
ascending, 6 to 12 inches high, mostly purplish. Leaves half an inch to three 
quarters in length, and mostly wider than long, — the lower or can line ones on 
■petioles half an inch to an inch long. Cymules densely many-flowered, axillary, — 
the lower ones distant — the upper ones rather approximated. Calyx sessile, 
hirsute. Corolla bright purple, pubesceut, — the galeate upper lip nearly entire, 
clothed with a purple villus, — lower lip obcordate; throat dilated, laterally com- 
pressed; tube slender, much exserted. The Corolla, in the lower cymules, is 
often minute, or wanting. Gardens, and cultivated Lots: introduced. Native of 
Europe and Northern Africa. Fl. April — May. Fr. June. 

Obs. This worthless little taeed is abundantly naturalized in and 
about our gardens, in Pennsylvania, — and requires some attention to 
keep it in due subjection. Another species (L. purptcreum, L.) has 
also been introduced, in some localities ; but it does not appear to 
multiply so rapidly. 

133. LEONURUS. L. Endl. Gen. 3647. 
[Greek, Leon, a lion, and Oura, a tail ; from some fancied resemblance.] 

Calyx turbinate, 5 or 10-nerved, — the limb truncate. 5-toothed ; 
teeth subulate, subspinescent, finally spreading. Corolla bilabiate, 
• — the upper lip oblong, entire, flattish or somewhat vaulted — lower 
lip spreading, 3-lobed, — the lateral lobes oblong— the middle one 
entire or sometimes obcordate. Anthers approximated in pairs, 
incumbent, 2-celled ; cells mostly parallel, the valves naked. AJcenes 
triquetrous, truncate at summit, smooth. 

1. L. Cardiaca, L. Pubescent; lower stem-leaves palmate -lobed, 
the upper ones ovate and lobed ; floral leaves cuneate-oblong, mostly 
trifid, with a lengthened narrow base, — the lobes of all the leaves 
ovate or lanceolate; corolla longer than the calyx-teeth, — the tube 
with a villous ring within at base ; upper lip flattish, hirsutely vil- 
lous ; lower lip spreading, the middle lobe entire. Benth. Lab. p. 
518. Ft. Cestr. p. 358. 
Cardiac Leonurus. Vtdgo — Motherwort. 
Fr. L'Agripaume. Germ. Das Herzgespann. Span. Agripalma. 

Root perennial. Stetn.2 to 4 feet high, branched at base and above, retrorsely 
pubescent, with a hairy ring at the joints or nodes. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 
rugose, — the lower ones nearly orbicular in the outline ; petioles 1 to 2 inches long. 
Cymules 3 to 6 or 8-flowered, sessile, distant, forming an interrupted leafy spike 
6 to 12 or 15 inches in length; bracteoles subulate, smooth. Calyx strongly 5- 
ribbed, smoothish ; teeth acuminate, pungent, — the lower ones rattier longer. 
Corolla pale purple, externally very villous, especially on the upper lip. AJcenes 



LABI AT AE 121 

hirsute at summit. Fence-rows; and waste places : introduced. Native of Europe 
and Asia. Fl. June— July. Fr. August. 

Obs. This foreigner is completely naturalized, and is apt to occupy 
all neglected nooks, and waste places, about farm yards, and along 
field sides. It is an utterly worthless iveed — unsightly and disagree- 
able, — and speedily gives a forlorn appearance to the premises of 
the slothful and slovenly farmer. There is another species (L. mar- 
r?ibiastrtim, L.) which has become partially naturalized in some 
districts ; but it does not threaten to become so prevalent and trou- 
blesome. 

134. MARRUBIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 3657. 
[Etymology obscure ; supposed to be from a town in Italy.] 

Calyx tubular, 5 to 10-nerved, nearly equally 5 or 10-toothed, — th« 
teeth erect or finally spreading. Corolla bilabiate, — the upper lip 
erect, fiattish or concave, entire or bifid — lower lip spreading, 3- 
lobed, middle lobe broader, mostly emarginate ; tube included in the 
calyx. Stamens included; anthers 2-celled, — the cells divaricate, 
subconfluent. Akenes obtuse at summit, but not truncate. 

1. M. vulgare, L. Stems ascending, hoary-tomentose ; leaves 

roundish-ovate or oval, erenate-dentate, softly villous and canescent 

beneath ; cymules many-flowered, woolly and canescent ; calyx 

with 10 subulate recurved teeth ; upper lip of the corolla oblong, 

bifid at apex. Be?ith. Lab. p. 591. Fl. Cestr. p. 360. 

Common MARRUBirM. Vulgd — Hoar-hound. 

Fr. Marrub blanc. Germ. Der weisse Andorn. Span. Marrubio. 

Root perennial. Stems 9 to 18 inches high, cCspitose or branching fiom the base. 
Leaves about 2 inches long, abruptly narrowed at base to a flat nerved woolly 
petiole half an inch to an inch long. Cymules dense, sessile in the rather distant 
axils; bracteoles subulate. Corolla white, small. Stony banks, and waste places : 
introduced. Native of Europe and middle Asia. Fl. July— August. Fr. Sept. 

Obs. This has been introduced as a medicinal Herb. — and is par- 
tially naturalized in many places. It has a weed-lilce appearance, 
but does not incline to spread much, — and may well be tolerated to 
some extent, for its valuable tonic properties. The Syrups and Can- 
dies, prepared from or with it, are excellent pectoral medicines. 

TRIBE XI. AJUGOIDEAE. Benth. 
Corollawhb. the upper lip sometimes very short — sometimes split, with the seg- 
ments depending, — rarely erect and vaulted ; lower lip elongated. Stamens 2 or 
4, ascending, generally much exserted. Akenes more or less reticulately rugose. 

135. TEUCRIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 3679. 
[Named from Teucer, a Trojan Prince,— who, it is said, first used the plant.] 

Calyx tubular-campanulate, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla 
with the tube short, — the 4 upper lobes of the limb nearly equal, 
oblong and declined, or very short and rather erect, — the lowest lobe 
largest, oblong or rounded, mostly concave. Stamens 4, exserted 
from the cleft between the upper lobes of the corolla; anthers with 
the cells confluent. Akenes rugose. 

1. T. Canadense, L. Herbaceous, erect, hoary -pubescent ; leave* 
ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded at base, on short petioles j 

11 



122 MONOP-ETALOUS EXOGENS 

cymules few-flowered, crowded in a simple terminal spike ; calyx 
decimate, campanulate, finally somewhat gibbous,' — the upper teeth 
broader. Benth. Lab. p. 672. FL Cestr. p. 362. 
Canadian Teucrium. Vulgo — Wood Sage. Germander. 

Boot perennial. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, simple or sparingly branched, square 
with the sides concave and the angles obtuse, clothed with a retrorse cinereous 
pubescence. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, on petioles one fourth to three fourths of 
an inch in length. Cymules 2 or 3-flowered, mostly crowded, sometimes a little 
distant, in a greenish-grey spike 2 to 5 or 6 inches in length (often an opposite 
pair from the axils of the first leaves beneath). Corolla pale purple, minutely 
pubescent ; limb decimate, with a central fissure on the upper side, — the upper or 
lateral lobes erect, acute, — the middle or lowest lobe oblong or obovate, concave. 
Style longer than the stamens, curved, equally bifid at summit. Fence-rows, and 
low shaded grounds : throughout the U. States. Fl. July. Fr. Aug. — Sept. 

Ota. This plant is frequently to be seen in low grounds, along 
streams, — and sometimes along fence-rows, and borders of fields ; 
but it has not become generally known as an intrusive weed. An 
observing farmer, however, has recently brought to me some speci- 
mens of it, collected in his fields, — where, he assured me, he found it 
a very troublesome weed — and, moreover, exceedingly difficult to 
extirpate. I have, therefore, deemed it proper to describe the plant, 
and commend it to further notice, — so that its true character maybe 
certainly determined, before its inroads become extensive. 

ORDER XCIV. BORAGINACEAE. Juss. Lindl 

Herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants, with round stems. Leaves alternate, simple, 
mostly rough and hispid, without stipules. Floicers often in one-sided clusters 
or racemes, which are spiral before expansion (rircinnate, or scorjjioid). Calyx 
of 5 foliaceous persistent sepals, more or less united at base, regular. Corolla 
mostly regular, — the limb 5-lobed, often with a row of scales in the throat, 
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. Ovary 
deeply 4-!obed. — the style proceeding from the base of the lubes, which in fruit 
become little nuts or hard akenes. Suds with little or no albumen. 

An Order, for the most part, of rough homely plants, — some of them very ob- 
noxious weeds. A few are slightly medicinal. The Alkanet of Commerce (a 
red coloring matter.) is afforded by a plant of this Order, viz: Anchusa tinctoria, 
L.) Several species have showy flowers, — and some of the Helioiropiums are 
admired for their fragrance. 

TRIBE IV. BORAGEAE. DC. 

Ovary consisting of 2 carpels, each 2-celled or 2-parted. Style central, proceed- 
ing from the base of the lobes. Fruit 2 or 4-parted, — the carpels each 2-celled. 
or separable into 2 akenes. 

SUB-TRIBE 2. ECHIEAE. DC. 
Corolla more or less irregular, naked at throat. Akenes affixed to the receptacle. 

136. ECHIUM. Tournef. End/. Gen. 3757. 
[Greek, Echis, a viper; from the resemblance of the seeds to a viper's head. "J 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla hypogynous, subcampanulate, limb obliquely 
5-lobed, unequal. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla. 
Ovary 4-lobed ; style simple ; stigma bifid. Akenes 4, distinct, tur- 
binate, with a triangular areola at base. 

1. E. vulgare, L. Stem tuberculate-hispid ; leaves linear-lanceo- 
late, hispid ; flowers in lateral secund spikes ; stamens longer than 
the corolla. DC. Frodr. 10. p. 18. FL Cestr. p. 119. 



BORAGINACEAE 123 

Common Echium. Vulgd — Blue-weed. Viper's Bugloss. Blue Devils. 

Fr. Herbe aux Viperes. Germ,. Der Natterkopf. Span. Yerba de la 

Vibora. 

Root biennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched above. Radical leaves 5 to 8 
inches long, lanceolate, petiolate ; stem haves smaller, linear-lanceolate, acute, 
sessile. Spikes numerous, axillary, secund and at first recurved, finally erect. 
Calyx-segments linear, pectinate-ciliate. Corolla at first purplish, finally bright 
blue, pubescent externally. Akenes subovoid, angular on the inner side, keeled 
on the back, a little incurved and acuminate, rough with tubercles of a greyish- 
brown color. Fields, and road sides: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. 
June. Fr. August. 

Obs. This showy but vile weed has beeome extensively naturali- 
zed, in some portions of our country , — and is a sad pest, wherever 
it establishes itself. I have seen it in considerable quantities in the 
State of Maryland, — though I think it is yet rare in Pennsylvania. 
Prof. A. Gray informs us (Sillima?i > s Journal, Vol. 42. p. 13,), that 
in the valley of the Shenandoah, Virginia, "for the distance of more 
than a hundred miles, it has taken complete possession, even of many 
cultivated fields." A veteran Editor of a Newspaper, in the " old 
Dominion," has long been noted for harping on the Ovidian phrase 
—"JPri/icipiis obsta," — i. e. meet and resist beginnings — or nip the 
first buddings of evil. If he had taught his Agricultural fellow- 
citizens to apply his favorite maxim, practically, to this plant, he 
would "have done the State some service" : and every farmer would 
cto well to bear that maxim in mind, not only in reference to this, 
but to all pernicious weeds. It would save a vast deal of vexatious 
labor, at a future day. 

SUB-TRIBE 4. LITHOSPERMEAE. DC. 

Corolla regular, naked at throat. Akenes 4, affixed to the receptacle, imper- 
forate at base. 

137. LITHOSPERMUM. Tournef. Bndl. Gen. 3761. 
[Greek, Lithos, a stone, and Sperma, seed ; from the stony hardness of its seeds.] 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla hypogynous, funnel-form ; limb 5-lobed ; 
throat naked. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla, 
included. Ovary 4-lobed; style simple ; stigma 2 or 4-cleft. Akenes 
4, distinct, bony, smooth or rugose. 

1. L. arvense, L. Hispidly pilose; leaves lance-linear, rather 
acute, entire, nerveless, sessile; akenes rugose-pitted. DC. JProdr. 
10. p. 74. Fl. Cestr.p. 118. 

Field Lithospermum. Vulgd — Stone-weed. Gromwell. 
Fr. Gremil des champs. Germ. Acker Steinsame. 

Root annual. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, generally much branched from the 
root, and often branched near the summit. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, — the lower 
ones often oblanceolate and obtuse. Floioers axillary, solitary, subsessile. 
Corolla ochroleucous, small. Akenes ovoid, acuminate, rugose, brown when 
mature. Grain fields, and pastures : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May, 
Fr. June. 

Obs. A worthless little foreigner, — more noticeable for its fre- 
quency in our fields, than for any intrinsic importance — even as a 
weed. 

SUB-TRIBE 5. CYNOGLOSSEAE. DC. 

Throat of the corolla mostly furnished with arching scales. Akenes 4, mostly 
echinate, or winged, adnate to the base of the style, imperforate at base. 



124 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

13S. CYNOGLOSSUM. Tournef. Endll Gen. 3784. 
[Greek, Kyon, kynos, a dog, and Glossa, a tongue ; from the form of the leaves.} 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, — the tube nearly as long as 
the calyx ; throat closed by 5-obtuse connivent scales ; limb 5-lobed ; 
the lobes very obtuse. Stamens 5, included. Ovary 4-lobed ; style 
simple ; stigma subcapitate, entire or eraarginate. Ahenes- 4, round- 
ish, convex, or depressed, echinate all over, or sometimes only at 
the edges, imperforate at base, affixed to the base of the style, at 
maturity separating from base to apex and cohering by the summit 
of the style. 

1. C. Morisoni, DC. Stern erect, somewhat hispid, divaricately 
branched at summit ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed 
at base ; racemes somewhat in pairs, bracteate, with the rachis vil- 
lous ; pedicels extra-axillary, finally reflexed ; calyx-segments nearly 
as long as the corolla ; fruit densely covered with uncinate prickles. 
DC. Prodr. 10. p. 155. 

Echinospermum Virginicum. Lehm. Fl. Ceslr. p. 121. 

Morison's Cynoglossum. Vtdgd — Beggar's Lice. 

Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, acute at each 
end, scabrous, — the lower ones petiolate — the. upper ones subsessile. Racemes 
terminating the slender divaricate branches, mostly dichotomous; pedicels about 
as long as the fruit. Corolla bluish-white, small. Fence-rows, and borders of 
thickets : Northern and Middle States. Fl. July. Fr. October. 

Obs. The slovenly farmer is apt to get a practical acquaintance 
with this obnoxious weed, — in consequence of its racemes of bur-like 
fruit entangling the manes of his horses, and the fleeces of his sheep. 
The Hound' s-tongue, of Europe — another species (C. officinale, L.) 
— has been introduced, and is partially naturalized, in many 
places; and there is also a native species (C. Virginicum, L.), 
known by the name of " Wild Comfrey," frequent in our woodlands : 
but they scarcely come within the purview of this work. The same 
remark applies to the common Garden Conifrey (Symphytum offici- 
nale, L.), — which belongs to this Tribe — and is occasionally seen in 
Gardens. 

ORDER XCIX. CONVOLVULACEAE. Juss. R. Br. 

Twining or trailing herbs or shrubs, — often with a milky juice. Leaves alternate, 
simple, without stipules. Flowers axillary, often large and showy. Calyx of 5 
sepals, imbricated, or usually more or less united, persistent Corolla plicate, 
and twisted in aestivation, — the limb 5-lobed — or often nearly entire. Stamens 
mostly 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla near the base. Ovary 2 to 4-celled, 
with 1 or 2 erect ovules in each cell ; styles more or less united ; stigma often 
2-lobed, capitate or linear. Capsule 2 to 4- (or by obliteration 1-) celled. — the 
valves falling away from the persistent dissepiments (septift agal). Seeds large, 
with a little mucilaginous albumen: cotyledons foliaceous, corrugated — wanting 
in Cuscuta. 

An interesting Order — containing many beautiful species. The Jalap, and 
Scammony, of the shops, are furnished by plants of this Order. 

TRIBE II. CONVOLVULEAE. Chois. 
Carpels coalesced into a single ovary. Fruit capsular, dehiscent. 

139. BATATAS. Humph. Endl. Gen. 3807. 
[Apparently an aboriginal or barbarous name, — adopted for the genus.] 

Sepals 5. Corolla campanulate, — the limb spreading. Stamens 5, 



CONVOLVULACEAE 125 

included. Style simple ; stigma capitate ; 2-lobed. Capsule 3 or 
4-celled, 3 or 4-valved. Seeds 3 or 4, erect. 

1. B. edulis, Chois. Stem creeping, rarely volubile ; leaves sub- 
hastate — cordate with the sinus broad and shallow, often angular 
and partially lobed, petiolate ; peduncles as long or longer than the 
petioles, 3 or 4-flowered. DC. Prodr. 9. p. 338. 

Convolvulus Batatas. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 132. 

Eatable Batatas. Vulgo — Sweet Potato. Carolina Potato. 

Fr. Patate jaune. Germ. Bataten Winde. Span. Batata de Malaga. 

Root perennial, tuberous ; tubers oblong, terete, acute at each end, purple or 
yellowish-white externally, yellowish within. Stem 4 to S feet long, slender, 
prostrate, radieating. pilose. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long; petioles about 2 
inches in length. Corolla purple (Jide DC). Gardens, and Lots: cultivated. 

Obs. This plant is much cultivated for its fine esculent tubers, — 
particularly in the sandy soil of New Jersey and the Carolinas, — 
where it succeeds best. It is propagated by cuttings of the tubers ; 
and, so far as I know, it has never produced flowers, in the middle 
States. This is said to be the Potato, spoken of by Shakspeare, 
and contemporary writers ; the Solatium tuberosum., or "Irish 
Potato" (now so common), being then scarcely known in the old 
world. According to De Candolle, the Sweet Potato is a native of 
the East Indies ; but M'Culloch, in his Commercial Dictionary, says 
it is supposed to have been carried to Europe from New Gre?iada f 
by Sir John Hawkins, in 1545. 

140. CONVOLVULUS. L. Endl. Gen. 3803, 
[Latin, Convolvo, to entwine, or wind about; descriptive of the plant.] 

Sepals 5. Corolla campanulate. Style simple ; stigmas 2, terete- 
linear, often revolute. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule 2-celIed. 
Seeds 4, erect. 

1. C. aPvVensis, L. Stem volubile or often prostrate, angled and stri- 
ate ; leaves ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, sagittate at base and some- 
what atiriculate; peduncles mostly 1 -flowered, bibracteate — the bracts 
small, remote from the flower ; sepals very obtuse, roundish-ovate. 
DC. Prodr. 9. p. 406. Fl. Cestr. p. 131. Icon, Fl. Lond. 1. 

Field Convolvulus. Vulgo — Bind-weed. 

Fr. Liseron des champs. Germ. Die Ackerwinde. Span. Corregiiela. 

.Root perennial, creeping, long. Stern about 2 feet long, slender, branching, 
procumbent or twining round other plants, twisted, a little hairy. Leaves an 
inch to all inch and half long. — the smaller ones rather acute — the larger ones 
obtuse and somewhat emarginate — all of them with a minute cusp at the end of the 
midrib : petioles half an inch to an inch long. Peduncles axillary, 1 to 2£ inches 
long, with 2 minute bracts half an inch to an inch below the flower. Corolla 
pale red or reddish-white. Cultivated Lots: introduced. Native of Europe and 
Asia. Fl. June — July. Fr. August. 

Obs. This foreigner has been introduced into some portions of our 
country, — and may give the farmers some trouble, if they do not 
guard against it. We are told that incessant vigilance is the con- 
dition on which alone the rights of freemen can be maintained ; and 
I believe the farmer will find a similar condition annexed to the 
preservation of his premises from the inroads of pernicious weeds. 

11* 



126 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

The following remarks, from the Flora Londinensis, will afford 
some idea of the character of this Convolvulus, as observed in. 
England, — and may serve as a salutary caution, here. 

" Beautiful as this plant appears to the eye, experience proves it 
to have a most pernicious tendency in Agriculture. The field of 
the slovenly farmer bears evident testimony of this ; nor is the gar- 
den wholly exempt from its inroads. The following experiment 
may serve to show what precaution is necessary in the introduction 
of plants into a garden, especially when we want them to grow in 
some particular situation. 

" Tempted by the lively appearance which I had often observed 
some banks to assume, from being covered with the blossoms of this 
Convolvtclus, I planted twelve feet of a bank in my garden, which 
was about four feet in height, with some roots of it : it was early in 
the spring, and the season was remarkably dry, so that I scarcely 
expected to see them grow ; but a wet season coining on, soon con- 
vinced me that my apprehensions were unnecessary, for they quickly 
covered the whole surface of the bank, to the almost total extirpa- 
tion of every other plant. It being a generally received opinion, 
that if a plant was cut down close to the ground, it would thereby 
be destroyed, or at least very much weakened, I was determined to 
try the validity of this opinion by an experiment, and accordingly, 
the whole of the Convolvulus was cut down somewhat below the 
surface of the earth. In about a month the bank was covered with 
it thicker than before. I then had recourse to a second cutting, and 
afterwards to a third : but all these were insufficient ; for now at 
this present writing (August) the bank is wholly covered with it; 
nor do I expect to destroy it, but by levelling the bank and destroy- 
ing the roots. 

" This experiment seems to determine a matter of no small con- 
sequence in Agriculture, viz : that the cutting down those plants, 
which have creeping roots, rather tends to make them spread further 
than destroy them ; and that nothing short of actual eradication will 
effect the latter. 

"It is seldom that this plant is highly prejudicial to meadows, or 
pastures ; but many fields of corn are every year destroyed by it, or 
rendered of little value." 

TRIBE IV. CUSCUTEAE. Chois. 
Embryo filiform, destitute of cotyledons ! Parasitic Htrbs. 

141. CUSCUTA. Tonrnef. Endl. Gen. 3816. 
[A name of uncertain derivation, and obscure meaning.] 

Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla globose-urceolate or tubular, — the limb 
5 or rarely 4-cleft. Stamens 5, or rarely 4, adnate to the tube of the 
corolla, alternate with the lobes, and mostly supported at base by 
epipetalous scales. Ovary free, 2-celled and 4-ovuled ; styles 2, 
rarely united into 1 ; stigmas acute, clavate, or capitate. Fruit 
mostly capsular, — the pericarp membranaceous, circumscissed at 
base or bursting irregularly. Embryo spiral, filiform, more or less 
convolute in and around fleshy albumen. Parasitic Herbs, with 
slender twining leafless orange-colored stems ; germinating in the 
earth, but speedily attaching themselves to other plants by radicating 



CONVOLVULACEAE 127 

processes, through which they derive nourishment, — and, dying at 
the root, soon loose all direct connection with the soil. Flowers 
clustered. 

1. C. epilinum, Weih. Stem filiform; flowers in dense capitate 
sessile rather distant clusters ; calyx 4 or 5-cleft ; corolla scarcely 
exceeding the calyx, withering on the capsule ; scales minute ; styles 
finally divaricate; stigmas acute. DC. Prodr. 9. p. 452. 

C. Europaea? L. Fl. Cestr. p. 167. 

Flax Cuscuta. Vulgd — Flax-vine. Dodder. 

Fr. Fil de terre. :Germ. Die Flachs-seide. Span. Cuscuta. 

Annual. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet long, very slender, smooth, pale orange-color. 
Floioers in small dense heads or clusters. Ca-y c-segmtnts 4 or 5. ovate, rather 
acute. Corolla yellowish-white or pale orange-color, subglobose-urceolate. 4 
or 5-lobed ; lobes ovate, acute, somewhat spreading. Stamens inserted at the 
clefts of the corolla. Seales adnate to the corolla below the stamens, short, trun- 
cate, crenate-laciniate. Capsule depressed-globose. Seeds reddish-brown, sca- 
brous or almost muricate under a lens. Parasitic on Flax : introduced. Native 
of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July. 

Obs. This singular plant — formerly a great pest among the flax- 
crops — has become quite rare, since the culture of flax has declined. 
Dr. Engelmann, of St. Louis, has given an interestiEg Monography 
of our American Cuscutas, in the 43rd volume of Silliman's Jour- 
nal, — in which a number of native species are described ; one of 
which, at least, (C Gronovii, Willd. in DC. — C. Americana, of Fl. 
Cestr.) is quite frequent in Pennsylvania : But as they do not inter- 
fere with the crops of the farmer, they need not be more particularly 
noticed, in this work. 

ORDER C. SOLANACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 

Herbs, or shrubby plants, -with watery juice. Leaves mostly alternate, without 
stipules. 1 n florescence often supra-axillary; pedicels without bracts. Calyc 
usually of 4 or 5 sepals, more or less united, and mostly persistent. Corolla 
hypogynous. regular or sometimes a little irregular plicate, in aestivation. 
Stamens 5 (rarely 4 or C), inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary free, 
2-celled, with the placentae in the axis; style simple ; stigma undivided or obso- 
letely 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded Capsule or Berry. Embryo mostly curved, 
in fleshy albumen; cotyledons semi-cylindric. 

An Order affording many powerful narcotics, and stimulants, as well as some, 
valuable escnlents. In addition to those here given, may be mentioned the 
poisonous Henbane (Hyosciamus niger, L.). and the deadly Nightshade {Atropa 
Belladonna, L.). 

TRIBE I. NICOTIANEAE. Endl. 

Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved — the valves septicidal at apex— often finally loculicidal. 

142. NICOTIANA. L. Endl. Gen. 3841. 
[Named in compliment to John Nicot, — who introduced it into France.] 

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla funnel- 
form, — the limb spreading, plicately 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted 
on the tube of the corolla, included, equal in length. Style simple ; 
stigma capitate. Capsule covered by the calyx, septicidally 2-valved 
at apex, — the valves finally bifid, retaining separate placentae. 
Seeds very numerous, minute. 

1. N. Tabacum, L. Leaves large, lance-ovate, sessile, decunentj 



128 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

lobes of the corolla acuminate, — the throat inflated. Willd. Sp. PI. 

I. p. 1014. Fl. Cestr.p. 133. 

Tobago Nicotiana. Vulgo — Tobacco. 

Fr. Le Tabac. Germ. Der Taback. Span. Tabaco. 

Whole plant viscid-pubescent. Root annual. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, stout, 
finally almost woody at base, paniculatcly branched above. Leaves 1 to 2 feet 
long, smaller as they ascend. Ca'yt about one third the length of the corolla, 
ventricose, — the segments lanceolate, erect. Corolla about 2 inches long; limb 
ros3-colored,-spreading; tube pale yellowish-green. Capsule ovoid, sulcate on 
each side. Seeds reniform, rugose. Fields: cultivated extensively in the 
Southern and Western States. "Native of the warmer regions of America. 
Known to Europeans about the year 1500. Fl. July — August. Fr>. September. 

Obs. The extent to which this nauseous and powerfully narcotic 
plant is cultivated — its commercial importance — and the modes in 
which it is employed to gratify the senses — constitute, altogether, 
one of the most remarkable traits in the history of civilized man. 
Were we not so practically familiar with the business, we should, 
doubtless, be disposed to regard the whole story of the Tobacco trade 
— and the uses made of the herb — as an absurd and extravagant 
fable. In view of the facts and circumstances, it does seem like 
sheer affectation, on our part, to pretend to be astonished at the in- 
dulgence of the Chinese, and other Asiatics, in the use of Opium. 
The habitual use of Tobacco is always more or less injurious to the 
system — especially the nervous system; and in many instances it is 
highly deleterious. I speak from long observation, and a personal 
experience of many years, — having smoked and chewed the herb, 
until its pernicious effects compelled me to es-chew it altogether. 

TRIBE II. DATUREAE. Endl. 

Capsule or Berry incompletely 4-eelled. — the primary dissepiment bearing the 
placentae on both sides, in the middle or near the parietal angle. 

1 43. DATURA. L. Endl. Gen. 3Sio. 
[Supposed to be from Tatorah. — the Arabic name of the plant.] 

Calyx tubular, often angular, 5-cleft at summit or ?lit on one side, 
circumscissed above the peltate persistent base, deciduous. Corolla 
funnel-form, — the limb spreading, plicate, 5 to 10-toothed. Stamens 
5, inserted on the tube of the corolla, mostly included. Ovary in- 
completely 4-celled, — one of the partitions imperfect above the 
middle — the other complete, placentiferous in the middle on both 
sides; placentae projecting, many-ovuled ; style simple; sfigma 
bilamellate. Capsule ovoid or subglobose, muricate or aculeate 
(rarely smooth), half 4-celled at summit, 4-valved. Seeds numer- 
ous, laterally compressed, sub-reniform, roughish-dotted. Mostly 
herbaceous, fetid and narcotic plants. Leaves somewhat in opposite 
pairs. Flowers large, solitary, axillary or dichotomal, on short 
peduncles. 

1. D. Stramonium, L. Stem dichotomously branching; leaves 
ovate, sinuate-dentate, petiolate, smooth ; capsule aculeate, erect. 
Willd. Sp. Fl. 1. p. 1008. Fl. Cestr. p. 133. Icon, Fl. Lond. 1. 
Vulgo — Jamestown (corruptly Jimsoii) weed. Thorn-apple. 
Fr. Porame epineuse. Germ. Der Stech-apfel. Spa?i. Estramonio. 

Root annual. Ste?n 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout, terete, pale yellowish-green 
(dark purple in var. Tatula), smooth. Leaves 4 to 6 or S inches long, sinuate or 



SOLANACEAE 129 

somewhat angular-dentate ; petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches in length. Calyx promi- 
nently 5-angled, nearly half as long as the corolla Corolla ochroleucous (pale 
violet purple in var. Tatula), about 3 inches long. Capsule about an inch in 
diameter. Waste places ; farm-yards ; road-sides, &c. Fl. July — Aug. Fr. Sept. 

Obs. This plant is supposed to be a native ; but to my view, its 
habits and aspect are very much those of a naturalized exotic. In 
Pennsylvania, the variety with, dark purple stems and bluish flowers 
(D. Tatula, Willd.) is much the most common, — and is usually of 
larger growth than the other. Both varieties are powerfully nar- 
cotic and poisonous,— and equally obnoxious as coarse unsightly 
fetid weeds — which every neat farmer will be careful to extirpate 
from his premises. 

TRIBE IV. SOLANEAE. Endl. 

Fruit a 2 or several-celled Berry, with central placentae. — rarely a valveless 
capsule. 

144. CAPSICUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3854. 
[Greek, kapto, to bite ; from its hot or biting quality.] 

Capsule 5 or 6-cleft, persistent. Corolla sub-rotate with a very 
short tube, — the limb plicate, 5 or 6-lobed. Stamens 5 or 6, inserted 
on the throat of the corolla, exserted; anthers connivent, longitudi- 
nally dehiscent. Ovary 2,3 or4-celled; placentae adnate to the 
base of the dissepiment or central angular receptacle, many-ovuled ; 
style simple, sub-clavate ; stigma obtuse, obsoletely 2 or 3-lobed. 
Berry nearly dry, inflated, polymorphous, incompletely 2 or 3-celled, 
— the upper portion of the placentae and partitions dissolving or 
disappearing. Seeds numerous, compressed, reniform, hot or acrid : 
embryo semicircular, sub-peripherical, within fleshy albumen. 

C. annuujm, L. Stem herbaceous; leaves ovate, acuminate, entire, 
glabrous; peduncles solitary, axillary. Willd. Sp. PI. 1. p. 1050. 
Fl. Cestr. p. 139. 

Annual Capsicum. Vulgo — Red Pepper. Cayenne Pepper. 

Fr. Poivre d'Inde. Germ. Spanischer Pfeffer. Span. El Pimentero. 

Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, angular, branching above, somewhat 
pilose. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, deep green; petioles 1 to 3 inches long, semi- 
terete, slightly channelled above. Calyx angular, with short segments. Corolla 
white, with ovate-oblong spreading lobes. Anthers white, with a tinge of blue. 
Berry hollow, terete and slender, ovoid-oblong, or depressed-globose, angular or 
torose, red when mature. Gardens, and Lots : cultivated. Native of S. Ame- 
rica. Fl. July — August. Fr. October. 

Obs. Cultivated for its fruit, — which is powerfully stimulant, and 
much used as a condiment. Several varieties (perhaps distinct 
species) — with the fruit of various forms — are to be met with in the 
gardens. That one with slender terete elongated fruit, is sometimes 
cultivated on a large scale, — for the manufacture of Cayenne Pepper, 
from the mature fruit : the other forms with thicker rinds, are used 
in the green state, lor pickles. 

145. SOLANUM. L. Endl. Gen. 3855. 
[A name of obscure and uncertain meaning.] 

Calyx 5 to 10-parted, persistent. Corolla rotate or subcampanulate ; 
tube short; limb plicate, mostly 5-lobed. Stamens mostly 5, in- 
serted on the throat of the corolla, exserted ; anthers connivent, 



130 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

opening at apex by 2 pores. Ovary 2- (rarely 3 or 4-) celled; 
placentae adnate to the dissepiments, many-ovnled ; style simple ; 
stigma obtuse. Berry 2- (rarely 3 or 4-) celled. Seeds numerous, sub- 
reniform ; embryo peripherical, spiral, including the fleshy albumen. 

f Stem and leaves unarmed. 

1. S. nigrum, L. Stem herbaceous, angular, branched, scabrous on 
the aftgles ; leaves ovate, obscurely repand-dentate ; flowers subum- 
bellate. Willd. Sp. PI. 1. p. 1035. Fl. Cestr. p. 136. 

Black Solanxm. Vulgo — Night-shade. [Yerba mora. 

Fr. Morelle noire. Germ. Der schwarze Nachtschatten. Span. 

Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, much branched, angular or slightly winged. 
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long; petioles about an inch long. Umbels lateral, above the 
axils, few-flowered, nodding. Corolla white. Berries globose, rather small, 
black when mature. Waste places; about gardens, and dwellings. Fl. July. 
Fr. September. 

Obs. Several varieties of this are noticed in the books ; and the 
common one, in this country, is the var. Virginicum,o{ Willdenow : 
whether really a native, seems undetermined. It is a homely, 
worthless, and even deleterious weed, — which ought to be carefully 
expelled from the vicinity of all dwellings. 

2. S. tuberosum, L. Root producing tubers ; stem herbaceous, 
simple, angular ; leaves interruptedly pseudo-pinnate, — the lobes- 
ovate, entire ; peduncles corymbosely subdivided. Willd. S]). PI. 
I, p. 1033. Fl. Cestr. p. 136. 

Tuberous Solanum. Vulgo — Common Potato. Irish Potato. 

Fr. Pomme de terre. Germ. Die Kartoffel. Span. Batatin. 

Annual ; the base of the stem producing tuberous oblong or roundish pedicel- 
late rhizomas. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, thickish and succulent or fleshy, often 
decumbent, somewhat pubescent. Leaves odd-pinnately dissected, — the seg- 
ments somewhat petiolate, sometimes opposite, the alternate pairs very small. 
Flowers in terminal nodding corymbs, on a common peduncle 3 to 5 inches long; 
pedicels articulated. Corolla bluish-white. Anthers orange yellow, often slightly 
cohering. Berries globose, about half an inch in diameter, greenish-yellow when 
mature. Kitchen gardens, and fields : cultivated. Native of S. America. Fl. 
June — July. Fr. September. 

Obs. This most important plant is more or less cultivated, for its 
esculent tubers, by every owner or occupant of land. It is one of 
the indispensable crops, for a family.* Numerous varieties of tu- 
bers — purple, white and yellow — have been obtained, by long cul- 
ture, or from seedling plants. According to M'Culloch, Potatoes 
were introduced to England, from Virginia, by Sir Walter Raleigh, 
in 1586: into Ireland, in 1610,— where they have "long furnished 
from three-fifths to four-fifths of the entire food of the people" : and 
into Scotland^ in 1728. 

f f Stem a?id leaves aculeate. 

* Within a few years past, a most alarming disease, or rot (sometimes called 
" Potato Murrain " ), has attacked the tubers, about the time they were full grown — 
and in many instances entire crops have been destroyed. This disease has 
appeared in various and distant parts of our own country, — and in some seasons, 
has spread dismay throughout Great Britain and Ireland. Although the cause 
of this affection has been anxiously investigated, it does not seem, as yet, to be 
well understood. 



SOLANACEAE 131 

3. S. esculentum, Dunal. Stem herbaceous, nearly simple; leaves 
ovate, somewhat sinuate-lobed, tomentose ; peduncles solitary, thick- 
ened, nodding ; calyx aculeate ; fruit very large. 

S. insanum, L. Willd. Sp. PL 1. p. 1037. FL Cestr. p. 137. 

Esculent Solanum. Vulgo —Purple Egg-plant. 

Fr. Aubergine rouge. Germ. Eifriichtiger Nachtschatten. 

Whole plant clothed with a stellated tomentum. Root annual. Stem about 2 
feet high, hollow, aculeate, finally subligneous. Leaves G to 9 inches long, — the 
nerves and petioles aculeate ; petioles 1 to 3 inches long. Peduncles lateral, 
supra-axillary, thick (sometimes slender and dichotomous, or bearing 2 flowers), 
aculeate. Calyx 5 to 7 or 10-parted. aculeate. Corolla purplish, pubescent ; 
lobes 5 to 7 or 10, ovate, spreading. Berries ovoid or obovoid-oblong, 3 to 5 or 6 
inches in diameter, smooth, mostly dark purple when mature — sometimes pale 
green. Gardens; cultivated. Native of India. Fl. July — Aug. Fr. Sept. — Octo 

Obs. This is cultivated for its fruit, — which is quite a favorite 
culinary vegetable. The S. Melongena, L. — a nearly allied species 
or perhaps variety — which is not prickly, and produces a whitish 
fruit, — is also cultivated, though not so commonly as this. 

4. S. Carolinense, L. Stem suffruticose, branching, annual; leaves 
ovate-oblong, acute, sinuate-angled and often subhastate, prickly on 
both sides; racemes simple, loose ; fruit small. Willd. Sp. PL 1. 
p. 1043. FL Cestr. p. 138. 

Carolinian Solanum. Yulgb — Horse Nettle. 

Root perennial. Steml to near 2 feet high, annual but firm and almost shrubby, 
hollow, branching, armed with sharp spreading prickles. Leaves 4 to (5 inches 
long, aculeate on the midrib and larger nerves on both sides, clothed with a hir- 
sute stellate pubescence ; petioles half an inch to an inch and half long. Racemes 
lateral, opposite to and often longer than the leaves. Calyx 5-parted, aculeate. 
Coro a bluish-white. Berries globose, one fourth to one third of an inch in di- 
ameter, orange-yellow when mature. Pastures, and cultivated grounds, — espe- 
cially in the Southern States. Fl. July. Fr. October. « 

Obs. This is an exceedingly pernicious weed, — and so tenacious of 
life that it is almost impossible to get rid of it, when once fully in- 
troduced. It grows in patches, so thickly as to deter Stock from 
feeding among it, and even to monopolize the soil, — while its roots 
gradually extend around, and to a great depth. It is a native of 
the Southern States, — but has found its way to several localities in 
Pennsylvania. The farmers will do well, therefore, to enable them- 
selves to know it, when they meet it, — and moreover to eradicate it, 
promptly and effectually, wherever they find it on their premises. 

146. LYCOPERSICUM. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 3856. 
[Literally, Wo'f-Peach; a metaphorical name, having reference to the fruit.] 

Calyx 5 to 10-parted, persistent. Corolla rotate ; tube very short ; 
limb plicate, 5 to 10-Iobed. Stamens 5 or 6, inserted on the throat 
of the corolla, exserted ; filaments very short ; anthers oblong-coni- 
cal, cohering by an elongated membrane at summit, longitudinally 
dehiscent on the inner side. Ovary 2 or 3-celled, with the placentae 
adnate to the dissepiment, many-ovuled. Berry 2 or 3-celled. — 
Seeds numerous, reniform, pulpy -villous ; embryo sub-peripherical, 
within the fleshy albumen. 

1. L. esculentum, Mill. Stem herbaceous; leaves interruptedly 
pseudo-pinnate, — the segments petiolate, lance^ovate, acuminate, 



132 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

deeply incised-serrate ; racemes 2 -parted, leafless ; fruit depressed- 
globose, mostly torose. 

Solarium Lycopersicum, L. Willd. Sp. PI. 1. p. 1033. Fl. Cestr. 
p. 137. [apple. 

Esculent Lycopersicum. Vulgd. Tomato, or Tomatoes. Love- 

Fr. Pomme d' amour. Germ. Der Liebes-Apfel. Span. Tomate. 

Plant of a greyish aspect, viscid-pubescent and somewhat fetid. Boot annual. 
Stem2 to 4 feet long, branching, often straggling or procumbent unless supported. 
Leaves odd-pinnately dissected, — ^the alternate pairs of segments smaller. Flowers 
in naked lateral racemose clusters; common peduncle 1 to 2 inches long, dichoto- 
mously divided. — the subdivisions articulated to the pedicels of the flowers. 
CalyX'Segmtnts 5 to 10, linear-lanceolale.long. Corolla yellow, pubescent. — the 
lobes 5 to 10, lanceolate, spreading. Anthers cohering, acuminate, with the 
points recurved. Berries large (1 to 3 or 4 inches or more in diameter), globose, 
or flatly depressed and orbicular, often remarkably torose or distorted by large 
swelling ridges, red or reddish-oraiige color when mature. Gardens, and Lots : 
cultivated. Native of Spanish America. Fl. June — August. Fr. Aug. — Sept. 

Obs. This is cultivated for its succulent acid fruit — which, as a 
sauce, is considered very healthful ,— and has, of late years, become 
a favorite and almost universal dish, in its season. Even the vend- 
ers of medical nostrums have seized upon it, as a means of levying 
an additional tax upon the credulous. 

ORDER CI. GENTIANACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 

Herbs, with a watery juice. Leaves mostly opposite, simple and entire, without 
stipules. Inflorescence usually centrifugal, — -the flowers showy. Calyx mostly 
of 4 or 5 (rarely 6 to 12) persistent, more or less united, sepals. Corolla regular, 
mostly twisted in aestivation. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and 
alternate with them, inserted on its tube. Ovary single, formed of 2 united car- 
pophylls, 1-celled, or sometimes half 2-celled by the introflexion of the valves or 
parietal placentae, many-ovuled ; stigmas 2 or single, sometimes sessile. Cap- 
sule 1- (or half 2- or 4-) celled, septicidal, many-seeded. Seeds with fleshy albu- 
men and a minute embryo. 

An Order containing many beautiful species, — a number of them valuable for 
their bitter, tonic properties : among which may be mentioned the Gentian of 
the shops (Gentiana lutea, L.). Few or none, however, are of any Agricultural 
importance. 

TRIBE I. GENTIANEAE. DC. 

Corolla twisted to the right (or left, if you look into the centre of the flower,) in 
aestivation. Tes'ta membranaceous. Leaves mostly opposite, very entire. 

SUB-TRIBE 2. CHLOREAE. DC. 

Anthers furnished with a connective. Style distinct, deciduous. 

147. SABBATIA. Adans. Endl. Gen. 3546. 
[Named after Liberatus Sabbati ; an Italian Botanist.] 

Calyx 5 to 12-parted. Corolla sub-rotate, — the limb 5 to 12-lobed] 
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes ; anthers erect, opening by a 
longitudinal fissure, finally recurved. Ovary with the valves 
slightly introflexed, 1-celled, — the ovules inserted along the sutures ; 
style 2 -parted, — the branches stigmatiferous, at length spirally 
twisted. Capsule 2-valved, septicidal, 1-celled, with spongy pla- 
centae along the sutures. Seeds numerous, minute, destitute of a 
distinct funiculus: 

1. S. angularis, Pursh. Stem acutely 4-angled, somewhat winged, 
— the internodes the length of the leaves ; branches opposite, erect, 



GENTIANACEAE 133 

corymbose ; leaves ovate, sessile and amplexicaul ; calyx-segments 
mostly 5, linear-lanceolate, acute, much shorter than the corolla ; 
corolla mostly 5-parted, — the lobes obovate, rather obtuse. DC. 
Prodr. 9. p. 50. Fl. Cestr.p. 125. 

Angular Sabbatia. Vulgo — Centaury. 

Root annual ? (biennial, DC). Stem 12 to 18 inches high, often bushy with 
numerous branches. Leaves about an inch long. Flowers sometimes composed 
of 6 parts. Corolla rose red, with a pale green star in the centre. Capsule ob- 
long-ovoid, mucronate, with a keeled suture on each side. Seeds rugosely pitted, 
under a lens. Sterile old fields: Canada to Carolina. Fl. July — August. Fr. 
September. 

Obs. This plant has but little connection with Agriculture : yet 
it is so generally and deservedly popular, as a Bitter, and tonic 
medicine, that it would seem desirable for every farmer to be able 
to identify it, — and therefore I have inserted it. There is another 
plant in the South and West, belonging to this Tribe, which is highly 
commended for similar properties, — namely, the Wild Colombo 
(Frasera Caroli?ie?isis, Walt.). I do not deem it necessary, how- 
ever, to do more than mention it, here. 

ORDER CHI. ASCLEPIADACEAE. R. Br. Lindl. 

Herbs, or shriibs, mostly with a milky juice. Leaves generally opposite, simple, 
entire ; stipules none or reduced to mere bristles. Inflorescence interpetiolar, 
somewhat umbellate, fasciculate, or racemose, rarely solitary. Calyx 5-parted, 
persistent. Corolla hypogynous, 5-lobed, deciduous. Stamens 5, inserted into 
the base of the corolla, alternately with the lobes ; filaments sometimes free, but 
usually dilated and connate in a tube including the pistil (hence called the 
Gynostegium, or pistil- covering), — the tube often augmented by5cucullate appen- 
dages (stamineal crown) ; anthers erect, united, truncate at summit — or the con- 
nective sometimes thickened and acuminate, or produced into a thin whitish 
membrane — mostly 2-celled, the cells with projecting cartilaginous appendages: 
pollen cohering in waxy masses (Pollinia), which are attached in pairs (from 
the contiguous cells of different anthers) to 5 small gland-like processes at the 
angles of the stigma. Ovaries 2 ; styles 2 ; stigma common to both styles, fleshy, 
dilated, 5-cornered, bearing a little shining blackish corpuscle, or gland, at each 
corner. Follicles 2 (one often abortive) ; placenta attached to the suture, finally 
separating. Seeds numerous, compressed, imbricated, pendulous; testa mem- 
branaceous, usually margined, — the margin, near the hilum, splitting into a 
silky co-ma; albumen thin. 

An Order remarkable for the peculiar structure of the flowers (well illustra- 
ted in Gray's Botanical Text Book), — and containing many plants interesting; 
to the curious ; but few that concern the mere practical farmer. 

TRIBE III. ASCLEPIADEAE. R. Br. 

Filaments connate. Anthers 2-celled. Pollinia 10, affixed in pairs to the pro- 
cesses of the stigma, pendulous. 

DIV. 7. ASCLEPIADAE. Dene. DC. 

Throat of the corolla naked. Stamineal croivn 5-leaved, — the leaflets concave 
ot cucullate, inserted at the base (rarely on the summit) of the tube of connate 
filaments (gynostegium), and mostly with a subulate or horn-like averted pro- 
cess arising from the cavity of each leaflet. • 

148. ASCLEPIAS. L. Endl. Gen. 3490. 
[The Greek name of Aesculapius, — to whom this genus is dedicated.] 

Calyx deeply 5-parted, — the segments (or sepals) ovate-lanceolate, 
small, spreading. Corolla deeply 5-parted, — the lobes valvate in 
aestivation, lance-oblong, at first spreading, finally reflexed. Sta- 

12 



134 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

mineal crown seated on the summit of the gynostegium, 5-leavedj 
leaflets cucullate, — the hoods ovate or dilated above, always emit- 
ting from the bottom of the cavity an averted horn-like process 
which is curved towards the stigma. Anthers terminated by a 
membrane. Pollinia compressed, pyriform, affixed by the attenua- 
ted apex, pendulous. Stigma depressed. Follicles smooth or 
sometimes softly muricate. Seeds compressed, margined, comose. 
Perennial Herbs ; mostly lactescent. Leaves opposite, sometimes 
verticillate — rarely alternate. Umbels interpetiolar, or sometimes 
terminal. 

1. A. tuberosa, L. Hirsute; not lactescent; stem ascending, di- 
varicately branched at summit, leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or 
linear-oblong, mostly alternate, subsessile ; umbels numerous, lateral 
and terminal, often forming a spreading corymb. DC. Prodr. 8. p. 
567. Fl. Cestr. p. 173. 

Tueerous Asclepias. Vulgo — Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root. 

Whole plant mostly very hairy. Boot perennial ; large, tuberous. Stem 
about 2 feet high, generally more or less oblique or leaning; branches spread- 
ing and often recurved. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and half an inch to an inch 
"wide, scattered or rarely opposite, varying from lance-linear to oblong and ob- 
lanceolate, acute or obtuse, mostly obtuse at base, on very short petioles. 
Slamineal crown bright orange color. — the leaflets erect, lance-oblong, distinct, 
abruptly narrowed below, the infolded margins with each an obtuse tooth near 
the base; horns subterete, tapering to a point, incurved, nearly as long as the 
leaflets. Follicles about 4 inches long, somewhat ventricose, acuminate, tomen- 
tose-pubescent. Old fields ; Pastures, and fence-rows : throughout the U. States. 
Fl. July— Aug. Fr. Sept.— October. 

Obs. This is the only species of the genus, which is inclined to 
make its appearance in our cultivated grounds, or pasture fields, — 
and even this, though a rough, coarse weed, is not a troublesome 
one. I have inserted it, merely as a specimen of a remarkable and 
somewhat numerous family, which may be readily recognized by 
the peculiar structure of the flowers. When in bloom, the bright 
orange-colored umbels of this species are quite showy. The root 
once had a reputation for being medicinal ; but it is now generally 
neglected. 

ORDER CV. OLEACEAE. Hffmsg. $ Link. Lindl. 

Tries ox shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple or odd-pinnate. Flowers racemose or 
paniculate, terminal and axillary, perfect and complete, or sometimes dioicous 
and apetalous. Calyx 4-lobed or 4-toothed, mostly persistent, rarely obsolete. 
Corolla 4-cleft, or of 4 distinct petals — sometimes wanting; aestivation mostly 
valvate. Stamens usually 2. Fruit various — baccate, drupaceous, capsular or 
samaroid, — 2-celled, or by abortion often 1-celled and 1 or 2-seeded. Seeds pen- 
dulous, mostly albuminous. 

A small but interesting Order. Olives, and Olive oil. are afforded by the genus 
(Olea) which is the type of the family, — the pericarp, instead of the seed, yield- 
ing the oil. The Manna of the shops is derived from a species of Ash (Fraxi- 
nus rotundifulia, L.). 

TRIBE I. FRAXINEAK, Bartl. 
Fruit dry, samaroid, 2-celled, indehiscent. Flowers sometimes polygamous or 
dioicous and apetalous — sometimes 4-petalled, rarely 2-petalled — and sometimes 
destitute of calyx. Seeds albuminous. 

149. FRAXINUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3353. 

[The Latin name of the Ash tree ; etymology obscure.] 

Dioicously polygamous : Calyx 4-cleft or none. Petals sometimes 



OLE ACE AE 135 

*\one, sometimes 4, often cohering in pairs at base, oblong or linear. 
Stamens 2. Stigma bifid. Samara 2-celled, compressed, winged 
at apex; cells 2-ovuled, by abortion 1-seeded. Seeds pendulous, 
compressed ; albumen fleshy, thin ; embryo as long as the albumen. 
Trees. Leaves opposite, mostly odd-pinnate. Flowers racemose or 
paniculate. 

B3? 5 * Flowers dioicous and apetaloiis. 

1. F. Americana, L. Leaflets in 3 or 4 pairs, petiolulate, elliptic- 
ovate, acuminate, entire or obsoletely dentate, glaucous beneath ; 
petioles and young branches terete, smooth; buds with a rufou3 
velvety pubescence ; panicles compound, loose, axillary ; flowers 
calyculate ; samaras linear-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at base. DC. 
Prodr. 8. p. 277. Icon, Mx. Sylva. 3. tab. 118. 

F. acuminata. Lam. Fl. Cestr. p. 8. 

American Fraxinus. Vulgo— White Ash. 

Stem 40 to GO and 80 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter, — the young branches 
smooth and dotted with white specks. Leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, — at first downy, 
finally smooth and green above, pubescent and glaucous beneath. Flowers with 
a minute 3 or 4-toothed calyx. Samara terete at base, with a narrowish lance- 
oblong wing. Woodlands : throughout the U. States, — but particularly in the 
Northern States. Fl. May. Fr. 

Obs. The timber of this tree is highly valuable, and much used by 
wheelwrights, coachmakers, &c. It also makes excellent fuel. 

2. F. pubescens, Walt. Leaflets in 3 or 4 pairs, petiolulate, elliptic- 
lanceolate, acuminate, subserrate ; petioles and young branches 
velvety-pubescent ; flowers calyculate ; samaras linear-lanceolate. 
DC. Prodr. 8. p. 278. Fl. Cestr. p. 8. 

F. tomentosa. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 63. Icon, tab. 119. 

Pubescent Fraxinus. Vulgo — Red Ash. 

Stem 30 to 50 or 60 feet high, and 12 to 18 inches in diameter. Leaflets 2 to 3 
inches Jong. — more lanceolate and narrower than in the preceding — more pubes- 
cent beneath — and the petiolules shorter. Samaras terete and tapering below, 
almost acute at base, with a long narrow linear-lanceolate wing. Low grounds ; 
along streams: throughout the U. States. Fl. May. Fr. 

Obs. This has considerable resemblance to the preceding species ; 
but, beside the pubescence of the young branches, it is a smaller and 
less valuable tree. 

3. F. sambucifolia, Lam. Leaflets in 4 or 5 pairs, sessile or sub- 
sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, somewhat rounded and 
unequal at base, hirsutely bearded beneath on the midrib and in the 
angles of the nerves ; flowers naked ; samaras oblong, obtuse at 
each end. DC. Prodr. 8. p. 278. Fl. Cestr. p. 8. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 
3. tab. 122. 

Sambucus-leaved Fraxinus. Vulgo — Black Ash. Water Ash. 

Stem 30 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 12 to 18 inches in diameter; young branches 
glabrous, green, sprinkled with black elliptic dots or warts. Leaflets 3 to 4 inches 
long, rugose and shining above, with tufts of tawny pubescence in the angles of 
the nerves beneath. Samaras broadish, of nearly uniform width. Low grounds; 
along rivulets, &c. Northern and Middle States. Fl. April. Fr. 

Obs. This species is less common, and of less value, than either 
of the preceding. There are several other species in the Southern 



136 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 

and Western States ; but I have not judged it expedient to swell 
this work by a more particular notice of them. 

TRIBE III. OLEINEAE. DC. 

Fruit fleshy, drupaceous or baccate. Flowers perfect, and complete. Seeds 
albuminous. 

150. LIGUSTRUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3352. 
[Latin, ligare, to tie ; from the use made of its pliable branches.] 

Calyx with a short tube, 4-toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnel-form, 
the tube longer than the calyx ; limb 4-parted. Stamens 2, inserted 
on the tube of the corolla, included. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 2 in 
each cell, pendulous from the apex of the septum ; style very short ; 
stigma bifid, obtuse. Berry globose, 2-celled ; cells 2- (or by abor- 
tion 1-) seeded. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flowers 
in terminal thyrsoid panicles. 

1. L. vulgare, L. Branches slightly pubescent at apex; leaves 
elliptic-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, jnucronulate, glabrous ; panicle 
compound, contracted. DC. Prodr. 8. p. 293. Fl. Cestr. p. 2. 
Icon, Fl. Loud. 1. 

Common Ligustrtjm. Vulgo — Privet. Prim. 

-FY. Le Troene. Germ. Die Gemeine Rheinweide. Span. Alhena. 

Stem 6 to 8 or 10 feet high, much branched ; branches opposite. Leaves 1 to 3 
inches long, varying from lanceolate and acute, to elliptic or oblanceolate and 
obtuse, on short petioles. Coiolla white. Berries black (rarely greenish-white) 
when mature. Way-sides ; fence-rows, &c. : introduced. Native of Europe. 
Fl. June. Fr. October. 

Obs. This shrub is perhaps intitled to notice, in the present work, 
from the circumstance of its having been introduced, by the early 
settlers of Pennsylvania, for the purpose of hedging. It did not 
answer the purpose, however, — and was soon neglected. Yet it has 
become partially naturalized. 

The Olive (Olea Europaea, L.) — which is so noted and important 
a plant, in the South of Europe — belongs to this tribe. It has not 
yet, I believe, been successfully cultivated in our country ; but, with 
a fair trial, it may possibly succeed, in our Southern States. 



ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 137 



APETALOUS EXOGENS. 



ORDER CVI. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 

Herbaceous, or shrubby and climbing, — the wood without concentric zones. Leaves 
alternate, simple, petiolate — often with foliaceous stipules. Flowers mostly per- 
fect, axillary, solitary. Calyx-tube more or less adherent to the ovary ; limb 
3-lobed. — the lobes valvate in aestivation. Stamens 6 to 12, epigynous or adhe- 
rent to the base of the short thick style. Stigmas radiating, as many as the 
cells of the ovary Fruit dry or somewhat fleshy and succulent, 3 to 6-celled, 
many-seeded. Embryo minute, in the base of fleshy albumen. 
A small Order, of little or no interest in Agriculture. 

151. ARISTOLOCHIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2162. 
[A Greek name, — having reference to the medical virtues of the plant.] 

Calyx colored, tubular, — the lower portion adherent to the oVary, 
ventricose above the ovary, straight or curved ; limb oblique, 2 or 
3-lobed, — the lower lobe sometimes ligulate or extended to a lip. — 
Stamens 6, inserted on an epigynous disk ; anthers extrorse, 2-celled, 
subsessile, adnate to the style. Stigmas 6, radiated. Capsule 
coriaceous, 6-celled, septicidally 6-valved. Seeds numerous. 

1. A. Serpentaria, L. Stem erect or ascending, flexvxose ; leaves 
lance-oblong, acuminate, entire, cordate (and sometimes auriculate) 
at base ; peduncle sub-radical; lip of the calyx lanceolate. Willd. 
Sp. PL 4. p. 159. Fl. Cestr. p. 515. 

Snake-root Aristolochia. Vidgo — Virginia Snake-Root. 

Root perennial, of numerous rather coarse fibres. Stem herbaceous, 9 to 15 
inches high, simple or branched from the base, slender, angular, pubescent, leafy- 
above, nearly naked or with small abortive leaves below. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 
inches long; petioles one fourth of an inch to near an inch long. Flowers rather 
large, few or solitary, near the base of the stem and often concealed beneath 
dead leaves, on a flexuose bracteale -peduncle 1 to 2 inches in length. Calyx a 
dull purplish brown, subcoriaceous, angularly bent, gibbous at the angle, — the 
limb dilated and somewhat 3-lobed. Capsule turbinate or roundish-obovoid, 
somewhat fleshy, pubescent. Rich woodlands ; throughout the U. States. Fl. 
June. Fr. July— August. 

Obs. This little plant is to be found in almost every woodland, 
where the soil is good ; and its medicinal value, as an aromatic 
stimulant, renders it desirable that every person should know or be 
enabled to recognize it. For this reason I have been induced to 
give it a place, here. 

ORDER CVIL CHENOPODIACEAE. Vent. Lindl. 

Chiefly weed-like Herbs. Leaves mostly alternate, more or less fleshy, without 
stipules. Flowers inconspicuous, sometimes dioicous or polygamous Calyx 
deeply divided, or sometimes tubular at base, persistent. Stamens inserted into 
the base of the calyx opposite its segments, and equal to them in number, or 
fewer. Ovary single, free or occasionally adherent to the tube of the calyx, 
with a single ovule arising from its base. Fruit an utricle or akene — some- 
times baccate. Seed single, with copious farinaceous albumen, — the embryo peri- 
pherical, more or less completely surrounding the albumen. 
A homely, but rather important, Family of plants. Beside those here given, 

12* 



138 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

may be mentioned the Quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa, Willd.) — an article of food, 
in South America; and the maritime genera, Salsola and Salicornia, which 
yield vast quantities of Soda. 

SUB-ORDER I. CYCLOLOBEAE. C. A. Meyer. 

Embryo either completely annular or curved into the form of a horse-shoe, — 
the albumen being central and more or less copious. 

TRIBE II. ATRIPLICEAE. C. A. Meyer. 

Flowers polygamous or dioicous, not bracteate. Calyx of the staminate flower 
different from that of the pistillate one. Stem continuous (i. e. not articulated). 

152. SPINACIA. Toumef. Bndl. Gen. 1915. 
[Latin, Spina, a thorn ; the covering of the fruit being often prickly.] 

Flowers dioicous : Stam. Fl. Calyx 4 or 5-parted, — the segments 
equal. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the receptacle opposite the seg- 
ments of the calyx. Pistillate Fl. Calyx ventricose-tubular, 2 or 
3-toothed. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled, 1-ovuled; stigmas 4, elongated, 
filiform, subsessile. Akene included in the turgid indurated calyx, 
which is often 2 or 3-horned on the back. Seed vertical, compress- 
ed ; embryo annular, peripherical, surrounding the farinaceous albu- 
men. Herbaceous : flowers axillary, glomerate, — the staminate 
ones in racemose-paniculate clusters. 

1. S. oleracea, L. Leaves hastate-lanceolate, often incised at base, 

petiolate ; fruit sessile, prickly or unarmed. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 

766. FL Cestr. p. 565. 

Pot -herb Spinacia, Vulgd — Spinach, or Spinage. 

Fr. Epinard des potagers. Germ. Der Spinat. Span. Espinaca. 

Root annual. Stem 19 inches to 2 feet high, somewhat branched, or often sim- 
ple. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, cuneately tapering to a petiole 1 to 3 or 4 inches 
in length. Flowers greenish. Fruit inclosed in the subglobose persistent calyx, 
which is scarcely cleft at maturity, and often not prickly in the variety usually 
cultivated. Gardens: cultivated. Native of the East. Fl. June — July. Fr. 
Aug. — September. 

Obs. This well-known pot-herb— said to have been first brought 
into Spain, by the Arabs — is frequently found in gardens, — especially 
in the vicinity of our cities and market towns. The Atriplex hor- 
tensis, L. or Garden Orach, is another pot-herb, belonging to thit 
Tribe ; but I believe it is not much cultivated in the TJ. States. 

TRIBE III. CHENOPQDIEAE. C. A. Meyer. 

Flowers perfect or polygamous, ebracteolate or rarely bibracteolate, all similar. 
Seed vertical or horizontal ; testa crustaceous or membranaceous. Stem continuous. 

SUB-TRIBE 3. KOCHIEAE. Endl. 
Flowers ebracteolate. Seed horizontal ; testa crustaceous or membranaceous. 

153. BETA. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 1924. 
[Celtic, Belt, red : or from its fruit resembling the Greek letter B (Beta).] 

Flowers perfect : Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft, finally indurated at 
base, — the segments remaining unchanged. Stamens 5, inserted on 
a fleshy ring at the throat of the short calyx-tube, opposite the seg- 
ments of the limb. Ovary depressed, 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; stigmas 
2, short, connate at base. Utricle subglobose, inclosed in the dru- 



CHENOPODIACEAE 139 

paceous tube of the calyx, and covered by the fleshy limb. Seed 

horizontal, depressed ; testa membranaceous ; embryo annular, 

peripherical, surrounding the farinaceous albumen. Herbaceous, 

with a large fleshy root formed of concentric zones. Flowers 

glomerate in spikes or paniculate racemes, — the fruit often concrete 

or cohering. 

1. B. vulgaris, L. Lower leaves ovate ; flowers in dense sessile 

axillary clusters, interruptedly spicate. Willd. Sp. PI. 1. p. 1308. 

Fl. Cestr. p. 178. 

Common Beta. Vtilgo — Beet. Garden Beet. Sugar Beet. 

Fr. Bette-rave. Germ,. Gemeiner Mangold. Span. Acelga. 

Root biennial, fleshy, Large (often 3 or 4 inches in diameter and more than a 
foot long,) terete, tapering downwards, deep purple or yellowish, — exhibiting, 
on a transverse section, concentric layers which seem to have some relation to 
the number and size or vigor of the radical leaves — perhaps severally formed 
and nourished by them. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, sulcate-angled, smooth, some- 
what paniculately branching. Radical leaves 6 to 12 inches long, undulate, 
greenish-purple ; petioles 4 to 8 inches long, succulent, purple, channelled above ; 
stem-leaves lance-ovate, acute, petiolate, smaller as they ascend. Calyx purplish- 
brown, fleshy at base, finally indurated or externally suberose, — tne segments 
keeled, incurved and subsaccate at apex. Seed depressed, cochleate-orbicular, 
loosely farinaceous, enveloped in a purple membrane and lodged in a bony cell 
at the base of the calyx. Gardens, and Lots : cultivated. Native of Southern 
Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September. 

Obs. Very generally cultivated for its fine esculent root — of which 
there are several varieties. That one, called " Sugar Beet" — with 
a pale yellowish root — is extensively cultivated, on the continent of 
Europe, for the purpose of making Sugar, — and has been partially 
tried, in this country : But, while we have the Sugar Maple and 
the Sugar Cane to supply us, it is not probable the Beet will be 
much relied upon, for that object. A large-rooted variety of B. 
Cicla, L. (a nearly allied species), called Mangel Wurtzel, or 
Scarcity Root, is sometimes cultivated for Stock, — and is probably 
iatitled to more attention than it has yet received from our farmers 
— who are not generally partial to the culture of root crops. 

154. CHENOPODIUM. L. Fndl. Gen. 1930. 
[Greek, Chen, a goose, and Pous, podos, a foot; from the form of the leaves.] 

Flowers perfect : Calyx 5-parted, — the segments finally keeled. 
Stamens 5, inserted at the bottom of the calyx, opposite the seg- 
ments. Ovary depressed, 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; stigmas 2 or 3, fili- 
form, very short. Utricle membranaceous, depressed, included in 
the connivent 5-angled calyx. Seed horizontal, lenticular ; testa 
crustaceous ; embryo annular, peripherical, surrounding the copious 
farinaceous albumen. 

l.C. album, L. Leaves rhomboid-ovate, erose-dentate, entire and 
tapering towards the base, — the upper ones oblong-lanceolate, entire ; 
racemes erect, branched, somewhat leafy. Willd. Sp. PI. 1. p. 
1302. Fl. Cestr. p. 176. Icon, Fl. Lond. 1. 
White Chenopodium. Vulgd — Lamb's Quarters. Goose-foot. 
Fr. Anserine blanche. Germ. Der Gaensefuss. 

Root annual. Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, rather stout, angular, often striped 
with yellow and green, sometimes purplish, branched. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, 
covered with very minute flat or cup-like scales (especially on the under sur- 



140 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

face), which give them a glaucous or mealy appearance : petioles 1 to 2 or 3 
inches long. Flowers in pulverulent clusters. Calyx depressed, 5-angled by 
the prominent keels of the incurved segments, greenish and glaucous. Seed 
dark purple or nearly black, lenticular and slightly cochleale, smooth and shin- 
ing. Gardens. Yards, and waste places : introduced. Native of Europe. FL 
July — Aug. Fr. October. 

Ols. This coarse and rather homely weed has become very exten- 
sively naturalized throughout, the U. States, — and is quite trouble- 
some in gardens. The young plant is sometimes used as a pot-herb; 
but would be gladly dispensed with by all neat gardeners and farmers. 

2. C. anthelminticum, L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, dentate ; 
racemes axillary and terminal, long, slender, leafless. Willd. Sp*. 
PI. I. p. 1304. Fl. Cestr. p. 111. 

Worm-destroying Chenopodium. Vulgo — "Worm-seed. 

Plant pale yellowish-green Root perennial Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, sulcate- 
angled, branched. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, repand-dentate or sometimes- 
rather incised-dentate, cuneate at base, sprinkled with resinous atoms beneath ; 
petioles one fourth to three fourths of an inch long. Flowers in long slender in- 
terrupted naked racemes or spikes, — the clusters small. Calyx smoothish, green. 
Stigmas 3. Gardens, road-sides, and waste places. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. — Octo. 

Obs. This species is noticed here, chiefly because of its repute as 
a remedy for worms, in children. The plant has a strong disagree- 
able odor, — and the essential oil — though a very nauseous dose- 
often proves an effective vermifuge. Mr. Elliott considered it a 
native of the Southern States ; but it has not that appearance, in 
Pennsylvania. 

There are several other weed-like species of Chenopodium, to be 
met with, occasionally ; but they have- not become as troublesome 
as the C. albicm. 

ORDER CIX. AMARANTHACEAE. Juss. R. Br. 

Herbs, or suffruticose plants. Leaves simple, opposite or alternate, mostly with- 
out stipules. Flowers perfect or monoicous, rarely dioicous. aggregated in heads, 
or spikes, or dense clusters, imbricated with dry scarious bracts which are usu- 
ally colored. Calyx of 3 to 5 sepals, persistent, dry and scarious. Stamens 
hypogynous, as many as the sepals and opposite to them, — sometimes multiplied, 
distinct or monadelphous, with the alternate ones abortive (slaniihodia) ; anthers 
often 1-celled. Ovary single, 1 or several-ovuled ; stigma simple or compound. 
Utricle membranaceous, 1 or several-seeded, valveless, bursting irregularly. 
Seeds lenticular- renilbrm ; testa crustaceous : embryo curved or forming a ring 
round the circumference of the farinaceous albumen. 

An Order of plants mainly of a weed like character, — though some of the 
Prince 's feather tribe are admired for their showy unfading clustered inflorescence. 

TRIBE II. ACHYRANTHEAE. Endl. 

Ovary 1-ovuled. Antlurs 2-celled. 

SUEf-TRIBE 4. AMARANTHEAE. Endl. 
Flowers monoicously polygamous or perfect,.tribracteate. Utricle circumscissed 
or indehiscent. 

155. AMARANTHUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1972. 
[Greek, a, not, maraino, to fade, and a ithos, a flower ; the flowers not changing 

or fading.] 

Flowers monoicously polygamous : Calyx of 3 or 5 sepals, mostly 
colored, slightly connected at base. Stame?is 3 or 5 (rarely 2 or 4), 
free ; staminodia none. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; stigmas 2 or 3, 



AMARANTHACEAE 141 

filiform, subsessile. Utricle circumscissed. Seed lenticular-reni- 
form ; embryo curved into a half circle, peripherical, surrounding 
the albumen. 

1. A. albus, L. Stem obtusely angular, smooth, much branched ; 
leaves obovate and spatulate-oblong, emarginate, setaceously mu- 
'cronate ; flowers triandrous, in small axillary clusters. Willd. Sp. 
PL 4. p. 382. Fl. Cestr. p. 526. 

Also ? A. graecizans. Willd. I. c. 

White Amaranthus. 

Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, rather stout, pale green or whitish, 
generally much branched, — the principal branches near the base, spreading. 
Leaves half an inch to an inch and half long, entire, narrowed at base to a 
slender petiole one fourth of an inch to an inch and half long. Flowers pale 
green, inconspicuous, in small axillary bracteate clusters; bracts subulate- 
lanceolate, spinescently acuminate, longer than the flowers. Barnyards: In- 
dian-corn fields, &c. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 

Obs. This coarse weed is quite common, in Chester County, Fa. 
in Gardens, and cultivated Lots ; and yet I do not learn that it (nor, 
indeed, either of the following species) has been sufficiently noticed 
to acquire a common name. It is certainly a plant so entirely worth- 
less that it ought to be extirpated. Although stated, in the books, 
to be a native of Pennsylvania, it has, to me, much the habit and 
appearance of a naturalized weed. 

2. A. hybridus, L. Stem sulcate-angled, roughish-pubescent, 
sparingly branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; flowers pen- 
tandrous, in dense compound axillary and terminal spikes. Willd. 
Sp. PI. 4. p. 389. Fl. Cestr. p. 526. 

Hybrid Amaranthus. 

Root annual, fusiform, purple. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, often nearly simple. 
Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 inches long, wholly green, roughish, entire, tapering to the 
apex but the point mostly obtuse, emarginate and setaceously mucronate, ab- 
ruptly narrowed at base to a petiole 1 to 3 inches in length. Flowers small, dull 
green or sometimes becoming purplish, the staminate aud pistillate ones inter- 
mingled, and densely clustered in ovoid-oblong compound spikes, — the terminal 
spike elongated and sub-cylindric ; bracts subulate, with a slender sharp acumi- 
nation, longer than the flowers. Gardens, and cultivated Lots: New York to 
Carolina. Fl. August. Fr. October. 

Obs. This is another coarse homely weed, — and quite troublesome 
in gardens, in the latter part of summer. If permitted to mature its 
seeds, it soon becomes very abundant. 

3. A. spinosus, L. Stem striate, smoothish, much branched; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate ; axils spinose ; flowers pentandrous, in 
compound terminal and axillary spikes. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 393. 
Fl. Cestr. p. 527. 

Thorny Amaranthus. 

Root annual. Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, often purple. Leaves 1 to 2 
inches long, rather obtuse, mucronate, entire, roughish-dotted, with glaucous 
blotches beneath ; petioles about as long as the leaves, with 2 subulate spines 
{stipules ?) at base, one fourth to half an inch in length. Flowers small, clustered 
in oblong terete erect terminal and subterminal spikes. Cultivated Lots — way- 
sides, and waste places : introduced. Native of India. Fl. August. Fr. Octo. 

Obs. This foreigner is naturalized in many places — especially in 
the unfrequented streets and outskirts of our sea-port towns, — and 



142 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

is a vile nuisance wherever it prevails. It cannot be too sedulously 
guarded against. 

ORDER CXI. POLYGONACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 

Herbs, or rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, stipulate. — the stipules mostly sheath- 
ing or cohering round the stem, above the leaves, in the form of an ochrea of 
boot. Flowers sometimes unisexual — often racemose, or spicate — occasionally 
cymose, or capitate. — and in some instances, with a tubular or cup-shaped in- 
volucre. Calyx of 3 to 6 sepals, more or less united at base, imbricated in aesti- 
vation, sometimes colored. Stamens definite, inserted on the bottom of the calyx. 
Ovary single, mostly free, with a single erect orthotropous (i. e. straight) ovule; 
styles as many as the angles of the ovary, distinct or connate at base ; stigmas 
simple. Fruit akene-like, usually compressed or triquetrous; embryo inverted, 
curved or nearly straight, applied to the outside (sometimes in the centre) of 
farinaceous albumen. 

An Order of little interest beyond what belongs to the plants here given, — with 
the exception of that species of Rheum which furnishes the Rhubarb of the shops. 

TRIBE II. POLYGONEAE. Endl. 
Involucre none. Ovule basilar, sessile ; radicle superior. 

156. RHEUM. L. Endl.. Gen. 1984. 

[From Rha. the ancient name of the river Volga. — its native region.] 

Flowers perfect : Calyx of 6 sepals, in a double series, persistent 
and shrivelling. Stamens 9, arranged in pairs opposite the outer 
sepals, and singly opposite the inner ones ; anthers ovoid, versatile.. 
Ovary trigonous, 1-celled ; stigmas 3, subsessile, spreading. Ale?ie 
triquetrous, winged at the angles, surrounded at base by the wither-^ 
ed calyx. Herbaceous : Leaves chiefly radical, large; flo we rs fasci- 
culate, racemose -paniculate. 

1. R. Rhaponticum, Ait. Leaves cordate-ovate, rather obtuse,— 
the sinus at base dilated ; petioles with a shallow channel above,, 
rounded at the edges. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 4S8. Fl. Cestr. p. 254. 

Rhapontic Rheum. Vulgo — Rhubarb. Pie Rhubarb. 

Root perennial, tuberous, large, reddish-brown, yellow within. Stem 3 to 5 
feet high, stout, nodose, striate-snlcate. smoothish. fistnlar. paniculately branched 
at summit. Radical leaves becoming very large (18 inches to 2 feet long), 
smoothish above, pubescent on the veins beneath; petioles thick and succulent, 
4 to 8 or 10 inches long, — the stem-leaves smaller, and petioles shorter, as they 
ascend : stipules large, membranaceous, sheathing. Flowers in large terminal 
racemose panicles, — the pedicels fasciculate, slender, one third to half an inch 
long, articulated near the middle. Sepals greenish, with white margins, — the 
outer ones rather narrower. Stigmas large, multifid. reflexed. Gardens: culti- 
vated. Native of Scythia. Ft. May. Fr. July — August. 

Obs. Frequently cultivated for the sake of its fleshy acid petioles 
— which are used by the pastry cook, in early spring, as a substitute 
for fruit, in making pies. 

157. RUMEX. L. Endl. Gen. 1993. 

[Latin, Rumez, a pike, or spear ; from the shape of the leaves of some species.] 
Flowers sometimes dioicous : Calyx of 6 persistent sepals, in a 
double series, — the 3 outer ones green, connected at base — the 3 
inner ones larger, sometimes a little colored, connivent, naked or 
graniferous on the back. Stamens 6, in pairs opposite the outer 
sepals ; anthers oblong, attached by the base. Ovary triquetrous ; 
styles 3, filiform, free or adnate to the angles of the ovary ; stigmas 
penicillate-multifid. Akene triquetrous, free within the valvately 
connivent inner sepals. 



POLYGONACEAE 143 

f Flowers "perfect. * Inner sepals entire, and all graniferons. 

1. R. cmspus, L. Radical leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute, 
curled or wavy on the margin ; inner sepals large, cordate, nearly 
entire, reticulately and prominently veined, all dorsally graniferous. 
Willd. Sp. PL 2. p. 251. Ft. Cestr. p. 236. Icon, Fl. Lo?id. 2. 

Curled Rumex. Vulgo — Sour Dock. Curled Dock. 

Fr. Patience frisee. Germ. Krauser Ampler. 

Root perennial, rather large, fusiform, yellow. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, 
angular-sulcate, smoothish, paniculately branched above. Radical leaves 8 to 
12 or 15 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 3 inches wide ; petioles 2 to 4 inches long ; the 
stem-leaves smaller, linear-lanceolate. Flowers in crowded verticillate fascicles, 
with scarious involucres at base. Calyx green; inner sepals much larger than 
the outer ones, entire or obsoletely denticulate near the base, — each with an 
ovoid acuminate excrescence, or grain, on the back. Moist grounds ; meadows, 
&c. : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May — July. Fr. July— September. 

Obs. The radical leaves of this are often used as a pot-herb, or 
early " Greejis" ; but the plant is an unsightly and troublesome 
weed, — and has become so extensively naturalized as to require a 
vigilant attention to keep it in due subjection. 

* * Inner sepals dentate, — one or more mostly graniferons. 

2. R. obtusifolius, L. Radical leaves subcordate-oblong, obtuse, 
crenulate ; inner sepals lance-ovate, acutely dentate near the base, 
— one of them conspicuously graniferous. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 254. 
Fl. Cestr. p. 236. Icon, Fl. Lond. 2. 

Obtuse-leaved Rumex. Vulgo — Bitter Dock. Broad-leaved Dock. 

Root perennial, thickish, branching, brown externally, yellow within. Stem 
2 to 4 feet high, angular-sulcate. roughish, paniculately branched. Radical leaves 
S to 12 inches long, and 4 to 6 inches wide, roughish-pubescent on the nerves; 
petioles 3 to 6 inches long. Flowers in interrupted verticillate fascicles. Calyx 
green, — the inner sepals with long acute teeth near the base, and one of them 
bearing a large grain on the back. Grass-lots; gardens, meadows, &c: intro- 
duced. Native of Europe. Fl. June— July. Fr. August— September. 

Obs. This species is even more worthless than the preceding ; but 
— although completely naturalized— it is not quite so prevalent. 
The presence of either imparts a very slovenly appearance to a 
meadow or pasture lot. 

f f Flowers dioicous : Sepals not graniferotts. 

3. R. Acetosella, L. Leaves lanceolate-hastate, — the lobes acute, 
spreading; flowers dioicous ; inner sepals entire. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. 
p. 260. FL Cestr. p. 236. Icon, Fl. Lond. 2. 

Vulgo — Sheep Sorrel. Field S«rrel. 

Fr. Petite Oseille. Germ. Der Sauer Ampfer. Span. Acederilla. 

Root perennial, somewhat fusiform. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, slender, 
branching, somewhat angular and furrowed, Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, — the 
lower ones mostly all hastate and on petioles as long or longer than the leaves — 
the upper ones on short petioles, and sometimes not hastate. Flowers in pani- 
culate racemes, finally becoming purple, — the verticils dimidiate, C to S-flowered. 
Pistillate plants mostly taller than the staminate. Sandy fields and pastures; 
about old stumps, &c. : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. August. 

Obs. This little species (well known for its acidity,) is often so 
abundant as to be a nuisance on the farm. Improving the land — 
especially by adequate dressings of Lime — is believed to be the best 
mode of expelling this, as well as many other obnoxious plants. 



144 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

158. POLYGONUM. L. Endl. Gen. 1986. 
[Greek, Polys, many, and Gonu, a knee, or joint, — the stem being much jointed.] 

Flowers perfect or polygamous : Calyx often colored, mostly of 5 
sepals, in a double series, — the sepals more or less united, some- 
times unequal, often finally enlarged. Stame?is 5 to 9, mostly 8, — 
arranged singly opposite the sepals, or sometimes in pairs opposite 
the inner sepals — often alternating with perigynous or hypogynous 
glands ; anthers ovoid, didymous, versatile. Ovary 1 -celled, com- 
pressed or triquetrous ; styles 2 or 3, more or less united below ; 
stigmas capitate. Ahenes lenticular or triquetrous according as the 
styles are 2 or 3, inclosed by the persistent calyx. Herbaceous. 
Flowers often with sheathing ochrea-like bracts. 

f Flowers mostly fasciculate, in terminal or axillary Spi&es. 
1. P. Hydropiper, L. Leaves lanceolate, not spotted; spikes fili- 
form, flaccid, nodding ; fascicles few-flowered, rather remote ; 
flowers mostly octandrous ; calyx glandular -dotted ; styles 2 or 3 ; 
seeds lenticular or triquetrous. Mx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1. p. 238. 
P. punctatum. Fl. Cestr. p. 248. not ? of Ell. 
Water-pepper Polygonum. Vulgo — Water-Pepper. 

Root annual. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, slender, more or less branched, some- 
times decumbent, smooth, often purple. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, tapering to a 
slender apex, acute at each end, subsessile, often hairy on the midrib and upper 
surface, scabrous-ciliate on the margin, marked with numerous pellucid punc- 
tures. Stipules sheathing, truncate and fringed at summit with bristles one third 
to two thirds their length. Spikes 2 to 4 inches long, very slender and flaccid ; 
fasicles rather distant, 2 to 4-flowered, embraced by tubular truncate bristly- 
ciliate bracts. Sepals green, with the margins white, or often tinged with purple. 
Stamens 8, or frequently 7. Ovary either lenticular with 2 styles, or triquetrous 
with 3 styles. Akene purplish brown or nearly black, ovate or triquetrous, and 
in either case acuminate. Moist waste grounds; road-sides, &c. throughout the 
U. States. Fl. August. Fr. Sept. 

Obs. Whether the P. punctatum, of Elliott, is really distinct 
from our plant, I have not the means of determining ; but Dr. En- 
gelmann, of St. Louis, pronounces the P. punctaUim, of the Flora 
Cestrica, to be nothing else than the true P. Hydropiper of Lin- 
naeus. The elder Michaux so considered it ; and Dr. Torrey long 
since suggested that it might be only a variety. I now concur in 
these views; and have, therefore, restored the Linnaean name to the 
species. It is a worthless weed — as most of the numerous species are ; 
and it is, moreover, a highly acrid plant, — sometimes causing obsti- 
nate ulcerative inflammation, when incautiously applied to the skin. 

2. P. Persicaria, L. Leaves lanceolate, spotted; stipules some- 
what pilose, ciliate at summit ; spikes terminal and axillary, ovoid- 
oblong, dense-flowered, erect, on smooth peduncles ; flowers hexan- 
drous, and mostly digynous. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 446. Fl. Cestr. 
p. 249. Icon, Fl. Lond 2. [weed. 

Peach-leaved Polygonum. Vulgo — Lady's thumb. Spotted Knot- 
Fr. Persicaire. Germ. Flohkraut. Span. Persicaria. 

Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching, smooth, often purplish. Leaves 
2 to 4 inches long, tapering at base to a short petiole, — the upper surface usually 
marked with a dark-colored lunate or sub-cordate spot near the middle. Stipules 
truncate, fringed with bristles one fourth to one third their length. Spikes about 
an inch long, on glabrous peduncles, — the fascicles crowded. Sepals purple or 
bright crimson. Akenes mostly compressed. Waste places ; road-sides, &c. 
introduced. Native of Europe. JR. Aug. Fr. September— October. 



POLYGONACEAE 145 

Obs. This has become a common weed, — about farm-houses ; and 
a good taste requires it to be kept down. 

3. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. Leaves lanceolate and often spotted ; 
stipules smooth, not ciliate ; spikes oblong, somewhat nodding, on 
glandular-hispid peduncles ; flowers mostly octandrous and digynous. 
Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 448. Fl. Gestr. p. 250. 

Pennsylvanian Polygonum. 

Root annual. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, smooth below, geniculate, with tumid 
nodes, paniculately branched above, — the branches glandular-hispid. Leaves 
3 to 6 inches long, often with a dark spot in the middle ; petioles about half an 
inch ]ong, and usually purple. Stipules scarious, not fringed at summit. Spikes 
numerous, rather large (I to 2 inches long). Sepals bright palish-purple or 
rose-colored, larger than in the preceding. Akenes compressed. Moist grounds ; 
waste places, &c. : throughout the U. States. Fl. July — Aug. Fr. September — 
October. 

Obs. This has much general resemblance to the preceding — 
usually growing in company with it — and equally worthless. It is, 
however, a stouter plant, and readily distinguished by the characters 
above noted. 

f f Flowers in paniculate clusters. Stem actdeate. 

4. P. sagittatum, L. Stem flaccid, procumbent, 4-angled, retrorsely 
aculeate ; leaves sagittate, acute, on short petioles ; flowers octan- 
drous and trigynous, crowded, subcapitate, — the heads on smoothish 
peduncles. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 453. Fl. Cestr. p. 251. 

Sagittate Polygonum. Vidgd — Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. 

Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet long, slender, branching, acutely quadrangu- 
lar, — the angles armed with sharp recurved prickles. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, 
and half an inch to an inch wide, sagittate at base, — the midrib and petiole re- 
trorsely aculeate. Stipules lanceolate, amplexicaul or sheathing, smooth. 
Flmvers in pedunculate heads or clusters. Sepals pale red, with the margins 
nearly white Akenes ovoid-triquetrous. Swampy meadows, and thickets : 
New York to Florida. Fl. August. Fr. September. 

Obs. The mowers and haymakers are familiar with this weed, in 
the second crop of wet meadows. Ditching and draining are the 
remedies for the evil. 

5. P. arifolium, L. Stem flaccid, sulcate-angled, retrorsely acu- 
leate ; leaves hastate, acuminate, on long petioles ; flowers hexan- 
drotts and digynou:?, distinct, sub-racemose ; racemes few-flowered, 
on glandular-hispid peduncles. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 453. Fl. Cestr. 
p. 251. 

Arum-leaved Polygonum. Vulgo — Halbert-leaved Tear -thumb. 

Root annual. Stem 3 to 6 feet long, slender but coarser than the preceding, 
branching, often purple. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, and 1 to 3 inches wide, 
hastate-lobed at base, — the lobes acuminate — the midrib and nerves hirsute; 
petioles half an inch to 3 inches long, sulcate-angled, retrorsely aculeate. Sti- 
pule.'! ovate, amplexicaul, ciliate. Flowers in slender loose racemose clusters. 
Calyx often of 4 connected sepate, purple, with the margins pale red. Akenes 
compressed, ovate. Swampy low grounds ; along rivulets, &c. : throughout the 
U. States. Fl. August. Fr. September. 

Obs. This is generally found in company with the preceding, — 
and is of much the same obnoxious character, as a weed. There are 

13 



146 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

several other species of Polygonum to be met with about our farms 
(descriptions of which may be found in the Floras), — but, as they 
are not particularly troublesome, they are omitted, here. 

159. FAGOPYRUM. Toitmef. Endl. Gen. 1987. 
[So named, from its fruit resembling that of the Fagus, or Beech.] 

Flowers perfect, or sometimes diclinous by abortion. Calyx of 5 
persistent colored nearly equal sepals, in a double series. Stamens 
8, arranged in pairs opposite the 3 external sepals, singly opposite 
the 2 inner ones, and alternating Math S hypogynous glands ; anthers 
ovoid, versatile. Ovary trigonous, 1-celled ; styles 3, longish ; stig- 
mas capitate. Akene triquetrous, embraced at base by the marces- 
cent calyx. 

1. F. esculentum, Moenck. Stem erect, paniculately branched, 
sulcate-angled, smoothish ; leaves cordate-sagittate or subhastate, 
acute; racemes terminal and axillary. [252. 

Polygonum Fagopyrum. L. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 455. Fl. Cestr. p. 

Esculent Fagopyrl t m. Vulgo — Buck-wheat. 

Fr. Bled Sarrasin. Germ. Der Buchweitzen. Span. Trigo Sarraceno. 

Root annual Stem 2 to 4 feet high, much branched, pubescent near the nodes, 
becoming dark purple. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 niches wide, 
often a little hastate at base, on petioles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long (sessile, Endl.) ; 
stipules short, smooth. Flowers in somewhat paniculate racemes, — the fascicles 
rather crowded; pedicels slender, longish, obscurely articulated above the mid- 
dle. Sepals mostly white, with tinges of green and pale purple. Akenes equally 
and acutely triquetrous, somewhat acuminate, much longer than the withered 
sepals, smooth, dark brown when mature, often striately clouded. Fields: cul- 
tivated. Native of Middle Asia. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. — October. 

Obs. This is extensively cultivated for its seeds, — the farinaceous 
albumen of which affords a delicious article of food, when properly 
managed — and a very sorry one, if unskilfully treated. The culture 
of the plant is pretty much confined (in this region, at least,) to 
rough hilly districts ; as it is considered a severe and unprofitable 
crop, on highly improved lands. It is, however, admirably adapted 
to subdue wild lands — or those newly cleared of timber. The glan- 
dular flowers are a favorite resort — and afford a rich reward to the 
labors — of the Honey-Bee. 

ORDER CXII. PHYTOLACCACEAE. R. Br. Lmdl. 

Herbs, or suffruticose plants. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers 
racemose. Calyx of 4 or 5 petaloid slightly connected sepals. Stamens as 
many, or twice as many, as the sepals — or sometimes indefinite. Ovary com- 
pound (rarely simple), consisting of 10 confluent 1-ovuled carpels; styles ox 
itigmas distinct — one for each cell or carpel. Fruit baccate or dry, entire or 
lobed. 1 or many-celled. Seeds ascending, solitary ; embryo mostly peripherical, 
and curved round mealy albumen. 
A small Order, and of little interest in Agriculture. 

160. PHYTOLACCA. Toitmef. Endl. Gen. 5262. 

[Gr. Phyton, a plant, and Lachanon. a pot-herb ; the young shoots being so used.] 

Flowers perfect, or rarely dioicous. Calyx of 5 roundish-ovate 
colored persistent sepals. Stamens as many as, or usually some 
multiple of, the sepals, — often 10, inserted on a sub-hypogynous 
disk; anthers incumbent. Ovary free, composed of 5 to 10 conflu- 



PHYTOLACCACEAE 147 

ent carpels ; styles as many as the carpels, recurved at apex. Fruit 
a depressed-globose 5 to 10-celled berry ; cells 1-seeded. 

1. P. decandra, L. Leaves j?vate-oblong, acute at each end; 
flowers decandrous and decagynous. Willd. Sp. PL 2. p. 822. Fl. 
Cestr. p. 283. [berry. 

Decandrous Phytolacca. Vulgo — Poke. Poke-weed. Pigeon- 

Fr. Morelle a Grappes. Germ. Kermesbeere. Span. Yerba carmin. 

Whole plant glabrous. Root perennial, large, fusiform and branching. Stem 
herbaceous, 4 to 6 feet high, stout, branching, terete or obtusely ribbed below 
the petioles and branches, finally purple. Leaves 5 to 10 inches long, acute or 
acuminate, thin; petioles half an inch to 2 inches or more in length. Racemes 

3 to 6 inches long, simple, mostly opposite the leaves, on angular peduncles 2 to 

4 inches long. Sepals white, membranaceous at the margin. Berries vertically 
depressed, umbilicale, orbicular, obscurely ribbed, 10-eelled, 10-seeded, dark 
purple and juicy when mature. Seeds compressed, roundish-reniform. Rich 
soils ; on banks, borders of fields, in clearings, &c. : throughout the U. States. 
Fl. June — September. Fr. August — October. 

Obs. The young shoots of this plant afford a good substitute for 
Asparagtis : the root is said to be actively emetic ; and the tincture 
of the ripe berries is, or was, a popular remedy for chronic rheuma- 
tism. The mature berries, moreover, have been used by the pastry 
cook, in making pies of equivocal merit. Notwithstanding all this, 
the plant is regarded and treated as a weed, by all neat farmers. 

ORDER CXIII. LAURACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 

Trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly alternate, simple, sometimes lobed but with en- 
tire margins, destitute of stipules. Flowers often polygamo-dioicous. Calyx of 
4 to 6 somewhat united sepals which are imbricated in two series, free from the 
ovary. Stamens definite, but usually more numerous than the sepals, inserted 
on the base of the calyx ; anthers 2 to 4-celled, opening by reflected peristent 
valves! Fruit a berry or drupe, — the pedicel often thickened. Seed solitary, 
destitute of albumen : cotyledons large, plano-convex or almond-like. 

The tropical plants of this Order are highly interesting,— affording Cinnamon, 
Cassia, and Camphor; and also that species of Laurus (L. nobilis, L.) of which 
the Ancients formed their Laurel wreaths, or crowns. The species in the U. 
States are of less importance. 

TRIBE X. FLAVIFLORAE. Nees. 

Floioers dioicous or polygamous. Calyx rotate, thin, yellow. Stamens 9 fertile — 
sterile none ; anthers 2 or 4-celled, all introrse. Berry on a nearly naked pedi- 
cel, which is sometimes thickened. 

161. SASSAFRAS. Nees. Endl. Gen. 2056. 
[Altered from Salsqfras, the Spanish name of Saxifrage,— given to this plant.] 

Flowers dioicous, naked. Sepals 6, membranaceous, united at base, 
persistent. Stam. Fl. Stamens 9, in three series, all fertile, — the 
3 innermost supported by a pair of stipitate glands ; anthers introrse, 
linear, 4-celled, — the lower cells lateral — the upper ones covered by 
the ascending or reflected valves of the lower ones. Ovary entirely 
abortive. Pistillate Fl. Stamens 9 or fewer, all sterile, — the 
inner ones often coalesced with glands. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; 
style subulate; stigma discoid. Berry 1-seeded, on a thickened 
clavate fleshy pedicel, and supported by the unchanged spreading 
sepals. 

1. S. officinale, Nees. Leaves 3-lobed, or ovate and entire ; 



148 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

flowers in terminal clustered corymbose racemes, with lance-linear 

villous bracts ; buds and pedicels silky -pubescent. 

Laurus Sassafras. L. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 485. Fl. Cestr. p. 254. 

Icon, Mx. Sylva, 2. tab. 81. 

Officinal Sassafras. Vulgo — Sassafras. 

Stem 15 to 40 or 50 feet high, and G to 12 inches (in some rare instances, near 
2 feet) in diameter, branching, — the young branches yellowish and pubescent. 
Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and 2 to 4 inches wide, — often ovate and undivided, 
but more commonly dilated and 3-lobed at apex and cuneate at base (sometimes 
oval, with a lateral lobe),— silky-pubescent when young, finally smooth ; petioles 
half an inch to an inch long. Flowers from the same buds, and contemporane- 
ous, with the leaves. Sepals oblong, rather obtuse, pale greenish-yellow. Be>- 
ries ovoid-oblong, dark blue when mature ; pedicels purple. Woodlands ; fence- 
rows, and old fields : Canada to Florida. Fl. April. Fr. September. 

Obs. The bark of this well-known small tree is a powerful, yet 
pleasant, aromatic stimulant, and possesses valuable medicinal pro- 
perties ; which acquired for it, at an early day, in Europe, an ex- 
aggerated reputation. An infusion of the roots, or bark of the roots, 
makes an excellent diet drink. The pith of the young branches 
contains much mucilage, — and is said to be used, in the South, 
along with the young leaves, to thicken potage, and make the cele- 
brated " Gumbo Soup." We learn, also, from Michatjx's Sylva, 
that bed-steads made of the wood, " are never infested with insects"; 
which circumstance — to adopt the language of the Gazettes — is cer- 
tainly "important, if true," — and well worthy of notice. 

162. BENZOIN. Nees. Endl. Gen. 2057. 
[A name said to be derived from the Arabic, — expressive of perfume.] 

Flowers dioicous, in small lateral fascicles or clusters, surrounded by 
a deciduous 4-leaved involucre. Sepals 6, membranaceous, con- 
nected at base, persistent. Stam. Fl. Stamens 9 fertile, in three 
series ; anthers introrse, ovoid, 2-celled, opening by as many ascend- 
ing valves : also 6 to 9 sterile stamens, in 2 or 3 series, with com- 
pressed reniform-emarginate heads, alternating with the fertile ones 
of series 2 and 3 — or sometimes with all the fertile ones. Ovary an 
abortive rudiment. Pistillate Fl. Sterile stamens 15 to 18, fili- 
form, acute, alternating with smaller spatulate ones. Ovary 1-celled, 
1-ovuled; style short; stigma 2-lobed. Berry 1 -seeded, sitting on 
the persistent calyx. 

1. B. odoriferum, Nees. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, entire ; flowers 
in lateral umbellate clusters, preceding the leaves ; buds and pedicels 
smooth. 

Laurus Benzoin. L. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 485. Fl. Cestr. p. 253. 

Odoriferous Benzoin. Vulgo — Spice-wood. Wild Allspice. Fever- 
bush. 

Stem 6 to S or 10 feet high, much branched ; branches virgate, brittle. Leaves 
2 to 4 inches long, mostly acute or with a short acumination (sometimes obtuse 
and rounded at apex), often cuneate at base ; petioles about half an inch long. 
Flowers in involucrate clusters of 3 to 5 from a bud, on pedicels 1 or 2 lines 
long ; flower-buds distinct from the leaf-buds,— usually a flower-bud on each 
side of a leaf-bud. Sepals greenish-yellow, obovate-oblong, obtuse. Stamens 
rather shorter than the sepals,— the filaments of the sterile ones (staminodia) 
bearing 2-lobed (or sometimes peltate) glands instead of anthers ; perfect anthers 
--celled,— each cell opening by a longitudinal elastic valve, which is detached 



LAURACEAE 149 

at the lower end and reflected upwards. Berries oval, red or finally dark pur- 
ple when mature. Moist rich low grounds: borders of thickets, &c. Canada 
to Florida. Fl. April. Fr. September. 

Obs. This is a strongly aromatic shrub. In early times —before 
Physicians were so numerous — an infusion of the brittle spicy twigs 
was much used as a popular remedy, and even as a preventive, of 
the fevers winch attacked the first settlers : but it is now chiefly 
prescribed as a diet-drink for sickly cows, in the spring of the year. 

ORDER CXIV. SANTALACEAE. R. Br. 

Trees, shrubs, or sometimes herbs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, without stipules. 
Floicers perfect, or sometimes dioicously polygamous, small. Calyx-tube adhe- 
rent to the ovary ; limb 4 or 5-cleft. valvate in aestivation, its base lined with a 
fleshy disk, the edge of which is often lobed. Stamens usually as many as the 
lobes of the calyx and opposite them, inserted on the edge of the disk. Ovary 
1-celled ; ovules 2 to 4, pendulous; style short; stigma capitate, 2 or 3-lobed, or 
rarely radiate — sometimes simple. Fruit drupaceous or dry. indehiscent, mostly 
crowned with the limb of the calyx. Seed with a densely fleshy albumen. 

The fragrant Sandal wood — afforded by species of Santalum (the type of the 
Order) — is the only product of much interest, beside the genus here given. 

163. NYSSA. L. Endl. Gen. 2086. 
[A name of obscure derivation.] 

Flowers polygamo-dioicous. Calyx with the tube short ; limb 5- 
parted, deciduous. Stamens 5 to 10, inserted round a flattish disk 
which fills the bottom of the calyx, in the sterile flowers ; anthers 
2-celled, didymous. Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; ovule single, pendu- 
lous ; style subulate, incurved ; stigma simple. Drtipe baccate, 1- 
seeded; nut oval, striate-angular. Seed inverted ; embryo straight, 
in the axis of scanty albumen. 

1. N. multiflora, Walt. Leaves oval and obovate, acute at each 
end, often acuminate, very entire, — the petiole midrib and margin 
villous; fertile peduncles mostly 3-fiowered. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 684. 
Fl. Cestr. p. 164. 

N. villosa. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 1112. 

N. sylvatica. Mar. Sylva, 3. p. 33. Icon, tab. 110. [ridge. 

Many-flowered Nyssa. Vidgo — Sour Gum. Black Gum. Pepe- 

Stem 30 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter; branches numerous, 
horizontally spreading and often a little drooping. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 
dark green and shining above, paler and pubescent beneath, the margin villous- 
ciliate : petioles half an inch to an inch long, often margined, conspicuously vil- 
lous-ciliate. Stamin ate flowers pedicellate, 2 to 5 or 6 in a loose cluster, on a 
slender common peduncle about an inch long. Fertile flow-.rs sessile, mostly 3 
in a dense involucrate cluster (sometimes 2, or only 1), on a clavate common 
peduncle, which at first is about half an inch — finally an inch to an inch and 
half — in length. Drupe elliptic, near half an inch long, bluish-black when ma- 
ture. Moist woodlands, and low grounds : throughout the U. Slates. Fl. May — 
June. Fr. September. 

Obs. The woody fibres of this tree are remarkably interlocked, so 
as to render it very difficult to split ; on which account it is much 
used for making naves, or hubs, for carriage wheels, — and also hat- 
ter's blocks. The younger trees, when growing solitary, have much 
symmetry — affording a fine shade ; and in autumn the leaves add 
greatly to the picturesque appearance of the country, by changing 
to a bright crimson color. There are three other species of Nyssa, 
in the Southern States, — with which I have but little acquaintance : 

13* 



150 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

viz. TV. biflora, Walt. N. unifiora, Walt, and N. capitata, Walt. 
The first two are described as trees of large size, — often reaching 
the height of 60 or 80 feet, in the Southern swamps and ponds. The 
IV. capitata is a shrub, rarely reaching the height of 20 feet,— and 
bearing a large red sub-acid drupe, called "Ogeechee Lime", — which 
is said to make a good preserve. See Elliott's Sketch, Vol. 2. pp. 
684-6. and Dr. Baldwin's Correspondence, p. 328. 

ORDER CXVII. ULMACEAE. Mirbeh 

Trees, or shrubs, with a watery juice. Leaves alternate, simple, roughish, with 
deciduous stipules. Flowers in lateral fascicles, or axillary and solitary, per- 
fect or sometimes polygamous. Calyx campanulate, 4 or 5- (sometimes G or is) 
cleft, free from the ovary; lobes imbricated in aestivation. Stai?iens inserted on 
the base of the calyx, as many as its lobes and opposite to them — sometimes 
more numerous. Ovarii 1 or 2-celled. with a single suspended ovule in each 
cell ; styles or stigmas 2, divergent. Frvit 1 -celled and 1-seeded, indehiscent, — 
either samaroid or drupaceous. Seed pendulous; albumen none, or very little. 
A small Order,— and of little interest, beyond what is here given. 

SUB-ORDER I. ULMEAE. A. Gray. 

Flowers perfect, fasciculate. Fruit samaroid : albumen none. 

164. ULMUS. L. Bndl. Gen. 1850. 
[An ancient Latin name. — of obscure etymology.] 

Calyx membranaceous, turbinate-campanulate, 4, 5, or 8-cleft. 
Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx. Ovary compressed, 
ovate, 2-celled ; ovules solitary, appended to the apex of the dissepi- 
ment ; styles 2, diverging, stigmatose on the inner side. Samara 
membranaceous, compressed, winged all round, by abortion 1-celled 
and 1-seeded. Seed inverted. 

1. U. Americana, L. Leaves ovate, smooth above, very unequal 
at base, rather simply serrate,— the serratures uncinately acuminate ; 
flowers conspicuously pedicellate, in loose fascicles ; samara oval, 
densely villous-ciliate on the margin. Willd. Sp. PI. 1. p. 1325. 
Fl. Cestr. p. 178. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 3. tab. 126. 

American Ulmis. Vulgo — White Elm. Weeping Elm. 

Stem 60 to SO feet, or more, in height, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter ; branches 
long and spreading, or often rather drooping. Leaves 3 to 5 inches in length, 
acuminate : petioles one fourth to half an inch long, smoothish Stipules smooth. 
Calyx somewhat obliquely truncate, about 8-cleft, smoothish ; tube green; lobes 
purplish-brown, short, rounded. Stamens mostly S. exserted. Styles pubescent, 
nearly white. Sameira reticulately veined, tapering to a pedicel at base, emar- 
ginate or bifid at apex between the 2 styles, — the, segments incurved so as to 
leave an apparent t'oramen through the wing; margin densely fringed with soft 
white hairs. Banks of streams ; borders of swamps, &c. : throughout the U. 
States. Fl. April Fr. June. 

Obs. This is a fine large tree ; and, if I mistake not, is the species 
so much cultivated as a Shade tree, in New England. ' The noble 
avenues of Elms, at New Haven, Conn, are the admiration of all 
visitors ; and nothing is required but a little attention, at the proper 
season, to have every village in the land similarly adorned. Why 
will not the people of all our American towns and villages learn to 
do that much; for the sake of taste, and their own future comfort 1* 

*It may be hoped that the persuasive arguments, and elegant illustrations, of 
A. J. Downing, Esqr. in reference to Shade trees, Landscape Gardening, &c. 
will induce our countrymen, generally, to pay more attention to such improve- 
ments, than they have hitherto done. 



ULMACEAE 151 

2. U. fulva, Mx. Leaves oval or obovate-oblong, conspicuously 
acuminate, very scabrous above, rather unequal and somewhat 
cordate at base, doubly serrate ; buds clothed with a fulvous tomen- 
tum ; flowers in dense subsessile fascicles ; samara orbicular, naked 
on the margin. Fl. Cestr. p. 179. 

U. rubra. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 89. Icon, tab. 128. 

Tawxy Ul:»ius. Vulgo — Slippery Elm. Red Elm. 

Stem 30 to 50 feet high, and 12 to IS inches in diameter; branches virgate. 
Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long. — the upper surface remarkably rough — the under 
surface tomentose-pubescent, especially along the midrib and nerves ; petioles 
about one third of an inch long, pubescent. Stipules pilose. Calyx about 7-cleft; 
lobes obtuse, clothed and cillate with a reddish-tawny pubescence. Stamens 
often 7, much exserted. Styles glandular-pubescent, purple. Samara radiately 
veined, on a slender pedicel the length of the calyx, cleft at apex between the 
styles, — the segments acuminate and so incurved and overlapped as to give the 
margin the appearance of being entire at apex. Rich low grounds; fence-rows, 
&c. : throughout the U. States. Fl. April. Ft. June. 

Obs. The inner bark of this species contains a large quantity of 
mucilage, — which has caused it to be added to the materia medica, 
in our Shops. The military, on the Canada frontier, during the last 
war, fed their horses with it, when destitute of the usual forage, — 
and found it a tolerable substitute for hay. The tree being smaller, 
and the branches straggling, it does not answer for a shade tree, so 
well as the preceding. There is another species. (Z7. alata, Mx.) 
occasionally to be met with, — having the branches remarkably 
ridged, or winged, with a cork-like bark ; but it is a small tree, and 
not of much interest to the farmer. 

SUB-ORDER II. CELTIDEAE. Rich. A. Gray. 

Flowers polygamous, subsolitary. Fruit drupaceous. Albumen scanty. 

165. CELTIS. Tournef. Endl . Gen. 1851. 
[An ancient name of the Lotus, — applied to this genus.] 

Calyx of 5 or 6 sepals, slightly connected at base, persistent, con- 
cave, imbricated in aestivation. Stame?is as many as the sepals and 
opposite to them ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, cordate, acuminate. — 
Ovary ovoid, l-celled ; ovule single, appended to the parietes near 
the apex ; stigmas 2, terminal, elongated and acuminate, spreading 
or recurved, glandular -pubescent. Drupe globose, fleshy, smooth, 
1-seeded. Seed pendulous, curved ; cotyledons conduplicate, emar- 
ginate at apex, inclosing the somewhat gelatinous central albumen. 
1. C. occidentalis, L. Leaves obliquely ovate, acuminate, serrate, 
entire at base ; flowers solitary or in pairs ; fruit brownish-orange 
color. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 994. Fl. Cestr. p. 180. Icon, Mx. 
Sylva, 3. tab. 114. 
Western Celtis. Vulgo — Nettle-tree. Sugar-berry. 

Stem 20 to GO or 80 feet high, and 6 inches to 2 or 3 feet in diameter. Leaves2 
to 4 or 5 inches long, more or less scabrous on the upper surface, and somewhat 
hairy beneath, finally coriaceous ; petioles one third or half an inch in length. 
Flowtrs axillary, solitary or sometimes in pairs; pedicels slender, half an inch 
or three quarters in length. Sepals dull greenish-yellow, oblong-lanceolate. 
Stigmas densely pubescent, long, divaricate, with the points often incurved. 
Drupe yellowish-brown when mature (purple, Ell.), — the pulpy coat thin, sweet- 
ish. Rich light soils ; throughout the U. S. but I think not abundant any where. 
Fl. May. Ft. September. 



152 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

Obs. This is by no means a common tree, in Eastern Pennsylva- 
nia, — and is but little known to the farmers. There appears to be 
another species ( probably C. crassifolia, Lam. ), — with larger 
coarser leaves, and, if Michaux is correct, with dark blue fruit ; 
but I have not seen the fruit, and cannot speak confidently of the 
character of the tree. It is, however, rather a matter of Botanical 
curiosity, than of Agricultural importance. 

ORDER CXXII. EUPHORBIACEAE. Juss. R. Br. 

Herbs, shrubs, and even trees, — often ■with an acrid milky juice. Leaves oppositet 
or alternate, mostly simple ; stipules small and deciduous, or often wanting. 
Floivers monoicous or dioicous, usually bracteate or involucrate. Calyx free, 
lobed, — with various glandular or scaly internal appendages (in a few cases 
with genuine petals .'). — sometimes obsolete or wanting. Stamens definite or in- 
definite, distinct or monadelphous ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary sessile or stipitate, 
2- 3- or several-celled (or rather of so many united carpels); ovules solitary or 
twin and collateral, suspended from the inner angle of the cell near the apex ; 
styles and stigmas as many as the cells, distinct or united. Fruit capsular, — often 
separating into its elementary carpels, which usually open elastically by one or 
both sutures. Seeds with a large embryo inclosed in fleshy albumen. 

This large and varied — yet essentially natural Family — comprises upwards of 
100 genera, — many of them possessing very active propeities, or otherwise curi- 
ous and interesting. Of these may be mentioned, the Croton Tiglium, L. which 
yields the powerful Cro'on Oil ox OilofTiglium y — the Jatropha Manihot. L. which 
affords the Cassava and Tapioca. — the Crozophora tinctoria. Juss. yielding Turn- 
sol. — the Sipkonia elastica, Pers. affording the true Caoutchouc or Gum elastic,— 
the Buxus sempervirens, L. afford ng the beautiful Box-wood, — the Hura crept' 
tans, L. or curious Sand-box tree, &e. &c. 

TRIBE I. EUPHORBIEAE. Bartl. 

Flowers monoicous, apetalous, — the siaminate with the pistillate, within a com- 
mon involucre. Cells of the ovary (carpels) 1-ovuled. 

166. EUPHORBIA. L. Endl. Gen. 5766. 
[Named after Euphorbus, — an ancient Greek Physician.] 

Floivers monoicous, — several naked monandrous staminate ones 
surrounding a single pistillate one, within a common involucre. 
Common involucre campanulate-turbinate ; limb A or 5-cleft, — the 
lobes membranaceous and often petaloid, with 5 external gland-like 
teeth alternating with them. Staminate Fl. each consisting of a 
single stamen with a lacerate-ciliate bract. Calyx and Corolla 
none. Pistillate Fl. on a long pedicel. Calyx minute, dentate 
or lobed, often obsolete. Ovary composed of 3 united 1-ovuled car- 
pels ; styles 3, bifid or rarely united in one ; stigmas 6. Capsule 
3-lobed {tricoceous ), smooth or verrucose, sometimes pilose, — the 
cells or carpels elastically 2-valved, opening on the back, deciduous. 
Herbaceous, or fruticose ; very lactescent : Leaves opposite and 
stipulate, or alternate and naked ; flowers axillary or sub-umbellate. 

1. E. hypericifolia, L. Stem nearly erect, with spreading branches, 
smoothish ; leaves opposite, unequal at base, oval-oblong, sub-falcate, 
serrate ; corymbs terminal ; capsules smooth ; seeds blackish. Willd. 
Sp. PL 2. p. 895. Fl. Cestr. p. 516. 

Hypericum-leaved Euphorbia. Vulgo — Eye-bright. Spurge. 

Plant replete with an acrid milky juice. Root annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches 
high, rather slender and leaning as if topheavy, with somewhat dichotoraous 
spreading branches above, smoothish, often purple. Leaves half an inch to near 
an inch and half long, obliquely ovate- oblong or sub-falcate, rather obtuse, sharply 



EUPHORBIACEAE 153 

serrate, nearly entire towards the base on the rounded or convex side, more or less 
pilose with longish fine hairs, 3-nerved, linear-dotted, often stained with purple 
blotches along the midrib; petioles scarcely a line in length. Clusters of flowers 
axillary and dichotonial, pedicellate, forming small corymbs at the ends of the 
branches; petaloid segments of the involucre minute, white, or purple edged with 
white, minute. Capsules small, smooth, often tinged with dark purple. Seeds 
dark brown or nearly black, rugose-pitted, mostly 4-sided, with prominent rib-like 
or keeled angles, !~andy fields; pastures, road-sides, &c. : throughout the U, 
States. Fl. July— September. Fr. Sept. — October. 

Obs. This species is very common in dry pasture fields — espe- 
cially in thinnish sandy soils, — and has been suspected of being the 
cause of the salivation, or slabbering, with which Horses are often 
affected, in the latter part of summer. I cannot say how much 
foundation there may be for the suspicion ; but I have often observed 
that horses are not apt to eat much of any acrid or unpalatable 
plant, — and are, moreover, very expert in selecting esculent herbs 
from among those which are not so. This plant is a worthless ob- 
noxious little weed, — and I believe is best kept down by improving 
the soil, and choking it out by more valuable substitutes. There is 
another species ( E. depressa, Torr. Ell. — E. metadata L ? Fl. 
Cestr. ) frequent in cultivated grounds — especially in Indian-Corn 
fields, — which lies prostrate and very close to the ground — branch- 
ing off from the root in every direction : but it is scarcely of suffi- 
cient importance, even as a weed, to claim a further notice, here. I 
avail myself of this occasion, however, to say, that I am now 
strongly inclined to believe the E. macnlata, of most authors, is 
only a variety of E. hypericifolia, L, — and that the E. depressa, of 
Torrey & Elliott (" E. macnlata, L?" of Fl. Cestr.), is most 
probably the E. thymifolia, of Michaux and Pursh. I have been 
fortified in this opinion, by the remarks of that able and sagacious 
Botanist, Dr. Engelmann, of St. Louis, — to whom I sent specimens 
of both the species here referred to. 

TRIBE IV. CROTONEAE. Blume. 
Floivers often furnished with petals, fasciculate, spicate, racemose, or paniculate. 
Ovary with the cells 1-ovuled. 

167. RICINUS. Toitrnef. Endl. Gen. 5809. 
[Latin, Ricimis, a tick, or bug ; from the resemblance of the seeds ] 

Flowers monoicous. Calyx 3 to 5-parted, — the lobes valvate in 
aestivation. Corolla none. Stam. Fl. Staviens numerous ; fila- 
ments variously united, and much branched ; anthers with the cells 
distinct and pendulous from the apex of the filament* Ovary glo- 
bose, 3-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; style short ; stigmas 3, deeply 2- 
parted, oblong, colored, plumose. Capsule mostly echinate, 3 lobed 
(tricoccozts) ; cells or carpels 1-seeded. 

1. R. communis, L. Stem herbaceous, pruinose ; leaves alternate, 
petiolate, peltate, palmately 5 to 7-lobed. — the lobes lanceolate, 
glandular -serrate ; capsule echinate. Willd. Sp. Fl. 4. p. 564. 

Common Ricinus. Vulgo — Castor-oil Bean. Palma Christi. 

Fr. Le Riein ordinaire. Germ. Der Wunderbaum. Span. Ricino. 

R%ot annual. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, stout, branched, terete, nodose, smooth, 
mostly purplish and covered with a glaucous powder. Leaves 6 to 12 inches across, 
palmate-lobed, — the undivided portion nearly orbicular; petioles 3 to 6 niches long, 



154 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

with a gland at apex, and sometimes 1, 2, or 3, near the base; stipule opposite to 
each leaf, embracing the stem, caducous. Flowers terminal, paniculate, — the 
staminate below, the pistillate above — all on articulated pedicels. Calyx yellow- 
ish-green. Pistils purple and glaucous. Capsule covered with subulate points. 
Seeds subovoid, smooth, mottled. Gardens and fields; cultivated. Native of In- 
dia. Fl. July — September. Ft. Sept. — October. 

Obs. This plant is extensively cultivated, in the South western 
States, for the valuable medicinal oil afforded by its seeds ; and I 
have seen considerable fields of it, in the warm sandy districts of 
New Jersey. It is rarely seen in Pennsylvania, — except as a curi- 
osity, in gardens. In tropical regions, it is said to be perennial, 
and shrubby. 

ORDER CXXIV. JUGLANDACEAE. DC. Lindl. 

Trees. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, without stipules. Flowers monoicous. 
Stam. Fl. in aments, with a membranous irregular calyx. Stamens indefinite. 
Pistillate Fl. mostly in small terminal clusters: Calyx-tube adherent to the 
ovary ; limb small, 3 t<> 5-parted,— sometimes with the addition of as many small 
petals .' Ovary incompletely 'J to4-celled, with a single ovule. Fruit drupaceous, — 
the epicarp (coating r>f the nut) fibrous-fleshy and indehiscent, or coriaceous and 
opening by valves, — the endocarp (shell or nut) woody and rugosely sulcate, or 
bony, ribbed and smooth, 2 to 4-celled at base. Seed erect, 2 to 4-lobed at base, — 
the lobes occupying the cells of the nut : embryo shaped like the seed : albumen 
none. Cotyledons thick, fleshy and oily, 2-lobed, sinuate-torulose. 

A small but interesting Order, — of which the more important genera and 
species are here noticed. 

168. JUGLANS. L. Endl. Gen. 5890. 
[Latin, Jovis Glans, the nut of Jupiter - r by way of eminence.] 

Monoicous : Staminate Fl. lateral, amentaceous. Aments simple,, 
cylindric, proceeding from buds distinct from the leaves, on branches 
of the preceding year. Calyx adnate to an entire 1-fiowered bract, 
5 or 6-parted, — the segments membranaceous, unequal, concave, 
imbricated in aestivation. Stamens numerous, sub-sessile. Pistil- 
late Fl. terminal, solitary, or few and clustered. Calyx-tube ovoid, 
adherent to the ovary, — the limb 4 or 5-cleft, Petals 4, minute, in- 
serted at the summit of the calyx alternately with the segments,, 
slightly connected by their dilated bases, spreading at apex. Ovary 
1-celled above, 4-celled at base, — the dissepiments doubled, united 
at the centre and forming a thick receptacle of the ovule ; ovule 
single, erect, sessile at the apex of the receptacle ; styles 2, very 
short; stigmas 2, elongated, recurved, papillose-fimbriate. Fruit 
drupaceous, containing a single nut, — the epicarp somewhat fleshy, 
fibrous within, indehiscent or opening irregularly, — the nut woody, 
rugose and irregularly sulcate, 4-celled below, 1-celled above, 2- 
valved, 1-seeded. Seed affixed to the thick receptacle, erect, 4- 
lobed below, — the lobes thrust into the cells of the nut ; testa mem- 
branaceous, thin ; cotyledons fleshy, sinuate-lobed ; plumule 2-leaved, 
pinnate. T?ees, with simple aments. Fruit indehiscent . 

1. J. nigra, L. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, subcordate at base, the 
under surface and petioles slightly pubescent ; drupe globose, 
roughish-dotted, spongy; nut subglobose, rugose-sulcate. Willd. 
Sp. PI. 4. p. 456. Fl. Cestr. p. 543. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 30. 

Black Juglans. Vidgo — Black Walnut. • 

Stem 40 to 60 or 80 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter, with spreading crooked 
branches, — often forming a broad roundish and rather open top. Leaflets 2 to 4 



JUGLANDACEAE 155 

inches long, serrate, subsessile, in 7 to 10 pairs, with a terminal odd one which is 
often starved, or abortive. Aments about 2 inches long. Pistillate flowers in small 
terminal clusters of 2 to 4, on a short common peduncle. Drupe an inch and half 
lo 2£ inches in diameter, mostly globose, sometimes oval or oblong-ovoid, green- 
ish-yellow when mature, — the epicarp (or "hull") more or less succulent and 
spongy. Rich woodlands ; fence-rows, &c. : throughout the U. States. Fl. May. 
Ft. October. 

Obs. The dense dark-brown wood of this species is valuable, — 
and is much used by Cabinet-makers, as a substitute for Mahogany. 
The spongy epicarp is often employed as a domestic dye-stuff, — and 
the nucleus, or kernel, although somewhat oily, is generally esteemed. 
The youvg fruit and leaves, when rubbed or bruised, emit a strong 
and not unpleasant resinous odor. This tree, when prevalent, is a 
pretty sure indication of a fertile soil ; but it exerts an unfriendly 
influence on many cultivated plants (especially, it is said, upon the 
young hedges of Virginia Thorn), if placed in its immediate vicinity. 

2. J. cinerea, L. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, rounded at base, 
softly pubescent beneath, with the petioles villous ; drupe ovoid- 
oblong, coriaceous, viscid-pubescent ; nut elliptic-oblong, acuminate, 
conspicuously sculptured. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 456. Fl. Cestr.p. 543. 
J. cathartica. Mx. Sylva, 1. p. 160. Icon, tab. 31. 
Cinereous Juglans. Vulgo — White Walnut. Butter-nut. 

Stem 15 to 20 or 30 feet high, and 6 to 12 or 18 inches in diameter, with numer- 
ous branches and a smoothish cinereous bark. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, 
serrate, sessile, softly pubescent and paler beneath, in 7 or 8 pairs with a termi- 
nal odd one. Aments 3 lo 5 inches long. Pistillate flowers 3 to 5 or 7, in a termi- 
nal spike, rather distant, sessile on a long common peduncle. Drupe2 to 3 inches 
long, and 1 to near 2 inches in diameter, elliptic-ovoid with a short tapering pro- 
tuberance at apex, often slightly compressed and obscurely angular, softly hairy 
and clammy, — the epicarp somewhat coriaceous: nut oval, acuminate, somewhat 
compressed, deeply sulcate, with the ridges sharp and irregular. Rich bott m 
landsj along streams. &c. : throughout the U. States. Fl. May. Fr. Sept. — Octo. 

Obs. This is a smaller tree than the preceding — often rather a 
large branching shrtib, — and the wood is much less valuable. The 
hark affords an extract, which is a convenient and popular cathartic. 
The young drupes, collected about the last of June, make excellent 
pickles. The kernel of the mature fruit is oily, and soon becomes 
rancid, — so that it cannot be eaten. 

3. J. regia, L. Leaflets oval, rather acute, smooth, nearly entire; 
fruit roundish-oval. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 455. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. 
tab. 29. 

Royal Juglans. Vulgo — English Walnut. Madeira Nut. 

Fr. Noyer commun. Germ. Die Wallnuss. Spa?i. Noguera. 

Stem 20 to 30 or 40 feet high, and 9 to 15 inches or more in diameter, branched. 
Leaflets 2 to 5 inches long, acute, or sometimes rounded and emarginale at apex, 
subserrate or entire, villous in the angles of the nerves beneath, in 3 to 5 pairs 
with a terminal odd one, — the lower pairs smaller. Aments ovoid-oblong, 2 to 3 
inches in length. Pistillate floivers in small terminal clusters of 2 or 3, on a rather 
short common peduncle. Drupe oval or subglobose-, mucronate, about 2 inches long 
and 1 or 2 inches in diameter, with a smoothish subcoriaceous epicarp ; nut oval, 
subcompressed, smoothish or somewh it corrugated. About houses: cultivated. 
Native of Persia. Fl. May. Fr. October. 

Obs. This oriental species is called English Walnut, in conse- 
quence, as I suppose, of its having come to us by way of the mother 
country. Such misnomers are not unfrequent, among cultivated 



156 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

plants. This one is occasionally cultivated for the young fniit,— 
which makes a favorite picMe. The tree is rather impatient of the 
climate, in the rural districts of Pennsylvania ; but does very well 
in the shelter afforded by our cities and large towns. The nuts are 
rarely perfected, here ; but those imported, are more highly esteemed 
than our native walnut. 

169. CARYA. Nutt. Endl. Gen. 5889. 
[Greek, Karya, — the ancient name of the Walnut tree.] 

Flowers monoicous, proceeding from the same buds with the leaves. 
St.oi. Fl. lateral, amentaceous. Aments ternately branched, slen- 
der, situated below the leaves. Ca/ya; adnate to an entire 1-flowered 
bract, 2 or 3-parted,-^-the segments membranaceous, ovate. Stamens 

3 to 6 ; anthers hairy. Pistillate Fl. terminal, in small clusters. 
Calyx-tube ovoid, adherent to the ovary, — the limb 4-cleft. Corolla 
none. Ovary as in Juglaus ; stigma sessile, large, discoid, 4-lobed, 
papillose. Fruit drupaceous, — the epicarp coriaceous, opening 
more or less completely by 4-valves ; nut bony, smooth, often some- 
what 4-angled. Trees, with compound aments. Fruit opening by 

4 valves. Pubescence stellate. 

1. C. Alea, Nutt. Leaflets mostly 5, obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
sharply serrate, villous beneath, — the terminal one petiolulate ; 
aments smoothish; fruit depressed-globose; epicarp thick; nut 4- 
angled, compressed, with the shell thin. Fl. Cestr. p. 544. 

Juglans compressa. Mx. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 458. 

J. squamosa. Mx. Sylva, l.p. 181. Icon, tab. 36. 

White Carya. Vulgd — Shell-bark, or Shag-bark Hickory. 

Stem 60 to SO feel high, and 1 to 2 feet or more in diameter, with the outer baric ex- 
foliating in long scales or plates, which generally adhere in the middle, while one 
or both ends are detached and elevated, making the surface very rough and shaggy. 
Leaflets rtM*\\y in 2 pairs with a terminal odd one, 3 or 4 to 6, 8 or 10 inches long, 
the terminal one usually largest, and the lower pair much smaller. Aments at the 
base of the young growth, 2 or 3 to 4 or 5 inches long, triple or 3-parted on a common 
peduncle, smoothish, pendulous, with a linear-lanceolate bract at the base of each 
branch or lateral ament. Stamens mostly 4, — the anthers somewhat hairy. Pistil- 
late fotvers terminal, mostly 2 or 3 together, sessile on a common peduncle. Fruit 
somewhat umbilicate at the ends, and depressed or sulcate along the sutures of the 
valves; epicarp (or hull) thick and snbearnosely coriaceous, opening at maturity 
into 4 distinct valves or pieces ; nut about an inch long, suborbicular or oval, com- 
pressed and somewhat 4-angled, white, — the shell thin and frangible, — the seed or 
kernel rather large, oily sweet and esculent. Low lands; along streams, &e. 
New England to Carolina. FL May. Fr. October. 

Obs. The nuts of this tree are well known, and highly esteemed. 
I think there are some varieties, — with the bark less shaggy, the 
fruit with a thinner epicarp, a thicker shell, and the kernel of infe- 
rior quality. The whole genus is believed to be peculiar to this 
continent, — and is celebrated for affording a superior quality of fire- 
wood.* 

2. C. tomentosa, Ntttt. Leaflets mostly 7, oblong-lanceolate, acu- 

* Mr. Emerson, in speaking of the Hickories of Massachusetts, seems to give this 
species the precedence, for the fuel it yields, — as well as for its excellent nuts. I 
think I am not mistaken, however, in saying that, in Pennsylvania, the following 
species (viz. C. tomentosa, Nutt. or White-heart Hickory,) is considered superior to 
all others, as fire-wood. In selecting Hickory wood, for fuel, experienced house- 
keepers, in this region, always give the preference to that which has the least red 
in it. 



JUGLANDACEAE 157 

initiate, slightly serrate, roughish-pubescent and resinous-dotted 
beneath, — the terminal one subsessile ; aments tomentose ; fruit 
ovoid or elliptic-oblong ; epiearp very thick ; nut somewhat 6-angled, 
with the shell thick and strong. Fl. Gestr. p. 546. [Pursh. 

Juglans alba. L. W'dld. Sp. PL 4. p. 457. Not of Michaux & 

J. tomentosa. Mx. Si/lva, 1. p. 176. Icon, tab. 35. 

Tomentose Carya. Vu J go — White-heart Hickory. 

Stem 60 to SO feet or more in height, and 18 inches to 2 feet in diameter, — the barh 
With the fibres interlocked and not exfoliating. Leaflets generally in 3 pairs with a 
terminal odd one, 3 or 4 to S inches long (the two lower pairs considerably smaller 
than the others), smoothish al>ove, clothed with a roughish stellate pubescence be- 
neath, and sprinkled with minute dark-purple particles among the pubescence. 
Aments 4 to 6 or 7 inches \>ng, filiform, pubescent. Pistillate flowers mostly 
in pairs, sessile on a short thick bracleate common peduncle. Fruit ovoid or ob- 
long-oval, large (often 2 inches or more in length, and 1J in diameter): epiearp \h\ck 
and coriaceous, opening by 4 valves more than half way to the base ; nut somewhat 
6-angled near the apex, — lUe shell very thick and bony, — the kernel rather small, 
and, though esculent, much inferior to the preceding. Upland forests : New Eng- 
land to Virginia. Fl. May. Fr. October. 

Obs. This species, also, appears to present several varieties,— 
some of them producing remarkably large fruit. All the Hickories 
are noted for affording good fuel ; but tire wood of this one (which 
is white to the heart — while the others are more or less red, within,) 
is considered the best of all, for that purpose. It is replete, in early 
summer, with a sweet syrup-like sap, — and when cut, at that sea- 
son, is much preyed upon by worms. The proper time for cutting 
it, is the month of August. 

3. C. porcina, Nutt. Leaflets 5 to 9 — usually 7 — lanceolate and 
obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth, resinous-dotted be- 
neath, — the terminal one subsessile ; fruit pyriform or subglobose; 
epiearp thin, partially opening ; nut with an even surface. Fl. 
Cestr. p. 546. 

Juglans porcina. Mx. Sylva, 1. p. 194. Icon, tab. 38. 

J. glabra, Willd. and obcordata. Lam. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 458. 

Hog Carya. — Vulgd — Pig-nut Hickory. Broom Hickory. 

Stem 40 to 60 or TO feet high, and 1 to 2 feel in diameter, with a close bark, and 
numerous tough branches. Leaflets usually in 3 pairs (not unfrequently in 2 or 
4 pairs.) with a terminal odd one, 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, generally smooth 
on both sides — sometimes a little pubescent beneath — sprinkled with minute pur- 
ple particles. Aments ternately branched or in pairs, 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, 
filiform, smoothish. Pistillate floicers terminal, solitary, or 2 or 3 sessile and ra- 
ther distant on a common peduncle. Fruit rather small, subglobose, oblong, or 
obovoid. — the obovoid variety often a little compressed and retuse, or obcordate : 
epiearp thin and coriaceous, opening partially (at summit) by 4 valves; nit 
smooth and even, — the shell often hard, but sometimes thin and frangible ; kerne 
often astringent and bitter, — sometimes esculent, but of inferior quality. Moist 
woodlands,"and low grounds : New England to Carolina Fl. May. Fr. Octo. 

Obs. The young saplings of this species were much used, formerly, 
for making splint brooms ; and the tough sprouts, or seedling plants, 
are often employed as ligatures, in rural economy, under the name 
of hickory withes* The wood, of the Older trees, is used by wheel- 
wrights for making axles of carts and wagons : and, like that of all 
the species, is much esteemed for fuel. The sj^ecies most likely to 
be confounded with this one, is the Bitter-nut Hickory (C. amara, 

14 



158 APETALOTTS EXOGENS 

Nutt.), but the latter is much less common, — at least in this regions 
4. C. olivaeformis, Nutt. Leaflets 11 to 15, lanceolate and some- 
what falcate, serrate, subsessile, — the terminal one petiolulate ; fruit 
obovoid-oblong ; epicarp rather thin ; nut olive-shaped, obscurely 
4-angled, with an even surface. [Sylva, 1. tab. 32. 

Juglans olivaeformis. Mx. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 457. Icon, Mx, 
Olive-shaped Carta. Vulgo — Pecan Hickory. Pecan nut. 

Stem 50 to 70 feet high. Leaflets in 5 to 7 or S pairs, with a terminal odd one, 
3 to 6 inches in length, smooth, with a short roughish pubescence on the midrib 
and nerves beneath. Fruit 1 to near 2 inches long ; nut with a thin frangible 
shell, — the kernel large. Wet, low grounds : Western and South-western States. 
Fl. April— May. Fr. Sept.— October. 

Obs. This tree is little known, in the North, except by its very 
fine nuts, — which are even superior to those of the admired Shell- 
lark. There are a few other species of Hickory, in the U. States j 
but the foregoing are those of chief interest to the farmer. 

ORDER CXXV. CUPULIFERAE. Richard. 

Trees, or shrubs. Leaves mostly alternate, simple, penninerved, with deciduous 
stipules. Flowers usually monoicous. Staminate Fl. in Aments, with either a 
scale-like or a regular calyx, and the stamens 1 to 3 times the number of its 
lobes. Pistillate Fl. either solitary, 2 or 3 together, or in clusters, — furnished 
with an Involucre which incloses the fruit, or forms a Cupule at its base. Calyx 
adherent to the ovary, — the limb minute, denticulate, often finally disappearing. 
Ovary 2 to 6-celled, withl or 2 pendulous ovules in each cell, — the dissepiments 
projecting from the parietes to the centre, finally for the most part vanishing; 
style columnar ; stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary, rigid, cartilaginous. 
Fruit (by abortion) a 1-celled 1-seeded indehiscent nut, coriaceous or bony, 
more or less embraced or inclosed by the involucre. Seed without albumen ; 
embryo with thick fleshy cotyledons. 

A highly important and valuable Order, — of which the principal Genera, and 
most interesting species (with the exception of Quercus Suber, L. from which 
Cork is obtained), are here noticed, 

170. OSTRYA. Michel. Endl. Gen. 1842. 
[Greek, Ostreon, a shell, or scale, — in allusion to the structure of the fruit.] 

Flowers monoicous. Staminate Fl. Aments cylindric, elongated, 
lateral and terminal. Calyx a simple scale without bract ; scales 
imbricated. Stamens numerous, inserted at the base of the scale ; 
anthers 1-celled, pilose at apex. Pistillate Fl. Aments terminal, 
loosely imbricated ; bracts small, deciduous. Scales of the involucre 
in pairs, hairy at base, membranaceous, uniting by their margins and 
inclosing 1 or 2 flowers. Calyx adherent to the ovary, somewhat 
urceolate, — the limb undivided, forming a very short tube, ciliate. 
Ovary 2-celled ; ovules solitary, suspended from the apex of the dis- 
sepiment ; stigmas 2, subsessile, elongated, filiform. Fruit in a 
strobile (or cone), formed of the scales of the involucre, which are 
membranaceous, nerved, and coalesced into utricles or little sacs. 
Nuts solitary within the utricles, compressed, ovate-lanceolate, 
smooth, 1-seeded. 

1. O. Virginica, Willd. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply 
serrate ; cones ovoid-oblong; buds acute. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 469. 
Fl. Cestr.p. 541. 

Carpinus Ostrya. L. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 30. Icon, tab. 109. [wood. 
Virginian Ostrya. Vulgd — Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever- 



CUPULIFERAE 159 

Stem 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 5 to 8 or 10 inches in diameter. Leaves 2 to 
4 inches long, on short petioles. Slaminate aments an inch to an inch and half 
long. Pistillate aments mostly terminal and solitary, 1 to near 2 inches long, 
slender and, while young, linear; flowers in pairs, — each pair subtended by an 
ovate-lanceolate tawny caducous bract; each flower contained in a membra- 
naceous sew formed by the united scales of the involucre. — the sac enlarging and 
becoming a bladder-like envelope of the nut, slightly inflated, ovate, imbricated, 
and forming altogether, at maturity, a pedunculate pendulous cone — about the 
size of, and much" resembling, the Common Hop. Woodlands: New England to 
Carolina.. Fl. April — May. Fr. September. 

05^. The wood of this small tree is remarkably firm and tough: 
and although neither very common, nor very important, — it may be 
well, perhaps, for the intelligent farmer to know what it is when he 
meets with it. According to Mr. Emerson, it is known by the 
name of Lever wood, in New England. The Common Horn-beam, 
or Water Beech (Carpinus Americana, -Mis.) — a large shrub, allied 
to this — is quite frequent along the banks of swampy rivulets. 

171. CORYLUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen, 1844. 
[Greek, Korys, a helmet, or cap ; in allusion to the involucrate fruit.] 

Flowers monoicous. Staminate Fl. Aments cylindric, with imbri- 
cated bracteal scales. Calyx of 2 collateral scales beneath the bract, 
and all three united at base. Stamens about 8; anthers 1 -celled, 
subsessile, ovoid, bristly at apex. Pistillate Fl. from subterminal 
buds, in small clusters at the ends of the branches, with entire 
bracts ; involucre of 2 or 3 (at first minute, but subsequently en- 
larging) villous leaflets, which are lacerate on the margin and 
coherent at base, embracing 1 or 2 flowers. Calyx adherent to the 
ovary, — the limb very minute, denticulate, villous. Ovary 2-celled ; 
ovules solitary, suspended from the apex of the dissepiment ; stigmas 
2, elongated, filiform. Nut (by abortion) 1-seeded, roundish-ovoid, 
obtuse, subcompressed, bony, smooth, solitary in the enlarged folia- 
ceous laeerate-dentate involucre. Seed pendulous ; testa very thin 
and membranaceous ; cotyledons elliptic, plano-convex. 

1. C. Americana, Marshall. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate ; 
stipules ovate-lanceolate ; involucre ventricose-campanulate, much 
larger than the nut, with the limb compressed, dilated, lacerately 
many-cleft. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 471. Fl. Cestr. p. 539. 

American Corylus. Vulgo — Hazel-nut. Wild Filbert. 

Shrub. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, slender, branching, — the young branches virgate, 
pubescent and glandular-hispid. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, varying from round- 
ish-cordate to ovate, and obovate, dentate-serrate, pubescent ; petioles one fourth 
of an inch to an inch long. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, caducous. Aments pre- 
ceding the leaves, 1 to 2 inches long. Pistillate floivers in pedunculate squa- 
tnose clusters. — the scales finally enlarging, uniting and forming the involucres 
of the nuts. Nut subglobose, somewhat compressed at apex, rather wider than 
long, finely pubescent, embraced by the subcoriaoeous involucre, which is twice 
as long as the nut, glandular-hirsute externally, ventricose at base, with the limb 
bilabiate and irregularly laeerate-dentate. Borders of thickets ; fence-rows, &c. : 
throughout the U. States. Fl. March — April. Fr. September. 

Obs. This shrub is generally well known, for its esculent seeds, — 
though I believe it has never been thought worth while to cultivate 
it. The Filbert, of Europe (Corylus Avellana, L.), — an allied 
species, bearing larger nuts, — is occasionally to be seen in gardens, 
and is probably worthy of culture ; but it is scarcely, as yet, intitled 



160 APETALOTJS EXOGENS 

to be reckoned among our cultivated plants.* Judging from the 
habit of Hazel bushes, and their tendency to form thickets, they aro 
probably the identical genus referred to, by Virgil, in the passage— 
"Hie inter densas Corylos &c." 

172. QUERCFS. L. Bndl. Gen. 1845. 
[Celtic, Qwer, handsome, or excellent, and Cuez, a tree ; on account of its value.} 

Flowers monoicous. Staminate Fl. Aments slender, pendulous, 
without bracts. Calyx 6 to 8- (mostly 5-) parted, — the segments 
unequal, ciliate, some of them occasionally bifid. Stamens 4 or 5 
to 10, inserted round a glandular disk at the base of the calyx; 
anthers 2-celled. Pistillate Fl. from buds which are axillary, or 
sessile on a common peduncle. Involucre 1 -flowered,— formed of 
minute bracts, and scales, imbricated in many series, and coalesced 
into a cwpule embracing the base of the flower. Calyx adherent to 
the ovary, — the limb C-cleft or obsoletely denticulate. Ovary 3 or 
4-celled; ovules in pairs in the cells, collateral, suspended from the 
apex of the inner angle ; stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary, 
subsessile, erect or spreading. Nut (or Acorn) by abortion 1 -seeded, 
ovoid or oblong, mucronate, coriaceonsly woody, embraced and more 
cr less included by the indurated cup-like involucre. Seed pendu- 
lous ; testa membranaceous, thin ; cotyledons plano-convex, thick 
and fleshy. 

m7 => The numerous species of Oak may. for convenience, be arranged in two 
principal Sections, — namely, those with biennial, and those with annual, fruit : 
and these, again, may be thrown into subordinate groups — distinguishable by the 
•outline or margin of the leaves, The most important, only, of each group, will 
be here described. 

§. 1. Fructification biennial : fruit subsessile. 

f Willow-leaved and Live-oak Group. 

heaves mostly entire, narrow and small, often ■perennial . 

1, Q. Phellos, L. Leaves deciduous, linear-lanceolate, tapering 
at each end, mucronate at apex, glabrous ; cupule saucer-shaped; 
acorn roundish. Willd. Sp. Fl. 4. p, 423. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. 
tab. 14. 
Vulgo — Willow-leaved Oak. Willow-Oak. 

Stem 40 to GO or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet or more in diameter, with a smooth- 
ish bark. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, subsessile, entire or tlie young ones some- 
times dentate. Acorn small, subglobose, seated in a shallow saucer-like subses- 
sile cup. Moist low grounds: New Jersey, and South. Fl. May. Fr. October. 

Obs. There are apparently some varieties of this, — or, if they are 
specifically distinct, nearly allied species. The tree sometimes 
acquires considerable size,— but the timber is not particularly valu- 
able ; and as it is rather local in its habitat, is not much known 
beyond those limits. The Oaks of this Section are remarkable for 
their biennial fructification, — the axillary pistillate flowers, which 

*The young forked twigs of the European Filbert, constitute the celebrated 
divining rod (virgula divinitoria) with which certain impostors, in the old world, 
practice upon the credulity of the ignorant. In our own Country, a kindred set 
of knaves, called " Water smellers." employ the twigs of Hamamelis Virg'nica, 
L. or Witch Hazel, for similar purposes. — and it is found to answer equally well- 
when they have fit subjects to practice upon ! 



CUPULIFERAE 161 

appear in the spring, remaining almost stationary the first season — 
the ovaries not enlarging, nor becoming mature fruit, until the suc- 
ceeding year ! In consequence of this peculiarity, the fruit, in the 
second year, ceases to be axillary (except in the evergreen species) — 
the leaves of the first summer having fallen, and left the fruit naked 
on the sides of the branches. 

2. Q. imbricaria, Mx. Leaves deciduous, lance-oblong or elliptic- 
lanceolate, acute at each end, mucronate, smooth and shining above, 
pubescent beneath ; cupule saucer-shaped ; acorn somewhat hemis- 
pherical. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 42S. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 15. 
Shingle Quercus. Vulgo — Laurel-leaved Oak. 

Stem 40 to 60 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, with a smoothish bark ; 
branches numerous and irregular. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, entire, somewhat 
crowded, on short petioles. Acorn rather small, roundish above, with a broad 
flattish base, so as to be nearly hemispherical, seated in a shallow subse§sile 
cup. Banks of streams : Western Slates. Ft. May. Fr. October. 

Obs. This species — being chieflly confined to the country west of 
the Alleghany Mountains — is but little known in the east : and al- 
though deriving its specific name from the roofing material which 
it affords, its timber is said to be of an inferior quality — even for 
that purpose, 

3. Q. virens, Ait. Leaves perennial, coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, 
somewhat toothed or angled on young trees, entire on old ones, with 
a revolute margin, rather acute at apex but not mucronate, stellately 
pubescent beneath; cupule turbinate, pedunculate; acorn oblong. 
Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 425. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 12. 

Green Quercus. Vulgo — Live Oak. 

Stem 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 1 or 2 to 5 or G feet in diameter, with numer- 
ous large wide-spreading crooked branches, — the wood remarkably dense and 
heav r y, with twisted gnarled fibres. Leaves an inch and half to 3 inches long, 
perennial, but a portion of them falling from the old trees every spring, dark 
green above, whitish beneath, on short petioles. Acorn ovoid-oblong or oval, of 
a dark brown color, seated in a bowl-shaped pedunculate cup, — the peduncle 
about an inch long, axillary. Sea-coast: Virginia to Florida. Fl. April. Ft. 

Obs. This noted tree — so valuable in ship-building — is pretty 
much confined to the sandy sea-coast of the Southern States. Its 
most northern locality appears to be at Old Point Comfort, near 
Norfolk, Virginia, — where it is reduced to quite a small tree. Four 
or five other species, belonging to this group, are found in the U. 
States — chiefly in the South ; but they are mostly small, and of little 
value. 

f f Black and Red-Oak Group. 

Leaves rtpand or sinuate-lobe d, rather large : lobes acute, — the points 
or nerves setaceously mucronate. 

4. Q. nigra, Willd. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, cuneate, dilated 
at apex, retuse or obscurely 3-lobed, smooth above, covered with a 
russet pulverulent pubescence beneath, when young the nerves seta- 
ceously mucronate j cupule subturbinate ; acorn ovoid. Willd. Sp, 
PL 4. p. 442. 

Q. ferruginea. Mx. Sylva, 1. p. 95. Icon, tab. 20. 

Black Quercus. Vulgo — Black Jack. Barren Oak. 

14* 



162 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

Stem 15 to 30 or 40 feet high, and 6 to 12 or 15 inches in diameter, with a 
thickish furrowed dark-colored bark ; branches numerous. Leaves 5 to 8 inches 
Ion"', much dilated at apex (4 to 6 inches wide), narrowed towards the base, on 
short petioles. Acorn ovoid, seated in a rather deep or bowl-shaped subsessile 
cup. Sterile soils : New Jersey to Florida. Fl. May. Fr. October. » 

Obs. This small tree — abundant in Maryland, and well known by 
the name of " Black Jack" — is chiefly valuable for fuel. 

5. Q. tinctoria, Bartr. Leaves obovate-oblong, sinuate-lobed, pul- 
verulent beneath ; cupule subturbinate ; acorn ovoid. Willd. Sp. 
PI. 4. p. 444. Fl. Cestr. p. 531. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 24. 
{fruit, tab. 25.) 

Dyer's Quercus. Vulgd — Black Oak. Quercitron. 

Stem GO to 80 or 90 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter, with a thickish 
deeply-furrowed dark-colored epidermis, and a spongy yellow inner bark. 
Leaves 6 or 8 inches long, obovate in their outline, more or less deeply sinuate- 
lobed (usually 3 principal lobes on each side), — the base obtuse or sometimes 
cuneately tapering, smoothish above, the under surface clothed with short stel- 
late or fasciculate hairs which present a pulvemlent appearance; petioles 1 to 2 
inches long. Acorn rather small, ovoid, seated in a subsessile cup, which is 
tapering at base. Rich upland forests : New England to Georgia. Fl. May. 
Fr. October. 

Obs. The wood of this species is not very durable, — neither is it 
much esteemed for fuel : Yet, in consequence of its abundance, it is, 
or has been, very extensively used for fencing, firewood and shin- 
gles. The straight fibres, and facility of splitting the wood, no doubt 
recommended it for shingles. The inner bark is an article of com- 
merce, under the name of Quercitron ; and is exported in large 
quantities to Europe, where it is employed in dying yellow. It has 
nearly superseded the use of Weld (Reseda luteola, L.) in Calico 
printing. The prevalence of this fine tree, in Woodlands, is an in- 
dication of a good soil for Agriculture. 

6. Q. coccinea, Waugenk. Leaves oblong, deeply sinuate-lobed, 
smooth, the lobes divaricate, acutely dentate, petioles rather long ; 
cupule subturbinate, conspicuously scaly ; acorn roundish-ovoid, a 
little depressed at apex. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 445. Fl. Cestr. p. 
532. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 25. (fruit, tab. 24.). 

Crimson Quercus. Vulgd — Red Oak. Scarlet Oak. 

Stem 60 to 90 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter. Leaves 5 to 8 inches 
long, deeply lobed (usually 4 principal lobes on each side), the sinuses rounded 
and wider at bottom, the base obtuse or sometimes rather cuneate, both surfaces 
smooth and shining green, with a dense pubescence in the axils of the nerves 
beneath, — finally becoming red, and spotted with deeper crimson; petioles 2 to 4 
inches long. Acorn roundish, depressed or slightly umbilicate at apex, — the 
lower half immersed in a rough scaly cup. Rich moist woodlands: New 
England to Georgia. Fl. May. Ft. October. 

Obs. This is a fine large tree, — and is remarkable for its crimson 
leaves, in autumn. The wood is much used for Coopers' stuff, &c. 
and the bark of this, and the two next following species, is esteemed 
the best, of all the Oaks, for the process of tanning. 

7. Q. rubra, L. Leaves oblong, smooth, sinuate-lobed, sinuses 
rather acute ; lobes incised-dentate with the teeth very acute ; cupule 
shallow, saucer-shaped, flat at base, nearly even on the outer surface ; 
acorn rather large and turgidly oblong-ovoid. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. 
p. 445. Fl. Cestr. p. 532. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 28. 



CUPt/lIFERAE 163 

Red Quercus. Vulgo — Red Oak. Spanish Oak (erroneously). 

Stem 60 to 90 feet high, and 2 to 4 feet in diameter. Leaves 5 to 8 or 9 inches 
long, often somewhat obovate, rather obtuse at base, sinuate-lobed (usually 3 
principal lobes on each side), the sinuses shallower and more acute than in the 
preceding species ; petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Acorn oblong-ovoid, plump and 
rather large, seated in a broad flat-bottomed saucer-like sessile cup, of which 
the scales are so compact as to present a smooth or nearly even surface. Hilly 
woodlands : Northern and Middle States. Fl. May. Fr. October. 

Obs. The wood of this species is also used for Coopers' stuff, &c. 
and the bark is in high repute with the Tanners.* This (and I 
think the preceding, also,) is often called " Spanish Oak," in dis- 
tricts where the true Spanish Oak is not found : but that name 
properly belongs to the following. 

8* Q. falcata, Mx. Leaves elongated and rather narrow, sinuate- 
lobed, or sometimes almost palmately 3-lobed, obtuse at base, densely 
tomentose beneath ; lateral lobes falcate, the terminal one longer and 
trifid ; cupule shallow, subturbinate ; acorn roundish-ovoid. Mx. 
Sylva, 1. p. 106. Icon, tab. 23. 
Q. elongata. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 444. 
Falcate Quercus. Vulgo — Spanish Oak. Red Oak. 

Stem 40 or 50 to 80 feet high, and 1 or 2 to 4 feet in diameter. Leaves 3 to G 
and 9 inches long, with 2 to 4 or 5 (usually 3) distant more or less falcate entire 
lobes on each side, — those on small trees, or young branches, often dilated and 
3-lobed at apex, with the side-lobes diverging; petioles about an inch Ion?. 
Acorn small, seated in a shallow saucer-like cup. which is tapering at base and 
supported on a short peduncle. Sandy, or sterile clay soils : New Jersey to 
Georgia. Fl. May. Fr. Octo. 

Obs. This tree (which is the genuine "Spanish Oak,") — so far as 
I have observed — seems to be pretty much confined to that dis'.rict, 
along the Atlantic coast, which is marked as alluvial, on Geological 
maps. It is said to grow very large, in the South ; but is rather below 
an average size, near its northern limits. The timber is reddish, 
coarse-grained and not very durable, — but is much used for the in- 
ferior kinds of Coopers' stuff. The bark, however, is reputed as 
preferable to that of every other species of Oak, for tanning. 
9. Q. palustris, Mx. Leaves oblong, deeply sinuate-lobed, smooth — 
lobes divaricate, acutely dentate, the sinuses broad ; cupule saucer- 
shaped ; acorn subglobose, small. Willd. Sp. PI. A. p. 446. Fl. 
Cestr.p. 532. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 27. 

Marsh Quercus. Vulgo — Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak. 

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, andl to 2 feet in diameter, with numerous rather 
slender horizontal or drooping branches, which are frequently very knotty. 
Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, deeply lobed (usually 3 lobes on each side) — the lobes 
rather narrow, diverging, the base of the leaves obtuse or often somewhat 
cuneate. both surfaces smooth, except a tuft of pubescence in the axils of the 
nerves beneath ; petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Acorn small (mostly numerous), 

* I observe that Mr. Emerson, in his truly valuable and interesting "Report 
on the Trees and Shrubs growing naturally in the Forests of Massachusetts," 
speaks of the bark of Quercus rubra as being 'almost worthless for the use of 
the tanner." I am, of course, unable to speak from personal or experimental 
knowledge ; but I have uniformly understood, from the Tanners of Pennsylvania, 
that the Red Oak bark ranked' next in value to that of the true Spanish Oak : 
and that impression is even now sustained by the testimony of my friend, Mr. 
Joshua Hoopes, of this Borough, — who is well acquainted, botanically, with 
our Forest trees; and, moreover; served a regular apprenticeship to the tanning 
business. 



164 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

seated in a smoothish shallow nearly flat-bottomed subsessile cup, which is of- 
ten abruptly tapering from the centre of the base. Wet low grounds : along 
rivulets, &c: New England to Pennsylvania, and West to Illinois. Fl. May. 
i> October. • 

Obs. The wood of this Oak is very firm, — and is much employed 
by wheelwrights, &c. It is quite common in Pennsylvania, — but 
does not appear to extend to the South. It would seem as if the 
Q.falcata, and this species, were distinctly located in the two great 
divisions of the U. States. Four or five additional species, belong- 
ing to this group, are found in the U. States; but they are not very 
important,— and some of them are quite small and scrubby. 

§. 2. Fructification annual: fruit mostly pedunculate. 

f White-Oak group. 

Leaves sinuate-lobed ; lobes obtuse and not mucronate. 

10. Q. obtusiloba, Mx. Leaves obovate-oblong, cuneate at base, 
pubescent beneath, irregularly sinuate-lobed,— the upper lobes dila- 
ted, retuse ; cupule hemispherical or bowl-shaped ; acorn elliptic- 
ovoid. Fl. Cestr.p. 533. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 5. 

Q. stellata. Wangenh. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 452. 

Obtuse-lobed Quercus. V-ulgo — Barrens White-Oak. Post Oak. 

Stem 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter ; branches irregular, 
spreading, densely pubescent when young. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, thick and 
coriaceous, mostly with 3 unequal lobes on each side and unequal angular 
sinuses, — the upper surface smoothish and shining (often roughish with short fas^ 
ciculate hairs, when young), the under surface pale ferruginous, or tawny, and 
clothed with a stellate pubescence; ptt'oles about half an inch long. Acorn 
rather small, oval or roundish-ovoid, with the apex often depressed or umbili- 
cate, — the lower half embraced by the scaly hemispherical cup. which is sessile, 
or the fruit often in small clusters on a common peduncle. Dry sterile hills; 
among serpentine rocks. &c. : New York to Florida. Fl. May. Ft. October. 

Obs. This tree, in Chester coiaity, Petm'a., seems to be confined 
to slaty barren hills, and exposed ridges of serpentine rock. The 
wood is very durable, and much valued for posts, &c. It also makes 
excellent fuel. 

11. Q. alba, L. Leaves oblong, pinnatifidly sinuate, — lobes nearly 
equal, oblong, obtuse, mostly entire, the sinuses narrow ; cupule 
somewhat bowl-shaped, tuberculate ; acorn ovoid-oblong. Willd. 
Sp. PI. 4. p. 44S. Fl. Cestr. p. 534. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 1. 
White Quercus. Vulgo — Common White Oak. 

Stem GO to SO and 100 feet high, and 2 to 4 or 5 feet in diameter, with a whitish 
or light grey bark. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, subcoriaceous, smooth, nearly 
equally pinnatifid. usually with 3 or 4 lobes on each side (sometimes cuneate 
and 3-lobed) ; petioles half an inch to an inch long. Acorn rather large, seated in 
a shallowish bowl-shaped cup, which is pubescent and rough externally with 
roundish tubercles, — the fruit generally in pairs, sessile on a common peduncle 
about half an inch long. Woodlands; throughout the U. States: often abun- 
dant in moist low clayey grounds. Fl. May. Fr. October. 

Obs. This is one of our finest and most valuable forest trees, — 
and frequently attains to an enormous size. Its prevalence, how- 
ever, is not so indicative of a good soil, as that of the Q. ti?ictoria, 
or Black Oak. The timber is firm and durable, though somewhat 
liable, when in the form of boards and scantling, to warp or spring. 



CUPULIFERAE 165 

It is extensively used in the mechanic arts, — especially by the 
Wheel-wright, the Mill-wright, and the Ship-wright. The keels of 
some of our finest National vessels have been obtained from this 
Oak. It also affords the best quality of Coopers' stuff, for making 
Liquor-casks. The bark is astringent and tonic, and is frequently 
employed in medical practice. The acorns are sweet, affording a 
nutritious and favorite food of swine. On young trees, the leaves 
are remarkably persistent, after they are killed by the frost, in au- 
tumn. Three other species, in the U. States, belong to this group, — 
remarkable for their large acorns, or large cupules ; but they are 
rather too rare, and too local in their habitat, to require a place in a 
practical farmer's Flora. 

f f Chesnut-Oak group. 

Leaves coarsely sinuate-dentate, — not lobed. 

12. Q. eicolor, Willd. Leaves oblong-obovate, rather acute, softly 
tomentose beneath, coarsely and unequally sinuate-dentate, entire at 
base; fruit mostly in pairs, sessile on long common peduncles; 
cupule hemispherical ; acorn ovoid-oblong. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 
440. Fl. Ccstr. p. 534. 

Q. Prinus discolor. Mx. Sylva, 1. p. 47. Icon, tab. 7. 
Two-colored Quercus. Vulgb— ISwamp White-Oak. 

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 
inches long, varying from broad-ovate to oblong and obovate, with coarse une- 
qual teeth which are dilated at base, rather acute and callous at apex, smooth 
above, clothed beneath with a soft velvety pubescence, which is either whitish, 
pale olive-colored, or greenish-ferruginous ; petioles about half an inch long. 
Fruit in pairs (or often single), on an axillary common peduncle 1 or 2 to 4 
inches long. Acorn rather large, seated in a roughish-pubescent bowl-shaped 
cup, — the margin of which is dentate with the points of the scales. Low 
grounds: along streams, &c. : Pennsylvania to Carolina. Fl. May. Fr. October. 

Obs. The timber of this is every way inferior in value to that of 
Q. alba. This, and all the following species of this subdivision, have 
considerable general resemblance ; so much, indeed, that the elder 
Michaux regarded them all as varieties of Q. Prinus. 

13. Q. Prinus, L. Leaves obovate and elliptic-oblong, acute or 
acuminate, finely pubescent beneath, coarsely and nearly equally 
sinuate-dentate, — the teeth obtuse ; fruit on short common pedun- 
cles ; cupule nearly hemispherical ; acorn oval. Willd. Sp. PI. A. 
p. 439. Fl. Cestr. p. 534. 

Q. Prinus palustris. Mx. Sylva. 1. p. 52. Icon, tab. 8. 
Vzclg: — Swamp Chesnut-Oak. Chesnut White-Oak. 

Stem GO to SO or 90 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter. Leaves 5 to 8 
inches long, penninerved with a coarse obtuse tooth for each nerve, and a small 
callus at the apex of each ; petio'es 1 to near 2 inches long. Fruit in pairs (1 
often abortive), on a common peduncle about half an inch long. Acorn large, 
oval, or ovoid-oblong, seated in a scaly bowl-shaped cup which embraces 
nearly one third of the nut. Moist low woodlands: Penna. to Florida. Fl. 
May. Fr. October. 

Obs. This is often a fine tree, and the timber valuable. 

14. Q. Montana, Willd. Leaves broad-obovate, acute, pubescent 
and subglaucous beneath, coarsely and nearly equally sinuate-den- 



166 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

tate, — the teeth short, broad and obtuse, submucronate ; fruit on 
short common peduncles ; cupule turbinate ; acorn elliptic-oblong. 
Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 440. Fl. Cestr. p. 535. 

Q. Prinus monticola. Mx. Sylva, 1. p. 56. Icon, tab. 9. 

Mountain Quercus. Vulgo — Rock Chesnut-Oak. 

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 feet in diameter, — when old, the 
bark thick and deeply furrowed. Leaves 4 or 5 to 8 or 9 inches long, broadly 
(and sometimes roundish-) obovate, rather unequal at base,— the teeth often 
shortly mucronate with a small callous point; petioles half an inch to an inch 
long. Acorn large, rather longer but not so thick as in the preceding (about 1£ 
inch long, and f of an inch in diameter), seated in a rather deep bowl-shaped or 
sub-turbmate cup. Hilly, rocky woodlands: New England to Carolina. Fl. 
May. Fr. October. 

Obs. The wood of this species is valuable, — and the bark is es- 
teemed by the Tanners. The acorns , also, are sweet and nutri- 
tious, — much sought after by swine. 

15. Q. Castanea, Muhl. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
pubescent and cinereous beneath, nearly equally dentate or sinuate-- 
serrate, — the teeth rather acute, and callous at apex ; fruit subses-* 
sile; cupule nearly hemispherical ; acorn elliptic-ovoid. Willd. Sp. 
PI. 4. p. 441. Fl. Cestr. p. 535. 

Q. Prinus acuminata. Mx. Sylva, 1. p. 61. Icon, tab. 10. 

Chesnut Quercus. Vulgo— Che%nut-Oak. Yellow Oak. 

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter. Leaves 3 to 6 inches 
long, the points of the teeth (and along the whole margin) callous, the upper 
surface smooth and yellowish-green, the under surface finely pubescent and 
whitish or cinereous : petioles half an inch to an inch long. Acorn rather small, 
seated in a pubescent bowl-shaped cvp. which embraces one third of the nut, 
and is either sessile on the branch or on a short common peduncle. Mountains; 
slaty hills, and banks of streams: Middle and Western States. Fl. May. Ft.- 
October. 

Obs. This is often a fine tree, — though not so common, in Eastern 
Pennsylvania, as the others of this subdivision. It presents some 
varieties — at least in the leaves ; but they generally have a striking 
resemblance to those of the Chesnut tree.. The acorns are said to 
be more sweet and nutritious than those of any other species. There 
is a dwarf species (Q. Chifiquapin, Mx.), belonging to this subdi- 
vision — common on our slaty hills ; but it is too small and unim- 
portant to require a more particular notice, here.. 

The fifteen Oaks, here described, are all noble trees, — and some 
of them of great value. They are emphatically (as Endlicher says 
of the Order,) " sylvamm decora" — the pride and ornament of our 
American forests ; and every young American Farmer should be 
able to distinguish them all, and to understand their intrinsic and 
relative importance. 

173. FAGUS. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 1847. 
[Latin — from the Greek, pkago, to eat ; the fruit being esculent.] 

Flowers monoicous. Staminate Fl. Ame?its globose, pendulous 
on long peduncles, with minute deciduous bracteal scales. Calyx 
campanulate, 5 or 6-cleft. Stamens 8 to 12. Pistillate Fl. from 
terminal buds, with numerous linear unequal bracts surrounding, 
and connate with, the 2-fiowered urceolate somewhat 4-lobed invo- 
lucre. Calyx adherent to the ovary, — the limb elongated, laciniate. 



CUPULIFERAE 167 

Ovary triquetrous, 3-celled ; ovules solitary, pendulous ; styles 3, 
filiform; stigmas lateral, fissure-like. Fruit capsule -form, — a cori- 
aceous or subligneous muricate involucre, finally 4-valved, usually 
containing 2 nuts. Nuts acutely triquetrous, crowned with the 
pilose limb of the calyx, by abortion 1-celled and 1 -seeded ; epicarp 
coriaceous; endocarp villous. Seed pendulous; testa membrana- 
ceous, thin ; cotyledo?is thick, fleshy, irregularly plicate. 

1. F. sylvatica, L. Leaves elliptic-ovate, acuminate, slightly 
dentate, ciliate on the margin ; nut ovoid-triquetrous, obtuse, mu- 
cronate. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 459. Fl. Cestr. p. 538. 

F. sylvestris. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 18. Icon, tab. 107. 

Wood Fagus. Vulgd — Beech-tree. White Seech. 

Fr. Le Hetre. Germ. Die Buche. Span. Haya. 

Stem 40 to 80 feet or more in height, and 1 to 2 feet or more in diameter, with 
a thin even-surf»ced whitish bark, and giving out numerous slender horizontal 
or depending branches, which subdivide and terminate in slender terete acumi- 
nate buds, near an inch in length. Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 inches long, more or less 
dentate, penninerved, and plicate along the nerves while young, silky-pilose, 
finally smoothish on the upper surface ; petioles one eighth to half an inch long ; 
stipules long, linear, membranaceous, tawny, caducous. Aments of staminate 
flowers very numerous, loosely subglobose, silky-pubescent, pale greenish- 
yellow, on slender silky-pilose peduncles an inch or inch and half long. InvO' 
lucres of the pistillate flowers fewer, roundish-ovoid, enlarging, coriaceous, 
muricate with flexible subulate squarrose or recurved points, ferruginous- 
pubescent, on rigid axillary peduncles about half an inch long. Nuts 1 or 2 in 
each involucre, pubescent, pale reddish brown. Low moist woodlands; through- 
out the U. States. Fl. May. Fr. September — October. 

Obs. The density and uniform texture of the wood, renders it 
valuable for many purposes, — such as plane-stocks, and other imple- 
ments of the mechanic arts. The leaves, especially of young trees, 
are remarkably persistent, after they are killed by frost, — often re- 
maining on the branches until late in the ensuing spring. The oily 
seeds afford a nutritious food for swine. 

The Beech — although a symmetrical and pretty tree — is seldom 
•cultivated, in this country, either for shade or ornament : And yet 
it would seem, from Virgil's Pastorals, that in the land of sweet do 
nothing (" dolce far niente "), the Italian Peasant, of ancient times, 
found an enviable enjoyment under its spreading branches — 
— " pat id ae recubans siib tegmine Fagi." 

174. CASTANEA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1848. 
[Named from a City of Thessaly (Castanea), — famed for Chesnuts.] 

Flowers monoicous, or very rarely perfect. Staminate Fl. indefi- 
nitely glomerate around axillary amentaceous spikes, rarely solitary, 
bracteolate. Calyx deeply 5 or 6-parted. Stamens 8 to 15 ; anthers 
incumbent. Pistillate and Perfect Fl. from axillary subsolitary 
buds, with numerous linear unequal bracts which are connate with 
the campanulate 1- to 3-flowered involucre. Calyx adherent to the 
ovary, — the limb 5 to 8-cleft. Stamens 5 to 12, mostly abortive, 
minute. Ovary 3 to 6-celled ; ovules solitary, pendulous; style 
V6ry short, "thick ; stigmas as many as the cells, setiform, spreading. 
Fruit capsule-form, — a coriaceous echinate involucre, containing 1 
to 3 nuts, and opening by 4 valves. Nuts ovoid when single, plano- 
convex or compressed when two or three, — 1-seeded by abortion. 



168 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

Seed pendulous ; epicarp coriaceous ; endocarp fibrous ; testa mem- 
branaceous, sinuately folded, — the' folds lining the chinks or fissures 
of the kernel ; cotyledons thick, farinaceous, often unequal, plicate, 
closely cohering. 

1. C. vesca, Gaertn. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mu- 
cronately sinuate-serrate, smooth on both sides. Willd. Sp. FL 4. 
p. 460. FL Cestr. p. 536. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 3. tab. 104. 

Eatable Castanea. Vulgo — Chesnut. Chesnut tree. 

Fr. Le Chataignier. Germ. Der Kastanienbaum. Span. Castaiio. 

Stem 60 to SO or 90 feet high, and 2 to 4 or 5 feet in diameter. Leaves 6 to 
inches long; petioles about half an inch long; stipules linear-lanceolate, entire, 
smoothish, caducous. Staminate flowers small, whitish or ochroleucous, in 
Blender pubescent interrupted spikes or aments, 4 to 8 inches in length. — the 
florets crowded in dense bracteate clusters: stamens long. Pistillate flowers 
mostly 3 together, in a scaly squarrose ovoid involucre. Involucre usually soli- 
tary — sometimes 3 or 4 in a cluster — subsessile, enlarging, finely globose, about 
2 inches in diameter, thickly covered with acute compound or coalesced prickles, 
opening at maturity by 4 valves or lobes, densely villous within. Nuts 3 (by 
abortion often 2, or 1), roundish-ovate, acuminate, reddish-brown, smooth below, 
the upper half covered with a grayish-tawny pubescence ; the middle nut flatted 
on both sides, the lateral ones convex or gibbous externally, — and when the 
lateral ones are both abortive, the central one becomes roundish-ovoid. Upland 
forests, — abundant on sterile slaty hills : throughout the U. States. FL June. 
Fr. October. 

Obs. The American Chesnut-tree is scarcely more than a variety 
of the European, — the chief difference being in the size of the fruit. 
The nuts of our native Chesnut-tree are smaller, and the kernels 
much sweeter, than those of the European variety — or " Spanish 
Chesnut," as it is commonly called. The wood of the Chesnut-tree 
is light, easily split, and rather brittle, — yet very durable : not es- 
teemed for fuel, but highly valued for making fences. The tree 
seems naturally to abound on our sterile slaty hills, and is of rapid 
growth, — being speedily reproduced, by suckers from the stump, 
when cut off — and therefore well calculated to keep up a supply of 
fencing timber. 

2. C. piniiLA, Mill. Leaves obovate-oblong, acute, serrate or den- 
ticulate, whitish-tomentose beneath. Willd. Sp. FL 4. p. 461. FL 
Cestr. p. 537. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 3 tab. 105. 

Dwarf Castanea. Virfgd — Chinquapin. 

Stem 6 to 10 or 12 feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 inches in diameter. Leaves 2 to r) 
inches long, mucronately serrate or sometimes denticulate, green and smoothish 
above, clothed with a soft dense cinereous tomentum beneath; petioles about half 
an inch in length Staminate flowers in aments, 1 or 2 to 4 inches long, slender 
and numerous. Involucies of the pistillate flowers in spikes, or clustered on 
short tomentose axillary branches or common peduncles, enlarging, finally glo- 
bose, an inch or inch and half in diameter, pubescent and prickly, opening at 
summit with 4 lobes or valves. Nut (by abortion?) constantly solitary, small, 
ovoid, acute, dark brown, pubescent at summit. Sterile soils : Maryland to 
Florida. Fl. June. Fr. October. 

Ohs. This shruh is rarely seen, north of Maryland. The kernels 
are remarkably sweet and pleasant to the taste, — but are scarcely 
half the size even of our native Chesnut. The seeds of both Chesnut 
and Chinquapin — and especially of the latter — axe very subject to 
be preyed upon, by worms. 



BETULACEAE 169 

ORDER CXXVII. BETULACEAE. Richard. Bartl. 

Trees, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, straight-veined; stipules free, decidu- 
ous. Floivers monoicous ; both kinds in axillary aments, and usually naked, — 
placed 2 or 3 together in the axil of each 3-lobed bract. Stamens definite. Ovary 
2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; stigmas 2, sessile, filiform. Fruit membranaceous or 
samaroid, by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded, forming with the 3-lobed bracts a 
kind of strobile. Seed destitute of albumen. 

'An Order consisting of the two genera here noticed. The peculiar odor of 
Russia leather, is said to be owing to a pyroligneous oil obtained from the 
Betula alba, L. a European species ; and, according to Sir W. J. Hooker, a 
wine is made of the sap of the same tree, in Scotland. 

175. BETULA. Toumef. JBndl. Gen. 1840. 
[Supposed from Betu, — the Celtic name for the Birch.] 

Staminate Aments with the scales peltate, bibracteolate, 3-flower- 
ed. Calyx a scale. Stamens 4 ; anthers subsessile, oblong, 1-celled. 
Pistillate Aments with the scales 3-lobed, imbricated. Calyx none. 
Ovaries 3 under each scale, sessile, 2-celled ; ovules solitary, pendu- 
lous from the apex of the dissepiments ; stigmas 2, filiform. Fruit 
an ament-like strobile, with membranaceously margined scales. 
Nuts lenticular, samaroid or winged. 

1. B. nigra, L. Leaves rhomboid-ovate, acute, doubly serrate, entire 
at base, pubescent beneath ; pistillate aments subsessile, somewhat 
erect, elliptic-oblong ; scales villous,— the lobes sub-linear, obtuse. 
Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 464. Fl. Cestr. p. 539. 

B. rubra. Mx. Sylva,2. p. 99. Icon, tad. 72. 
Black Betula. Vulgb — Black Birch. Red Birch. 

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, — the young trees and 
branches with a smoothish cinnamon-colored bark, — the outer layers of old bark 
exfoliating in broad thin revolute laminae or sheets. Leaves 1 to 4 inches long; 
petioles 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch in length ; stipules small, oblong-lanceo- 
late. Staminate aments 2 to 3 inches long, flexible and pendulous. Pistillate 
aments about an inch long, oblong, obtuse, on short peduncles; scales 3-cleft 
two thirds of their length, — the segments equal, linear or spatulate-linear, ob- 
tuse. Nut compressed, ovate, with a membranaceous margin whieh is widest 
towards the base. Lew grounds; banks of streams : New Jersey to Carolina. 
Fl. April. Fr. August. 

Obs. The timber of the Birches is not particularly valuable,—* 
though some of them afford tolerable specimens of lumber, as well 
as good fuel. The virgate branches were famous instruments in the 
hands of Pedagogues, of the olden time, in promoting good order, 
and a close attention to study, among the rising generation :* But 
<( the march of mind," in the present day, has rendered such auxili- 
aries nearly obsolete 1 The flexible twigs of this species, — instead 
of being used to stimulate idle boys to learn their lessons — are chiefly 
employed for making coarse brooms, to sweep streets and court- 
yards, in our Cities. 

2. B. lenta, L. Leaves cordate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate ; 
pistillate aments subsessile, somewhat erect, elliptic-ovoid ; scales 
roughish-pubescent, — the lobes ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, pro- 
minently veined. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 464. Fl. Cestr. p. 540. Icon, 
Mx. Sylva, 2. tab. 74. 

Soft or Pliant Betula. Vulgo — Sweet Birch. Cherry Birch. 

-" afflictive Birch, 



" Curs'd by unletter'd, idle youth." 

J. Philips. 
15 



170 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

Stem 30 to 60 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter; branches numerous, slen- 
der, pliable, smooth and dotted with small white scars. Leaves 3 or 4 inches 
long, thinnish, varying from ovate-oblong to obovate, mostly somewhat cordate 
and often a little unequal at base, — the upper surface sprinkled with long hairs — 
the margin and nerves beneath hairy; petioles about half an inch long, pilose. 
Staminate amtnts 2 to 3 inches long, larger than in the preceding species. Pis- 
tillate aments about an inch long, and two thirds of an inch in diameter; scales 
3-cleft nearly half their length, — the lobes prominently keeled and nerved, hir- 
sutely ciliate. Nut compressed, elliptic-obovate, acute at each end, with a 
membranaceous margin which is broader towards the summit, and somewhat 
ciliate, — but every where narrower than in the preceding. Mountain forests : 
throughout the U. States. Fl. April. Fr. August. 

Obs. The wood of this species is colored reddish, — something like 
that of the Wild Cherry (Cerasus serotina, DC.) ; and it is used, 
like that, in making Cabinet-ware, bedsteads, &c. The bark and 
young twigs are pleasantly aromatic, — and were formerly employed 
in domestic brewings, diet-drinks, &c. 

3. B. papyracea, Ait. Leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, — 
the veins beneath hirsute, petioles glabrous ; pistillate aments pe- 
dunculate, nodding, nearly cylindric ; scales with the lateral lobes 
short, sub-orbicular. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 464. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 
2. tab. 69. 

Paper Betula. Vidgo — Paper Birch. Canoe Birch. 

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 feet in diameter ; branches slen- 
der and flexible, — the shining brown bark dotted with white. Leaves 2 to 3 
inches long ; 2 ) ?lioles about half an inch long. Pistillate aments about an inch 
long, pendulous on a peduncle three-fourths of an inch in length. New England, 
and Canada. Fl. April — May. Fr. July — August. 

Obs. The wood of this, is considered less valuable than that of the 
preceding species ; but the tree is remarkable, as furnishing, in its 
thin firm and durable bark, the material of which the Aborigines of 
our country made their portable Canoes. Various other articles — 
as boxes, baskets, &c. are manufactured from the bark. There are 
several other species of Betula, in the U. States, — as the B. excelsa, 
Ait. a tree of considerable size, in British America and the northern 
parts of New England, — and the B. populifolia, Ait. a small tree, 
very abundant in some portions of New Jersey — beside some shrubby 
ones : But I have supposed the preceding to be those of chief interest 
to the farmer, and have therefore omitted the others. 

176. ALNUS. Toiirnef. Endl. Gen. 1841. 
[The Latin name for the Alder.] 

Staminate Aments with the scales peltate, 5-bracteolate beneath, 
3-flowered. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, inserted at the base of the 
calyx-lobes, and opposite them; anthers ovoid, 2-celled. Pistillate 
Aments with the scales imbricated, fleshy. Calyx of 4 scale-like 
sepals. Ovaries 2 under each scale, sessile, 2-celled ; ovules soli- 
tary, pendulous ; stigmas 2, filiform. Strobile formed of coalescing 
scales and bracteoles, which become woody. Nuts woody, com- 
pressed, angular, not winged, by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded. 

1. A. serrulata, Willd. Leaves obovate, sub-acuminate, doubly 
serrulate ; stipules oval, obtuse. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 336. Fl. Cestr. 
p. 525. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 2. tab. 15. Jig. 1. 
Serrulate Alnus. Vulgd — Common Alder. Candle Alder. 



BETULACEAE 171 

Stem 3 to 10 or 12 feet high, and half an inch to 1 or 2 inches in diameter, 
with crooked and rather rigid branches. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, strongly 
nerved, sub-plicate, thick and subconaceous. smoothish ; petioles about half an 
inch long. Staminate aments one and a half to near 3 inches long, cylindrical, 
slender, flaccid, pendulous and sub-fasciculate near the ends of the branches; 
scales reddish-brown ; anthers yellow. Pistillate aments half an inch to near an 
inch long, oblong, rigid, dark purplish-brown, persistent, on short lateral bran- 
ches below the staminate ones. — when in flower, bristled with the dark- purple 
exserted stigmas. Swamps, and margins of rivulets ; throughout the U. States. 
Fl. March— April. Fr. October. 

Obs. This shrub is of little or no value; — and is only noticeable 
as a frequent intruder in swampy meadows, and along rivulets,— 
where, if neglected, the bushy growth soon gives the premises a 
slovenly appearance. It is true, the Alders often make a comfort- 
able shade for the Trout, in the little pools of our meadow rivulets : 
but the tidy farmer likes to keep even the margins of those streams 
clear of weeds and bushes. 

ORDER CXXVIII. SALICACEAE. Richard. Lindl. 

Trees, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple : stipules scale-like and deciduous, or 
foliaceous and persistent. Flowers dioicous ; both kinds in- Aments, destitute of 
floral envelopes, one under each bract. Stamens 2 to several, sometimes mona- 
delphous; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled, many-ovul- 
ed ! styles 9, very short ; stigmas 2 to 3-lobed. Fruit a follicular kind of capsule, 
opening at apex by 2 valves. Seeds numerous, ascending; funiculus short, 
thick, snlitting into a silky-lanuginous coma! Albumen none. 
An Order comprising the Willoios and true Poplars. 

177. SALIX. Toicrnef. E?idl. Gen. 1903. 
[Celtic, Sal. near, and Lis. water ; alluding to its place of growth.] 

Staminate Aments with entire bracts. Calyx none. Receptacle 
gland-like. Stamens 2 to 5 ; filaments free, or more or Jess connate. 
Pistillate Aments with entire bracts. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules 
numerous, on parietal placentae near the base ; stigmas 2, subses- 
sile, 2-lobed. Capsule follicular, 1-celled, 2-valved, — the valves 
bearing the erect comose seeds in the middle, near the base. 

1. S. vitellina, L. Branches rather erect, yellow ; leaves lance- 
olate, glandular-serrulate or nearly entire, smoothish and yellowish- 
green above, silky-pilose and glaucous beneath ; aments coetaneous. 
Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 66S. Fl. Cestr. p. 562. 
Egg-yolk Salix. Vufgo — Yellow Willow. Golden Osier. 
Fr. Osier jaune. Germ. Die Dotter-weide. Span. Sauce. 

Stem 30 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter at base ; branches nu- 
merous, with a smooth shining orange-yellow bark. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches 
long, generally lanceolate and acute, with indistinct cartilaginous glandular ser- 
ratures, — not unfrequently obovate-oblong. obtuse and entire (especially when 
young, or the early ones at the base of young branches): petioles 1 or 2 lines 
long; stipules minute, ovate-lanceolate, caducous. Pistillate aments about 2 
inches long; scales ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, externally pubescent. About 
houses; meadows, &c. : introduced. Fl. April. Fr. 

Obs. This was introduced from Europe, at an early period, as a 
shade-tree about houses, and spring-heads or fountains, — and has 
become almost naturalized in some spots : but is gradually giving 
place to the more graceful Babylonia?} Willotv. It is propagated 
by cuttings, — and spreads also by the roots. I have never observed 
any but pistillate trees. A variety with paler branches (perhaps 
S. alba, of authors), is also frequently to be seen, in old settlements ; 
and, I think, has been cultivated, by the manufacturers of Gun- 



172 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

powder, in order to obtain charcoal from the wood. Sir W. J. 
Hooker says, the twigs of the S. vitellina are used, in Europe, " as 
an Osier," for making baskets. 

2. S. Babylonica, L. Young branches very slender, flaccid and 
pendulous ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrulate or 
nearly entire ; stipules minute, ovate, glandular-dentate ; aments 
coetaneous. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 671. 

Babylonian Salix. Tulgo — Weeping Willow. Drooping Willow. 
Fr. Saule pleureur. Germ. Babylonische Weide. Span. Sauce de 
Babilonia. 

Stem 30 to 50 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter at base, widely branch- 
ing above, — the young branches greenish, very numerous, slender, long and 
perpendicularly pendent. Leaven 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, narrow-lanceolate, the 
larger ones with a long acumination, smooth ; petioles 1 or 2 lines long. Pistil- 
late aments about an inch long, mostly ascending, or turned up, on the pendulous 
branches; scales lanceolate, smooth. About houses : introduced. Fl. April. Fr. 

Obs. This elegant and interesting species — a native of the East — 
is deservedly admired, and much cultivated, as a shade-tree. The 
pistillate plant, only, has been introduced to this country. Its spe- 
cific name was given, by Linnaeus, under the idea that it might be 
the tree so touchingly referred to, in the 137th Psalm : — " By the 
rivers of Babylon , there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we re- 
membered Zion. We hanged our harps upon the Willows in the 
midst thereof." 

In addition to these, there has been introduced to some extent, the 
•S. vimi?iali3, L. or common Osier, of Europe, — the pliable branches 
of which are wrought into baskets ; and also a species which I have 
supposed to be the S. R?tsselliana, of Smith : But, as they scarcely 
come within the scope of the present work, I do not insert them. 
Most of our native Willows are mere shrubs, — of little or no Agri- 
cultural interest. 

178. POPULUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1904. 
[Latin, Populus, the people : the tree of the people; being used to shade public 

walks.] 

Staminate Aments with Iaciniate or fringed bracts. Calyx subtur- 
binate, — the limb oblique, entire. Stamens 8 to 12, or more ; — the 
filaments free. Pistillate aments with bracts and calyx as in the 
staminate : Ovary 1-celled ; stigmas 2, subsessile, elongated, 2- 
parted. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, comose. 
1. P. tremuloides, Mx. Leaves small, cordate-orbicular, abruptly 
acuminate, unequally dentate-serrulate, pubescent on the margin. 
Mx. Sylva, 2. p. 241. Icon, tab. 99. fig. 1. Fl. Cestr. p. 568. 

P. laevigata? or P. trepida? Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 803. 

Tremula-like Populus. Vulgo — Quaking Asp. American Aspen. 

Stem30 to 50 or 60 feet high, and 12 to 18 inches in diameter, with a smoothish 
cinereous bark. Leaves about 2 inches in length, and rather wider than long; 
peti es 2 to 3 inches long, slender, smooth, subterete towards the base, laterally 
compressed or vertically dilated near the leaf, which disposes the leaf to be 
agitated by the slightest motion of the air. Pistillate aments 3 to 4 or 5 inches 
long. Low swampy grounds : Northern and Middle States. Fl. April. Fr. May. 

Obs. This is a rather pretty tree, — and is occasionally planted 
about houses and lawns, for shade and ornament. It is admired for 



SALICACEAE 173 

the extreme mobility of its leaves ; and is, moreover, in considerable 
repute for the tonic properties of its bark. 

2. P. angulata,-4&Y. Branches alate-angular ; leaves deltoid-ovate, 
acuminate, obtusely uncinate-dentate, glabrous, — the younger ones 
broadly cordate. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 805. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 2. tab, 

Angulate Populus. Vulgo — Cotton-wood. Carolina Poplar. [94. 

Stem 60 to SO feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter, — the bark on the 
branches elevated into acute longitudinal ridges, as if by the decurrence of the 
petioles. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long ; petioles 2 to 4 inches long, laterally 
compressed near the leaf. Staminate aments large. Along rivers; South Western 
States. Fl. March. Fr. 

Obs. This tree is well known along the rivers in the valley of the 
Mississippi. The wood, however, of all the poplars, is light, brittle, 
and of little value. There are several other native species, — but, 
being of small importance to the farmer, they are omitted here. 
The two following were introduced, as shade trees. 

3. P. Graeca, Ait. Branches terete ; leaves cordate-ovate, acumi- 
nate, obsoletely serrate, somewhat ciliate. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 804. 
Grecian Populus. Vulgo — Athenian Poplar. 

Stem 30 to 50 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, with irregular and rather 
spreading branches. Leaves 4 to G or 8 inches in length, and as wide as long; 
petioles l| to 3 inches long, laterally compressed near the leaf. Pistillate aments 
3 to 6 inches long. About houses: cultivated. Native of Greece. Fl. April. Fr. 

Obs. This species was introduced, as a shade tree, about 40 years 
ago ; but it was not generally adopted, — and is now nearly super- 
seded by more eligible ones. We have only-the pistillate plant in 
this country ; and the cotton which is shed from the capsules is so 
abundant as to render the tree objectionable, in the immediate 
vicinity of dwellings. 

4. P. dilatata, Ait. Leaves much dilated, nearly deltoid, acumi- 
nate, serrate, glabrous on both sides. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 804. 

Dilated Populus. Vulgo — Lombardy Poplar. Italian Poplar. 

Fr. Peuplier Italien. Germ. Lombardische Pappel. Span. Alamo 
de Lombardia. 

Stem 60 to SO feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 feet in diameter; branches numerous, 
nearly erect, forming a close conical symmetrical top. Leaves 2 to 3 inches 
long, and wider than long ; petioles about 2 inches long, laterally compressed 
near the leaf. Staminate aments 2 to 3 inches long. About houses, and along 
avenues: cultivated. Native of Italy. Fl. April. Fr. 

Obs. This was a favorite ornamental tree, for a number of years ; 
but is now (1846) going out of fashion. Mr. Watson, in his Annals 
of Philadelphia, says it was introduced to that city, from England, 
in the year 1784, by William Hamilton Esq. of the "Woodlands," 
west side of the river Schuylkill. The Botanical Editor of Rees's 
Cyclopaedia, however, thinks they have only the pistillate plant in 
England, — whereas it was the stami??ate plant that was introduced 
by Mr. Hamilton; and he may have procured it from Italy. All 
the Lombardy Poplars that are, or have been, in the TJ. States, may 
be considered as elongations, branches, or offsets, of the tree from 
which Mr. Hamilton obtained his specimen. 

15* 



174 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

The pretty Silver Poplar, or Abele tree (P. alba, L.) — so remark- 
able for the snow-white tomentum on the under surface of the leaves 
— is occasionally to be seen about houses, — and is annually becoming 
more frequent ; but is scarcely, as yet, intitled to a place in our list 
of cultivated shade trees. 

ORDER CXXIX. BALSAMIFLUAE. Blume. 

Trees. Leaves alternate, petiolate, palmately lobed ; stipules caducous. Flotcers 
monoicous, in conical or globose Aments, with a caducous 4-leaved involucre. 
Staminate aments conical or elongated, loosely racemose at base ; stamens nu- 
merous, in capitate clusters, — the loweT clusters pedicellate ; anthers rather large, 
oblong-didymous. 2-celled, subsessile. Pistillate aments pedunculate, globose, — 
the ovaries surrounded or mixed with numerous small fleshy scales — all finally 
coalescing and enlarging together. Ovary 2-celled — or rather formed of 2 carpels — 
connate at base : ovules numerous on the dissepiment; styles 2, thickish, continu- 
ous with the carpels,' stigmatase on the inner face, somewhat recurved. Capsules 
obcordately 2-lobed or 2-beaked, 2-celled, coalescing with the indurated scales 
in a kind of globose strobile, dehiscent between the styles or beaks. Seeds few, 
compressed, margined, peltately affixed to the dissepiment, with but little 
albumen. 

An Order limited to the single genus here given ; and consequently, the Ordi- 
nal and Generic characters are the same. 

179. LIQUIDAMBAR. L. Endl. Gen. 1902. 
[A name given on account of the aromatic gum yielded by the tree.] 

1. L. styracifltja, L< Leaves palmately 5-lobed; lobes ovate- 
lanceolate, glandular-serrate ; axils of the nerves villous. Willd. 
Sp. PI. 4. p. 475. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 2. tab. 62. 

Storax-flowing Liquidambar. Vulgo — Sweet Gum. Bilsted. 

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter, with a deeply fur- 
rowed bark when old, — the branches somewhat winged with high ridges of 
suberose bark. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, deeply 5-lobed, — the lobes spreading; 
petioles about 3 inches in length. Staminate aments an inch or inch and half 
long, conical, branched near the base, — the lowest branches half an inch to 
nearly an inch long, all bearing small sub-globose heads or clusters of stamens — 
the upper clusters sessile ; racltis hirsute with tawny hairs. Pistillate aments 
globose, about an inch in diameter when full grown, muricate with the beaks of 
the capsules ; peduncles 2 to 3 inches long. Moist low grounds : New England 
to Florida. Fl. May. Fr. October. 

Obs. The products of this tree do not meet the expectation natu- 
rally raised by its high-sounding name. The leaves, however, when 
slightly bruised, are remarkably fragrant. The timber is not parti- 
cularly valuable, — but makes tolerably good fuel. As far as I have 
observed, the tree seems to be confined to the alluvial district, along 
the Atlantic coast. It is quite abundant in the lower part of New 
Jersey, — yet rare in Pennsylvania. 

ORDER CXXX. PLATANACEAE. Lestib. Lindl. 

Trees, with a watery juice. Leaves alternate, petiolate. palmately nerved and 
lobed ; stipules mtra-petiolar or super axillary, sheathing, deciduous (none, 
Endl.*) ; petioles tumid and hollow at base, concealing the young buds. Flowers 
monoicous, minute and inconspicuous, densely crowded on globose receptacles, — 

*Endlicher, in saying " Stipulae nullae? seems to have followed Jussiett, 
without giving the whole of that Author's remark. Jussieu says, '■'•Stipulae 
nullae. sed vagina intra petiolum ramttlo circumposita, limbo inaequalis et patens, 
in ramis decidua" ; and this sheath, which embraces the branch within the 
petiole, or above the axil of the leaf, seems to be as much intitled to the name 
or character of stipule, as is the somewhat analogous Ochrea of the Polygonaceae. 



PLATANACEAE 171 

both kinds destitute of floral envelopes; heads pendulous on long slender pedun- 
cles. Staminate Fl. Stamens numerous, irregularly mixed with subclavate 
scales (staminodia), densely crowded. Pistillate Fl. Ovaries numerous, ob- 
conic or filiform-clavate, densely crowded, mixed with spatulate scales (abortive 
ovaries) ; style elongated, subulate, stigmatose on one side, near the apex. Fruit 
a 1-celled 1-seeded clavate coriaceous little rait, — the base surrounded with 
pappus-like articulated hairs. Seed, cylindric-oblong, pendulous; embryo in the 
axis of fleshy albumen. 

An Order consisting of the single genus here given, — and the generic character, 
of course, the same as that of the Order. 

180. PLATANUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1901. 
[Greek, Platys, broad ; in allusion to its wide-spreading branches and foliage.] 

1. P. occidentalis, L. Branches cinereous; leaves roundish- 
pentagonal, acuminate, obscurely palmate-lobed, sinuate-dentate, 
pubescent beneath. Willd. Sp. PL 4 p. 474. FL Cestr. p. 542. 
Icon, Mx. Sylva, 2. tab. 63. 

Western Platanus. Vulgo — Button-wood.. Sycamore. Plane-tree. 

Stem 60 to 100 feet high, and 2 to 4 or 5 feet or more, in diameter, with large 
spreading branches, and a smoothish cinereous bark, which exfoliates in 

broad thinnish plates. Leaves 3 to 6 or S inches long, and wider than long, 

the base at first truncate, finally subcordate, obscurely palmate or angulate- 
lobed, unequally sinuate-dentate with the teeth acuminate, loosely clothed with 
a hoary branching deciduous pubescence ; petioles 1 to 3 inches in length, tumid 
and hollow at base, covering the young bud which is formed within and occu- 
pies the cavity ; stipules somewhat salverform, sheathing the young branches 
immediately above the petioles. — the limb spreading, foliaceous, coarsely and 
unequally toothed. Staminate heads or globes small, on peduncles 1 to 2 inches 
long, deciduous. Pistillate heads about an inch in diameter, pendulous on slen- 
der terete peduncles 3 to 5 inches long, persistent. Nuts about one third of an 
inch long, slender, subterete, clavate, mucronate, — the base acute and invested 
with tawny pappus-like hairs. Banks of streams; roadsides, &c. : throu°hout 
the U. States. Fl. April— May. Fr. October. 

Obs. This stately tree— originating from a very small seed — often 
attains to a larger size than any other in our country. It is some- 
times planted for shade,— but becomes rather large for streets, or to 
stand near houses. The timber is not much esteemed, — though oc- 
casionally sawed into joists, and other lumber. For several years 
past, the trees (or, at least, the branches), in the spring, appeared 
every where" to be diseased and dying; but they have still recovered 
again, more or less completely, in the course of the summer. The 
caztse of this phenomenon, — (whether insects, as some suppose — or 
late unseasonable frosts, as I incline to think,) has not been satis- 
factorily determined* 

ORDER CXXXL URTICACEAE. Juss. Endl 

Trees or shrubs with a milky juice, or herbs with a watery juice. Leaves alternate 
or opposite, often stipulate. Flowers monoicous, dioicous, or polygamous, fur- 
nished with a regular calyx, — sometimes collected in aments, or fleshy heads. 
Stamens definite, distinct, inserted into the base of the calyx, opposite its lobes. 
Ovary free from the calyx, simple, with a solitary ovule. Fruit an Akene, or 
Utricle, — often inclosed in a fleshy or baccate calyx or involucre. Embryo 
straight, curved, or spiral, — with or without albumen. 

A comprehensive and very important Order,— containing plants of various and 
in some instances, of remarkably dissimilar aspect and properties ;— such as the 
Nettle and the Mulberry — the bitter Hop and the luscious Fig — the nutritious Bread- 
fruit (Artocarpvs incisa, L.f.) and the deadly Upas (Antiaris toxicaria, Leschen.). 
The celebrated Cow-tree or Palo de Vaca (Brosimum Galactodendron, Don.), of 

Fouth America, — "which yields a copious supply of rich and wholesome milk " 

belongs to this Order ; as also does the yellow-dye wood, called Fustic (Madura 
tinctoria, Bon), and the wide-spreading Banyan-tree (Ficusreligiosa.L.), of India. 
A species of Ficus (F. elastica, Roxb.) also yields Caoutchouc or Gum elastic. 



176 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

SUB-ORDER II. MOREAE. Gaudich. A. Gray. 

Trees, or shrubs — very rarely herbs— with a milky juice. Sta?mnate and pistillate 
flowers either in separate aments or spikes, or often intermixed — and sometimes 
included in the same hollow receptacle (as in the Fig), — the calyx becoming suc- 
culent and forming a compound fruit. Seeds albuminous. 

181. MORUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1856. 
[Greek, Morea, the Mulberry : or Celtic, Mor, black,— in allusion to the fruit.] 

Flowers mostly monoicous, in cylindric spikes. Staminate Fl. 
in loose ament-like spikes. Calyx 4-parted, — the segments ovate. 
Stamens 4, opposite the calyx-segments ; anthers introrse. Ovary 
an abortive rudiment. Pistillate Fl. in dense spikes. Calyx 4- 
parted, —the segments ovate, concave, opposite — the outer pair 
larger. Ovary sessile, ovoid, 2-celled ; ovules solitary ; stigmas 2, 
terminal, filiform, villous on the inner side. AJcene membranaceous 
or somewhat fleshy, by abortion 1-celled, 1-seeded, inclosed in the 
persistent calyx, which finally becomes succulent and berry-like 
Seed pendulous. 

1. M. rubra, L. Leaves cordate-ovate and acuminate, or some- 
times 2 or 3-lobed, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath j 
spikes often androgynous ; fruit dark purple. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p* 
369. Fl. Cestr.p. 524. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 3. tab. 116. 

Red Mortjs. Vulgo — Red Mulberry. 

Stem usually 15 to 25 feet high, and 9 to 18 inches in diameter (in some instances 
considerably laller and larger), with numerous spreading branches at summit. 
Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, more or less cordate (on young plants often 2 or 
3-lobed, and very scabrous above), dentate-seriate, with an entire acumination,. 
deep green and roughish on the upper surface — softly and, while young, some- 
what hoary-pubescent beneath, especially along the nerves; petioles 1 to 2 or 3 
inches long, with linear membranaceous caducous stipules at base. Flowers 
greenish, small, numerous, in axillary pedunculate ament-like spikes, — sometimes 
dioicous — and not unfrequently the spikes are androgynous. Staminate spikes 1 to 
near 2 inches long. Pistillate spikes more densely flowered, cylindric, about an 
inch long, — the calyx of the florets becoming thick and fleshy, forming an oblong 
terete compound berry, which is juicy, dark purple, and pleasantly esculent when 
mature. Peduncle of the berry about half an inch long. Rich woodlands; fence- 
rows, &c : throughout the U. Stales. Fl. May. Fr. June— July„ 

Obs. The wood of this small tree is exceedingly durable, and 
highly valued for making posts, &c. The leaves have been success- 
fully used for feeding silk-worms ; but the product is said to be not 
so fine as that afforded by the White Mulberry. The fruit is more 
admired than that of any other species. 

2. M. alba, L. Leaves obliquely cordate-ovate, and somewhat 
lobed, acute or sub-acuminate, serrate, smoothish and shining; fruit 
mostly yellowish-white. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 368. Fl. Gestr. p. 524. 

White Morus. Vulgo — White Mulberry. 

Fr. Murier blanc. Ge-rm. Weisse Maulbeere- Span. Morera. 

Stem 10 to 20 or 25 feet high, and 8 to 12 or 15 inches in diameter, much branched 
at summit. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long (sometimes— especially in young plants — 2 
or 3 times that size), unequally crenate-serrate, often partially lobed, smoothish, 
shining and yellowish-green ; petioles half an inch to an inch long, with lance- 
linear stipules at base. Pistillate spikes shorter and smaller than in the preceding. 
Fruit pale yellow or straw-color, when mature — rarely dark purple, or nearly 
black. About houses; fence-rows, &c. : introduced. Native of China, Persia, 
&c. 2*7. May. Fr. June — July. 



URTICACEAE 177 

OSs. This species was introduced into Penn$ylva?iia, nearly a 
century since, with a view to the feeding of Silk-worms, and the 
production of Silk. The silk-culture, however, was soon abandoned, 
— for, in that early stage of the Colony, the sparsely settled Agricul- 
turists found it more important to multiply mammiferous animals, 
rather than Insects : But the tree became partially naturalized, — 
and is still frequently to be met with, in Chester County. About 
ten years ago, a variety of the White Mulberry — of smaller stature, 
and much larger leaves, (well known by the name of Moras multi- 
caulis) — was introduced, as being still better adapted to the feeding 
of Silk-worms; and soon afterwards, a scene of speculation and in- 
fatuation was exhibited, throughout the U. States, which bade defi- 
ance to all the suggestions of reason and common sense. There 
was a sort Multicaulis monomania (or Moro-mania .') — so universal, 
and engrossing, that it became absolutely ludicrous; and was scarcely 
exceeded in absurdity, by the nearly contemporaneous epidemic, 
which afflicted the nation, in reference to its financial concerns. 
Almost every body was eagerly engaged in cultivating myriads of 
trees, to sell,- — without stopping to enquire where they could be sold, 
or who would be likely to buy ! At some future day — and under 
different circumstances, — it is quite probable that a portion of our 
population will find the Silk-culture an eligible business, and the 
Morus multicaulis a valuable little tree. 

182. MACLURA. Nult. Endl. Gen. 1857. 
[Named in honor of William Maclure, — a munificent Patron of Natural Science.] 

Flowers dioicous. Staminate Fl. racemose. Calyx 4-parted, the 
segments ovate. Stamens 4, opposite the calyx-segments. Pistil- 
late Fl. capitate, densely crowded, and coalesced, on a globose 
fleshy receptacle. Sepals 4, in opposite pairs, oblong, cucullate- 
concave, fleshy, — the exterior ones larger. Ovary sessile, lenticu- 
lar-compressed, 1-celled ; ovale single, affixed to the middle of the 
parietes ; style terminal, bifid, — one branch elongated and much 
exserted, stigmata se on the inner side — the other branch small or 
abortive. Akenes severally embraced by the fleshy sepals, which 
are all coalesced into a large compound globose lactescent Berry, 
with a glabrous, but uneven, verrucose or irregularly tessellated 
surface. 

1. M. auraxtiaca, Natt. Branches spinose ; leaves alternate, 
lance-ovate, acuminate, entire, sub-cordate at base, glabrous and 
shining above, roughish-puberulent beneath ; berry subsessile, axil- 
lary, solitary. Nutt. Am. Genera, 2. p. 234. 
Orange-like Maclura. Vulgo — Osage Orange. 

Stem 15 to 25 or 30 feet high, and 10 to 15 inches, or more, in diameter, with a 
much-branched bushy top, — the branches virgate, but ofien inclined to droop or 
curve d wnwards, armed with small and very sharp spines. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 
inches long, subcoriaceous, mucronate by the extended midrib; petioles 1 to 2 
inches long; stipules oblong, somewhat cucullaie, caducous. Pistillate flowers 
coalesced in a solid globose head, which is 2 to near 3 inches in diameter, when 
fully grown; styles near an inch long, villous and finally purplish, — the abortive 
branch, so called, probably an abortive style, and indicative of an abortive second 
cell in the ovary. South Western Stales. Fl May— June. Fr. Sept. — October. 

Obs. The roots of this are of a bright orange color. The wood 
has some resemblance to that of the Mulberry tree, and is probably 
durable. It is said to be used for Bows, by the aboriginal hunters 



178 APETALOUS EXOGENS 

and warriors. The young plants, properly managed, promise to 
make a very effective hedge, — of which I have seen a good sample, 
at the seat of the late Reuben Haines, Esq. at Germantowm, near 
Philadelphia. 

183. BROUSSONETIA. Vent. Endl. Gen. 1858. 
[Dedicated to P N. V. Broussonet, a French Naturalist] 

Flowers dioicous. Staminate Fl. in an ament-like spike, bracteate- 
Calyx 4-parted, — the segments ovate, acuminate. Stamens A y 
opposite the calyx-segments. Pistillate, Fl. capitate, densely 
crowded on a globose receptacle, and mixed with hairy scales 
(abortive florets). Calyx urceolate, 3 or 4-toothed. Ovary ovoid, 
1-celled, obliquely seated on a clavate finally elongated pedicel or 
stipe (gynophore) ; ovule single, parietal ; style filiform, excentric, 
stigmatose on one side. Akene softly fleshy, elevated on the bac- 
cate pedicel {gynophore), which is surrounded at base by the calyx.. 
Seed pendulous. 

1. B. papyrifera, Vent. Leaves scabrous above, pubescent 
beneath, — those on the young branches lobed, on the older ones 
mostly undivided, roundish-ovate or subcordate, acuminate, serrate .. 
IVilld. Sp. PI. 4. p. 713. 
Paper-producing Broussonetia. Vulgo — Paper Mulberry. 

Stem 15 to 20 or 25 feet high, and 8 to 12 or 15 inches in diameter, with spread- 
ing branches, — the branches coated with a remarkably tough bark. Leares 3 to 6' 
or 8 inches long ; jietioles 1 to 3 inches long. Staminate spikes about 2 inches long, 
resembling loose aments. Pistillate flowers in a dense cai iiate cluster. About 
houses : introduced. Native of Japan, and the South Sea Islands. Fl. May. Fr. 

Obs. This tree was introduced into Pennsylvania, some 50 or 60 
years since, as a shade tree ; but it is inferior to many others in, 
beauty, — and is now rarely planted for that purpose. The roots are so 
prolific in suckers, as to be quite a nuisance, about yards and gar- 
dens, — almost as bad as Ailanthus. I have seen only the staminate 
plant, growing in this country. 

184. FICUS. Tounuf. EndL Gen. 1859. 
[An ancient name, — of obscure derivation.] 

Receptacle pyriform or subglobose, fleshy, concealing the florets in 
a central cavity, — the orifice, at apex, closed by small scales. Flo- 
rets numerous, very minute, pedicellate, crowded on the internal 
surface of the receptacle, dioicous, or the upper ones staminate and 
the others pistillate. Staminate Fl. Calyx 3-parted. Stamens 3, 
opposite the calyx-segments; anthers incumbent, 2-celled. Pistil- 
late Fl. Calyx 5-cleft, — the tube decurrent on the pedicel. Ovary 
seated somewhat laterally on a short stipe (gynophore), 1-celled ; 
style lateral, continuous with the gynophore, filiform; stigma bifid. 
Fruit-bearing receptade succulent, — the cavity lined with minute dry 
membranaceous utricles, which are severally surrounded by the 
vestiges of the calyx. Seed parietal, uncinate ; testa hard, fragile. 
1. F. Carica, L. Leaves cordate at base, 3 to 5-lobed, repand- 
dentate, lobes obtuse, scabrous above, pubescent beneath ; recepta- 
cles pyriform, glabrous. Willd. Sp. Fl. 4. p. 1131. 
Carian Ficus. Vulgb — Fig-tree. 
Fr. Le Figuier. Germ. Der Feigenbaum. Span. Higuera. 

Stetn fi to 10 or 12 feet high,— a stcut branching shrub, with an acrid milky juice. 
Leaves 6 to 9 inches long, deeply 3-lobed with 2 shorter side-lobes ; petioles 3 to 5 



URTICACEAE 179 

or 6 inches long, with large convolute stipules at base. Receptacles axillary, tur- 
binate or pear-shaped, about an inch in diameter. Cultivated. Native of Caria, 
in Asia. Fl. July. Fr. 

Obs. This shrub requires the shelter of a green-house, in the mid- 
dle and northern States, — where it produces freely : And although 
I do not learn that it has yet been much attended to, in our south- 
ern States, I think it would probably succeed well, in the open air, 
in that region. The inflorescence , or position of the flowers, of the 
Fig — (concealed within the body of what is commonly regarded as 
the fruit,) is very remarkable ; — being just the reverse of that of the 
Strawberry, — in which the minute pistils are scattered over the ex- 
terior of the enlarging succulent receptacle. 

SUB-ORDER III. URTICEAE. Juss. A. Gray. 

Herbs (shrubs, or trees, within the tropics,) with a waterv juice, often armed with 
stinging hairs. Flowers mostly loose, spicate or paniculate. Akene usually sur- 
rounded by the dry membranaceous calyx. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. 

185. URTICA. Tournef. Endl. Gen, 1879. 
£Latin, uro, to burn, and tactus, touch ; from the sensation produced by touching it."] 

Flowers monoicous or dioicous, Staminate Fl. Calyx regular, 4 
or 5-parted, — the segments valvate in aestivation. Stamens as 
many as the calyx-segments, and opposite them ; anthers elliptical, 
incumbent. Pistillate Fl. Sepals 4, in opposite pairs, — the 
outer pair smaller, sometimes abortive — the inner pair persistent, 
sometimes baccate. Ovary free, 1 -celled ; ovule single, erect from 
the base of the cell; stigma sessile, subcapitate, villous, penicillate, 
or filiform and elongated. Alene oblong, somewhat compressed, 
smooth or tuberculate, naked or inclosed by the baccate sepals. Seed 
erect ; testa connate with the epicarp. 

1. U. dioica, L. Hispid and stinging; leaves opposite, ovate- 
lanceolate, conspicuously acuminate, cordate at base, coarsely and 
acutely serrate ; flowers mostly dioicous, in clustered paniculate 
spikes longer than the petioles. Willd. Sp. Fl. 4. p. 352. Fl. Cestr. 
p. 523. Icon, Fl. Lond. 4. 

Dioicous Urtica. Vulgo — Nettle. Stinging Nettle. 
Fr. Grande Ortie. Germ. Die Brennessel. Span. Ortiga. 

Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, obtusely 4-angled, branching, very hispid. 
Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 inches in length ; petioles half an inch to 2 inches long, hirsute ; 
stipules linear-lanceolate. Flowers small, in interrupted clusters, on slender axil- 
lary branching hispid spikes. About houses ; waste places, &c. : introduced. 
Native of Europe and Asia. Fl. June — Aug Fr. Aug. — September. 

Obs. A naturalized weed, — well known to all who have ever come 
in contact with it. When permitted to flourish about dwellings 
(which, of course, can only happen where slovens or sluggards 
reside), it becomes a vile nuisance. There is a native species (XT. 
Canadensis, L.), which is a homely and somewhat stinging weed; 
but it does not incline to intrude much upon farm lands. There is 
also a smooth little annual species (U. pumila, L.) — with a succu- 
lent and almost translucent stem — which is very common in rich 
shaded spots, about houses ; yet, though entirely worthless, it 
scarcely rises to the importance of a pernicious weed. 

SUB-ORDER IV. CANNABINEAE. Blume. A. Gray. 

Herbs, erect and annual — or twining and perennial — with a watery juice. Floivers 
thoicous, — the staminate ones racemose or paniculate — the pistillate ones glomer- 
ate, or imbricated with bracts and forming a strobile-like ament. Embryo curved j 
•albumen none. 



ISO APETALOUS EXOGENS 

1S6. CANNABIS. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 1890. 
[An ancient Greek name, — of obscure etymology.] 

Staminate Fl. racemose. Sepals 5, nearly equal, imbricated in 
aestivation. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals; anthers terminal, 
large, oblong, pendulous. Pistillate Fl. spicate-glomerate, with 
single bracts. Calyx urceolate, membranaceous. Ovary subglo- 
bose, 1-celled ; ovule single, pendulous ; style terminal, short ; stig- 
mas 2, elongated, filiform, pubescent. Nut (or caryopsis) 1-celled, 
2-valved, indehiscent. Seed pendulous; cotyledons incumbent, con- 
vex on the back. 

1. C. Sativa, L. Leaves digitate, petiolate; leaflets 5 to 7, lanceo- 
late, serrate. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 768. Fl. Cestr.p. 564. 
Cultivated Cannabis. Vtdgd — Hemp. 
Fr. Le Chanvre. Germ. Der Hanf. Span. Canamo. 

Root annual. Stent 5 to 8 or 10 feet high, obtusely angular and sulcate, scabrous- 
pubescent, often branched. Leaves mostly opposite (the upper ones often alter- 
nate) ; leaflets usually 5 — sometimes 7 — 3 to 5 inches long (the outside or lateral 
ones much smaller than the others, and often entire — especially on the staminate 
plant) ; common petioles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long : stipules lanceolate. Staminate 
flowers greenish, in loose pedunculate axillary clusters, rather crowded in a 
kind of dense panicle at summit. Pistillate flowers axillary, sessile, mostly in 
pairs. Calyx subglobose, acuminate, pubescent, green, slit on one side. Stigmas 
long, slender, densely pubescent, somewhat tawny. Nut ovoid, slightly com- 
pressed, smooth, greenish, reticulated with whitish veins, inclosed in the persis- 
tent calyx. Cultivated IV ative of Persia. Fl. June. Fr. August. 

Obs. This plant — so important in Commerce and the Arts — is 
cultivated on a large scale, in Kentucky, and some others of the 
fertile western States ; but only to a limited extent, in the middle 
and northern States. 

187. HUMULUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1891. 
[Latin, Humus, moist earth, or mould ; in allusion to its place of growth."] 

Staminate Fl. racemose or paniculate. Sepals 5, equal, imbri- 
cated in aestivation. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals; anthers ter- 
minal, large, oblong, erect. Pistillate Fl. amentaceous or stro- 
bile-like, bracteate ; bracts foliaceous, imbricated in several rows, 
2-flowered, — each floret sessile at the base of a scale-like membra- 
naceous enlarging involucre, and embraced by its involute or folded 
margin. Calyx urceolate, obliquely truncate, obsoletely denticu- 
late. Ovary ovoid, slightly compressed, 1-celled; ovule single, pen- 
dulous ; stigmas 2, terminal, elongated, subulate, pubescent. Stro- 
bile membranaceous, formed of the enlarged imbricated bracts and 
scales. Nuts roundish-ovoid, inclosed in the persistent truncate 
calyx. Seed pendulous; cotyledons linear, spirally involute. 
1. H. Lupulus, L. Leaves mostly 3-lobed, cordate at base, petio- 
late, scabrous. Willd. Sp. Fl. 4. p. 769. Fl. Cestr. p. 563. 
Vulgo — Hop. Hop- vine. 
Fr. Houblon. Germ. Der Hopfen. Span. Hoblon. 

Root perennial, branching. Stem 10 lo 15 or 20 feet long, several from the same 
root (or rhizojna), slender, volubile (twining constantly with the sun, or East- 
South-West), somewhat angular and mostly twisted, retrorsely aculeate, with 
slender branches above. Leaves 3 lo 5 inches long, generally opposite— the upper 
ones often alternate and not lobed, — all very scabrous on the upper surf ice ; peti- 
oles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, connate below, free at sum- 
mit. Staminate flowers in oblong panicles. Pistillate flowers in pendulous ovoid- 
oblong bracteate strobiles, or aments, which are proverbially numerous and 
crowded (" as thick as hops "), 1 to 2 inches long at maturity ; bracts orbicular or 
broadly-ovate, with a short abrupt acuminatum, — the intervening scales (or invo- 
lucres of ths florets) membranaceous, ovate- oblong, rather obtuse, nearly as long 



URTICACEAE 181 

as the bracts, and thickly sprinkled, at base, with orange-colored resinotis atoms, 
which are highly bitter and aromatic — containing, in fact, the Lupulin or essence 
of the hop. Cultivated, — but indigenous in most parts of the U. States. Fl. July. 
Fr. September. 

Obs. The value of the Cones, or Aments, of the pistillate plant, 
is well known to every house-keeper ; and it is cultivated for culinary 
purposes, in almost every garden. The medicinal virtues of the 
cones are also very considerable. The hops, for the Breweries, are 
cultivated on a large scale, in some districts of the northern and 
middle States — particularly in Western New York, — where, it i3 
said, they are a profitable crop. The staminate plant is of so little 
account, that it is scarcely known-— except to the Botanists. 



GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. 



ORDER CXXXII. CONIFERAE. Juss. 

Trees, or shrubs, abounding in resinous juice. Leaves mostly evergreen, scat- 
tered or fascicled, usually rigid and needle-shaped or linear, entire. Flowers 
monoicous or dioicous, commonly amentaceous. Staminate flowers consisting 
of one or more (often monadelphous) stamens, destitute of calyx and corolla, 
and arranged on a common rachis so as to form a kind of loose Ament. Pis- 
tillate flowers in Cones of various structure and character. Seeds albuminous. 

A valuable and very interesting Order, of peculiar Botanical character, — 
comprising some of the most magnificent trees known, * and yielding various 
balsams, resins, and resinous fluids, of great importance. The celebrated 
<; Cedar of Lebanon" is Pinus Cedrus, L. belonging to the Sub-genus Larix, or 
Lank section of the Pines. 

SUB-ORDER I. ABIETINEAE. Richard. A. Gray. 

Fertile aments formed of imhricated scales, — which are the flat and open carpels, 
and bear a pair of ovules adherent to their base, with the foramen (or micropyle) 
turned downwards. Scales subtended by bracts. Fruit a strobile or cone. In- 
tegument of the seed (testa) coriaceous or woody, more or less firmly adherent to 
the scale. Embryo in the axis of fleshy and oily albumen, with 2 to 15 cotyledons ! 

188. PINUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1795. 
[Supposed from the Celtic, Pin, or Pen, a rocky mountain, — often its place of 

growth.] 

Flowers monoicous. Staminate Aments solitary or spicate. Sta- 
mens numerous, inserted on the axis ; anthers subsessile, 2-celled, 
covered at apex by the dilated scale-like connective. Fertile 
Aments solitary or clustered. Scales (or open flat carpels) imbri- 
cated, each mostly subtended by an adnate bract. Ovules in pairs, 
at the base of the scales, collateral, inverted. Strobile formed of 
woody scales, with a cavity at the base of each scale, containing the 
seeds. Seeds nut-like ; testa woody or coriaceous, with the base, 
on one side, produced into a membranaceous wing. 

*Some of the Pines, on or near the "West Coast of America, are represented 
as being from 200 to 300 feet in height, — and upwards of 50 feet in circumference, 
near the base. 

16 



182 GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS 

SUB-GENUS OR $. 1. PINUS. Link. THE PINES PROPER. 

Leaves sempervirent. fasciculate [from the suppression or non- development of the 
branches), — the fascicles bound with a scariom sheath, at base. Bracts of the fertile 
dments evanescent. Strobile conical, with the scales thickened and angular at sum- 
mit, often mucronate near tlie apex, excavated at base. Wing of the seed deciduous. 

1. P. variabilis, Lambert. Leaves fasciculate in twos or threes, 
elongated, slender, channelled ; strobiles ovoid-conic, rather small, 
6ubsolitary, — the scales armed with small incurved spines. Willd. 
Sp. PL 4. p. 498. 

P. mitis. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 120. Icon, tab. 3. 

Variable Pinus. Vulgo — Yellow Pine (of the North). 

Stem 40 to 60 or SO feet high, and 1 to 2 feet, or more, in diameter, with the 
bark in rather broad flat scales. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, slender, linear, dark 
green, mostly in pairs (sometimes in threes, on young branches). Strobiles (or 
cones) 2 to 3 inches long. New England to Georgia ; abundant in New Jersey. 
Fl. May. Fi. 

Obs. This tree affords valuable litmber, — and is much employed 
in the construction of houses, and merchant vessels : but it is much 
inferior in quality to the P. palustris, L. or Yellow Pine of the South. 

2. P. palustris, L. Leaves fasciculate in threes, very long ; stipules 
pinnatifid, portions of them persistent ; strobiles elongated, conoid, — 
the scales armed with small recurved spines. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 
P. australis. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 133. Icon, tab. 6. [499. 

Marsh Pinus. Vulgo — Yellow Pine (of the South). Long-leaved 
Pine. 

Stem 80 to 100 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter, with a smoothish 
bark, — the branches rough with the persistent remains of the stipules (stipules 
ramentaceous). Leaves 9 to 15 inches long. Strobiles 6 to 9 inches long. Sandy 
eoils : Virginia to Florida. Fl. April. Ft. Aug.— Sept. 

Obs. This is a most important and valuable species. It yields 
the firmest and most durable lumber, for house and ship building, of 
any of the genus. The superior "heart pine " boards, for flooring, 
&c. and the string pieces for rail-roads (where a wooden superstruc- 
ture is used), are furnished by this tree. "From the sap of the 
living tree," says Mr. Elliott, "most of the Turpentine of com- 
merce is obtained." Tar is procured by charring the wood and roots 
of this, and other species, by a smothered fire, which melts the tur- 
pentine and mixes it with the sap and juices of the wood. Pitch is 
the inspissated residuum, left by boiling Tar until the watery portion 
is driven off. The ground, where this tree prevails, becomes thickly 
covered by the long leaves — which the Southern people call straw. 

3. P. StrobUs, L. Leaves fasciculate in fives, scarcely sheathed at 
base, long and slender; strobiles oblong, subcylindric, pendulous, — 
the scales unarmed, and loosely imbricated. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 
501. FL Cestr.p. 549. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 3. tab. 10. 

Vulgo — White Pine. Weymouth Pine. New England Pine. 

Stem 60 or 80 to 120 feet or more in height, and 2 to 4 or 5 feet in diameter 
straight and with a smooth bark — especially while young; branches verticillate. 
slender, rather few and those near the summit when the trees are crowded. 
Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, linear, bluish or glaucous-green. Strobile 3 to 5 
inches long, somewhat curved; scales cuneate-obovate, slightly thickened at 
apex. Rich soils: bottom lands, along streams, &c. : Canada to Virginia. Fl. 
May. Fr. Aug.— Sept. 



CONIFERAE 183 

Obs. This is also a most valuable tree, — furnishing an immense 
amount of lumber, in the form of boards and scantling, — and, of late 
years— since the Cypress has become somewhat scarce and dear — it 
is extensively wrought into shingles. Being fine-grained, and com- 
paratively free from turpentine, the White Pine is much used for 
the interior wood-work of houses — except floors, — for which purpose 
it is rather soft. There are several other species, belonging to this 
section, — such as P. inops, Ait. or Jersey Pine — with the leaves 
short and in pairs, and the scales armed with straight subulate 
spines : P. rigida, Marsh, or Pitch Pine— with the leaves in threes, 
and the scales with stout reflexed spines : &c. But, as the three here 
described are decidedly the most important, the others are omitted. 

SUB-GENUS OR f 3. ABIES. Tournef. THE FIRS. 
Leaves sempervirent. solitary ', scattered or distichous.* Bracts of the fertile aments 
persistent. Strobile oblong, with the scales somewhat woody, thin and rounded at 
apex, not excavated at base. AVing of the seed persistent. 

4. P. Canadensis, L. Leaves somewhat distichous, flat, minutely 
denticulate ; strobiles elliptic-ovoid, terminal, small. Willd. Sp. PI. 
4. p. 505. Fl. Cestr. p. 548. 

Abies Canadensis. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 185. Icon, tab. 13. 

Canadian Pinus. Vulgd — Hemlock. Hemlock-Spruce. 

Stem 40 to GO or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 feet in diameter, but tapering rap- 
idly near the top, — with long horizontal, or often rather depending branches, 
which are slender and flaccid, while young. Leaves half an inch to three quar- 
ters in length, shining green above, bluish-glaucous beneath. Staminate flowers 
in small roundish-ovoid pedunculate aments. which are racemosely arranged 
around, and near the ends, of the slender branches. Strobiles terminal, some- 
what pendulous, about an inch long, bluish-glaucous when young, finally pale 
brown or ferruginous; scales obovate, concave, with the apex rounded, thin and 
entire. Mountains ; and rocky banks, along streams : throughout the U. States. 
Fl. May. Fr. Aug —Sept. 

Obs. This tree is so generally diffused throughout Northern Ame- 
rica, that it has been adopted, as emblematic, in Vignettes on Maps, 
and other devices, having reference to the country. It does not, 
however, afford a very valuable timber, — though frequently sawed 
into scantling, and other lumber. The bark is much used, in the 

*The Buds of the Firs contain the undeveloped branches of the succeeding 
year, with all their tiny leaves completely formed, and closely packed together. 
The process of growth elongates the branches, and consequently increases the 
distance between the leaves. Something like this, seems to be the fact in all 
trees, in which the branches have a defm'te annual growth ; such as the Horse- 
Chesnut, &c. where the buds contain the future leaves and flowers — perfect, 
though in miniature. The phenomenon is happily noticed by the Poet, Cowpeb : 

"The beauties of the wilderness are His, 

"That makes so gay the solitary place. 

" Where no eye sees them. And the fairer forms, 

"That cultivation glories in, are His. 

" He sets the bright procession on its way, 

" And marshals all the order of the year ; 

"He marks the bounds which Winter may not pass, 

" And blunts his pointed fury : in its case, 

11 Russet and rude, folds up the tender germ, 

" Uninjured, with inimitable art ; 

11 And ere one flowery season fades and dies, 

11 Designs the blooming wonders of the next." 

Task, Book VI. 



184 GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS 

Northern States, in the process of tanning ; and Marshall informs 
us, that the Aborigines used it to dye their splints, for baskets, of a 
led color. 

In this section of Firs, there are some very ornamental evergreen 
trees, — with the branches beautifully symmetrical, and forming a 
conical top ; — such as P. bafsamea, L. the Balsam or Silver Fir, 
which yields the " Canadian Balsam ;** P. nigra, Ait. the black or 
dozible Spruce, which gives the flavor to Spruce beer ; and several 
others, — well worthy of culture, to adorn country residences ; but 
scarcely of sufficient Agricultural importance to require a descrip- 
tion, in this work. 

SUB-GENUS OR §.4. LARIX. Tournef. THE LARCHES. 

Leaves numerously fasciculate, needle-shaped, mostly annual, proceeding from 
subglobose buds which open only at apex. — the buds finally extending into branches 
laden with other buds. Bracts of the fertile aments colored, persistent. Strobile 
tvith tke scales woody, thin at apex, excavated at base. Wing of the seed persistent. 

5. P. microcarpa, Lambert. Leaves fasciculate, rather short, de- 
ciduous ; strobiles roundish-ovoid, small, few-flowered; bracts ellip- 
tic, obtusely acuminate. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 502. 

Larix Americana. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 213. Icon, tab. 153. 

Small-fruited Pintjs. V til go — Red Larch. Tamarack. 

Stem SO to 100 feet high, aad 2. or 3 feet in diameter (fide Michaux./), with a 
Smooth bark. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, crowded into pencil-like fas- 
cicles by the abreviation of the axis or branchlet. Strobiles about three quar- 
ters of an inch long, — the scales orbicular, loosely imbricated. Mountains: 
Canada to Pennsylvania. Fl. May. Fr. 

Obs. According to Michaux, this is of '.en a large tree, — and the 
timber superior to that of " any species of Pine or Spruce. ** I have 
only met with the smaller specimens, to be seen on the mountains 
of Pennsylvania,— and cannot speak of it from my own observation. 
I have introduced it, here, chiefly as a sample of the Pines of this 
section. The " Cedar of Libanus " (P. Cedrus, L.) belongs here ; 
but has perennial leaves. 

SUB-ORDER II. CUPRESSINEAE. Richard. A. Gray. 

Fertile aments of few scales crowded on a short axis, or sometimes more numer- 
ous and peltate, not bracteate ; enndes 1. 2, or numerous, borne on the base of 
the scale, erect (the foratnen towards its apex). Fruit either an indurated stro- 
bile, — or fleshy and with the scales coalesced, forming a kind of drupe. Integu- 
ment of the seed (testa) membranaceous, woody, or bony. Cotyledons 2, or more. 
Anthers of several parallel cells, under the dilated peltate connective. 

189. TAXODIUM. Richard. Bndl. Gen. 1794. 
[Taxits, the yew, and eidos, form, — the foliage having the habit of that plant.] 

Flowers monoicous, on the same branches. Staminate aments 
numerous, arranged in a terminal pyramidal spike or raceme. 
Stamens few, inserted towards the apex of the axis, which is naked 
at base ; filaments short, thick, produced into a scale-like excentri- 
cally peltate connective ; anthers with 2 to 5 cells, which are longi- 
tudinally 2-valved and seated beneath the lower margin of the 
connective. Fertile aments roundish-obovoid, sessile in pairs at 
the base of the staminate spike; scales numerous, inserted on the 
axis, imbricated, acute, recurved-spreading at apex. Ovules 2 at 



CONIFERAE 185 

the base of each scale, sessile, erect, perforate at summit. Strobile 
subglobose, — formed of angular subpeltate lignescent scales. Seeds 
erect from the base ; testa woody, irregularly angular ; embryo in the 
axis of scanty albumen ; cotyledons 6 to 9, linear. 

1. T. distichum, Rich. Leaves flat, pinnately distichous on short 
slender deciduous branches ; staminate aments in terminal leafless 
paniculate racemes; strobiles globose, — the surface uneven. 
Cupressus disticha. L. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 512. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 
197. Icon, tab. 151. 

Distichous Taxoditjm. Vulgo — Cypress. Bald Cypress. 

Stem SO to 100 feet high, fasligialely branched at summit, — the trunk 2 to 4 
feet, or more, in diameter — often abruptly and much enlarged at base ; the 
creeping or spreading roots protruding a number of large conical hollow knobs 
above the surface of the ground. Leaves one third to half an inch long, sub- 
linear, acute, pinnately or distichously arranged on alternate slender herbace- 
ous branches (which rather resemble common petioles), 1 to 2 or 3 inches in 
length ; a number of leaves are also solitary, and scattered on the woody 
branches. Swamps, along large streams : Delaware to Louisiana. Fl. Feb- 
ruary — April. Fr. Sept. — October. 

Obs. The wood of this noble and remarkable tree is soft, fine- 
grained, and exceedingly durable. For many years, it supplied the 
market with those valuable roofing materials, called " Cedar shin- 
gles ;" but since these have become rather scarce and dear, they 
have been extensively superseded by shingles made of the White 
Pine (Pi/nts Strobus, L.) } — which make a reasonably good substi- 
tute, at a much less price. 

190. THUJA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1790. 
[Greek, Thuo. to sacrifice ; the wood having been used in that ceremony.] 

Flowers monoicous, on different branches. Staminate aments termi- 
nal, ovoid, minute. Stamens numerous, naked, inserted on the axis ; 
filaments excentrically peltate, loosely imbricated ; anthers with 4 
cells, longitudinally dehiscent and seated beneath the lower margin 
of the peltate connective. Fertile aments terminal, small, angular- 
globose, somewhat depressed ; scales qnadrifariously imbricated, 
spreading. Ovules in pairs, at the base of the scales, sessile, erect, 
bottle-shaped, perforate at summit. Strobile formed of imbricated 
lignescent scales, which are recurved-mucronate near the apex, — at 
first closed, afterwards spreading. Seeds 2 under each scale, erect 
from the base ; testa bony or membranaceous, produced on each side 
into a narrow wing ; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen ; cotyle- 
dons 2, oblong. 

1. T. sPHAERoiDALis}fi2icA. Young branches compressed ; leaves 
minute, scale-like, ovate, qnadrifariously imbricated, tuberculate at 
base ; strobile depressed-globose, angular. * 

•My friend, Prof. A. Gray — who did me the favor to glance at some portions 
of the MS. of this work — suggests a doubt whether this is really a Thuja. Not 
having the means at hand to determine the question, I must content myself with 
noting the doubt, — and leave its solution for future inquirers. The tree seems, in 
fact (as remarked by Mr. Emerson) to be intermediate — a sort of connecting link — 
between Thuja and Cupressus; — having -'the scale-like imbricated leaves and 
fan-shaped branches of the former, and the lofty port and globular or many- 
sided fruit of the latter." 

16* 



186 GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS 

Cupressus thyoides. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 512. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 

207. Icon, tab. 152. 

Sphaeroid Thuja. Vulgo — White Cedar. 

Stem 60 to SO feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, sparingly branched. Leaves 
evergreen, very small and crowded, appressed to the branches. Strobiles one 
third to half an inch in diameter. Swamps, in Pine forests : New England to 
Georgia. Fl. April — May. Fr. September. 

Obs. This valuable tree is very abundant in certain spots in the 
Pine forests of New Jersey ; and is apparently restricted to swamps 
or broad shallow pools, near the sources of streams, in that sandy 
region, — where the straight stems are exceedingly numerous and 
crowded— forming almost impenetrable dark groves, or clumps, of 
several acres. The wood is light, soft, and very durable. Shingles 
were formerly made, to a considerable extent, from the larger trees : 
but these are now chiefly wrought into domestic wares, by the Cedar 
Cooper. The smaller trees are used for fence rails , — for which pur- 
pose they are highly valued. There is, perhaps, no other woodland 
that will yield so much valuable timber per acre, — and no descrip- 
tion of territory, in New Jersey, that will command half the price 
that can be obtained for good Cedar Swamp. 

The other species of the genus, as now constituted, are the small 
trees, or shrubs, known by the name of Arbor Vitae, — which, though 
sometimes cultivated for ornament, scarcely come within the pur- 
view of the present work. * 

191. JUNIPERTJS. L. Endt. Gen. 1789. 
[Supposed from the Celtic, Jtnep,us, rough, or harsh; descriptive of the plant.] 

Flowers dioicous, — or rarely monoicous on distinct branches. Stam- 
inate ajients axillary or subterminal, ovoid, very small. Stamens 
numerous, naked, inserted on all sides of the axis; filaments excen- 
trically peltate, imbricated; anthers with cells in threes or sixes, 
longitudinally dehiscent, attached beneath the lower margin of the 
peltate connective.. Fertile amekts axillary, ovoid, imbricately 
bracteate at base. Involucre of 3 to 6 scales, coalesced at base, 1 to 
3-ovuled. Ovules erect from the base of the involucre, bottle- 
shaped, perforate at summit. Fruit drupaceous, umbilicate at apex, 
squamose at base, — the involucre baccate. Seeds 1 to 3, erect, sub- 
triquetrous ; testa bony ; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen ; 
cotyledons 2, oblong. 

1. J. Virginiana, L. Leaves on the young branches ovate, imbri- 
cated in 4 rows, shorter than the fruit, — on the older branches subu- 
late, cuspidate and somewhat spreading. Willd. Sp. Fl. 4. p. 853. 
Fl. Cestr. p. 572. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 3. tab. 155. 

Virginian Juniperus. Vulgc — Cedar. Red Cedar. 

Stem 30 to 50 feet high, and 9 to 18 inches in diameter at base, tapering, often 
with longitudinal obtuse ridges and intervening channels, sending off numerous 
horizontal or spreading branches. Leaves minute, — those on the young branches 
scarcely a line in length, ovate, acute, opposite and decussate, crowded, ap- 
pressed and imbricated, covering the branches and making them 4-angled, — 

* Since the above was written. I learn from Prof. A. Gray, that the Thuja oc- 
cidentaUs. L. or Amerir an Arbor vitae (which is the *' White Cedar " of the North- 
ern States), is regarded as a valuable tree — the most important of the genus — 
north of New Jersey. 



CONIFERAE 187 

those on the older branches 3 to 5 or 6 lines long, and cuspidate. Staminate 
aments ovoid-oblong, tawny-ferruginous, 2 or 3 lines in length. Fruit roundish- 
ovoid, about 2 lines in diameter, tuberculate whh the points of the fleshy con- 
nate scales of the involucre, dark blue when mature, and covered with a bright 
bluish-glaucous bloom. Fence-rows; old fields, &c. : throughout the U. States. 
Fl. April. Fr. October. 

Obs. The wood of this tree is fine-grained, very durable, and val- 
uable for many purposes. The heart-wood (which is reddish,) of 
this, and a Bermudian species, or variety, is much used in the man- 
ufacture of black-lead pencils. The tree is said to be injurious to 
Thorn hedges, when permitted to grow in the immediate vicinity. 
The J. communis, L. or Juniper bush, was formerly kept in many 
gardens, for the sake of the drupaceous "berries," — which are some- 
what medicinal, and were also employed in the preparation of the 
liquor called Gin, or Geneva. The J. Sabina, L, or Savin, is 
another cultivated species— reputed medicinal, and sometimes to be 
met with ; — but neither of them possesses much interest for the 
Farmer. 

There is a third Sue-ordejr. of this family (Taxineae, Rich;), 
which contains (among others) the Taxus, or Yew tree — so intimately 
associated in our minds with Churches, and Church-yards : but it 
•carcely belongs to Agricultural Botany. 



ENDOGENOUS OR 

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 



ORDER CXXXIV. PALMAE. L. Juss. 

Chiefly trees, with unbranched cylindrical trunks, growing by a terminal bud. 
Leaves (or fronds) alternate, large, clustered, fan-shaped or pinnated, plicate in 
vernation. Flowers small, perfect or polygamous, — the stamens usually as many 
as the petals and sepals together. Fruit a drupe or berry- Seeds with cartila- 
ginous albumen, often hollow, — the embryo placed in a small separate cavity. 

The plants of this noble Order (chiefly tropical) have been compared to Princes, 
by European Botanists; and it is certain they could not flourish among the 
sturdy Plebeians of our republican forests ! Though but little known in the U. 
States, they are of incalculable value to the inhabitants of their native regions, — 
affording food, drink, condiments, medicine, clothing, and shelter — with the uten- 
sils, and materials, for almost every economical purpose. Of the more impor- 
tant of these remarkable vegetables, may be mentioned, the Cocoa-nut tree(Cocos 
nucifera, L.) — which, of itself, supplies nearly all the wants of the people who 
repose under its shade;* the Date tree (Photnix dactylifera. L.) ; and the Sago 
Palms (species of Sagus or Metroxylcn). The plant which furnishes Rattans 
(the ratoons. retcnos, or slender flexible branches of the Calamus Rotang, L.), 
also belongs to this Order. 

TRIBE IV. CORYPHINAE. Martivs. 
Spathes numerous, incomplete. Ovary of 3 carpels, cohering inwardly; ovules 
solitary. Fruit baccate, 3- or 2-lobed, or (by abortion) simple. 

SUB-TRIBE 1. SABALINAE. Martins. 
Flabellifrond ; i. e. the leaves (or fronds) plicate and expanding in the form and 
manner of a lady's fan. 

•"Utilissima generi humano, omniaque fere quae ad vitam sunt necessaria 
praebens." Kunth. 



1SS ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

192. SABAL. Adans. Endl. Gen. 1758. 
[A name employed by Adanson; of unknown, if of any, meaning.] 

Flowers perfect, sessile on a branching spadix which is sheathed by 
numerous incomplete spathes, bracteate and bracteolate. Calyx 
cup-shaped, 3-parted. Corolla . 3-petaled. Stamens 6, hypogynous ; 
filaments nearly distinct, subulate ; anthers cordate-ovoid. Ovaries 
3, — at first distinct, soon coalescing ; style trigonous ; stigma. capitate. 
Berry drupaceous, simple and globose, or deeply 2 or 3-lobed. Albu- 
men uniform (not ruminated), horny. 

1. S. Palmetto, Loddig. Stem arborescent; leaves plicate-pal- 
mate, the petiole unarmed ; spathes doubled. Kwith, Enum. 3. p. 

Chamaerops Palmetto. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 1. Icon, tab. 101. [247. 

Vulgd — Cabbage-tree. Tall Palmetto. 

Stem 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 10 to 15 inches in diameter, cylindrical, un- 
branched, naked, with a tuft of large leaves at summit. Leaves (ox fronds) 3 or 
4 feet in length, broad, palmate and plicate like a fan; petioles (or stipes) 1 to 2 
feet long, not aculeate. Flowers small, greenish, on branching spadices, or pani- 
cles, at the base of the leaves. Drupes, or berries, about the size of a pea, 
bluish-black when mature. Seacoast: Carolinas to Florida. Fl. Jane — July. Fr. 

Obs. The wood of this elegant tree — though extremely porous — 
is highly valued in the South, for sub-marine structures, such as 
wharves, &c. on account of its durability in salt water, and its ex- 
emption from the attacks of the ship-worm. The leaves are used, 
also, in the manufacture of hats, baskets, &c. The terminal bud, 
or cluster of undeveloped leaves — called "the cabbage" — affords. a 
favorite vegetable dish, in the South : But Mr. Elliott remarks, 
"it is a wasteful luxury, — as the tree always perishes when deprived 
of this part of its foliage." — South Carolina has chosen this grace- 
ful plant as the emblem of the Commonwealth, — and hence she is 
often called " the Palmetto State." 

ORDER CXXXV. APcACEAE. Juss. Schott. 

Herbs, with a fleshy Ccrmus or rhizoma — occasionally shrubby or climbing 
plants within the tropics. Leaves sometimes divided or apparently compound, 
frequently with the veins more or less reticulated. Spadix (often naked at the 
extremity) usually surrounded by a sjathe. Flowers commonly monoicous (oc- 
casionally perfect.) and sometimes destitute of envelopes. Ovary 1 to several- 
celled, with 1 or more ovules. Fruit a berry. Seeds mostly with fleshy albumen. 
An Order containing a number of acrid plants ; but those here given are the 
principal ones intitledto the notice of the American Agriculturist. 

193. ARUM. L. [AfclSAEMA. Mart. Endl. Gen. 1674.] 
[An ancient name, — of obscure etymology.] 

Spathe convolute at base, — the limb cucullate or fiattish. Spadix 
unisexual at base, with stamens or rudiments of stamens or pistils 
above (sometimes these entirely wanting), — the summit of the spa- 
dix exserted or included in the spathe, naked. Floral envelopes 
none. Anthers on distinct filaments, verticil late, — the cells opening 
by a pore or transverse fissure. Ovaries numerous, free ; ovules 2 
to 6, or rarely more numerous. Berry 1 or few-seeded. Seeds sub- 
globose, albuminous. 

1. A. triphylltim, L. Leaves mostly in pairs, ternately divided, — 
the segments elliptic-ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, entire, sessile ; 



ARACEAE 189 

spadix clavate, obtuse, shorter than the spathe. Willd. Sp. PL 4. 
p. 480. (in part.) Fl. Cestr. p. 530. 

Arisaema atrorubens. Bhtme. Kunth. E?ittm. 3. p. 17. 

Three-leaved Arum. Vulgb — Indian Turnep. 

Root perennial, consisting of numerous fibres proceeding from the base of an 
orbicular depressed rugose cormus, or subterranean stem. Aerial stem none. 
Leaves mostly 2 (sometimes solitary), ternate. — the leaflets or segments 2 or 3 to 
6 or 8 inches long, smooth, green or often purplish, thin and membranaceous, or 
almost scarious, "when dried ; ccmmon petioles 9 to 18 inches long, inserted on the 
cormus, and embracing the central scape, at base. Scape G to 15 inches high, 
situate between the leaves — the base inclosed by the sheathing petioles. Spathe 
3 to 5 inches long. — the lower half convolute — the upper half (or limb) a little 
dilated, flat, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and cucullately incurved, often varie- 
gated with dark-purple and yellowish stripes and spots. Spadix mostly unisexual, 
with the summit clavate, naked and smooth, much shorter than the spathe, but a 
little exserted from the convolute portion. Berries numerous, in a dense oblong 
cluster around the base of the spadix. orange-red or scarlet when mature. Rich 
6haded grounds ; throughout the U. States. Fl. May. Fr. Aug. — Sept. 

Obs. I have retained the lAnnaean name, of this plant, in accord- 
ance with the suggestion of my friend, Prof. A. Gray. The tumep- 
like subterranean stem (designated by the name of Cormus), is 
highly acrid in its fresh or green state ; but that, quality is dissipated, 
in great measure, by boiling or drying. A kind of Sago has been 
obtained from it ; and the recent tuber, grated and boiled in milk, is 
a popular medicine in coughs and pulmonary consumption. 

A plant nearly allied to this, called "Tanyer" — (the Tallo or Tarro, 
of the New Zealanders, fide Kunth — Arum esculentum, L. or Coloca- 
sia estulenta, Schott.) is said to be cultivated, occasionally, in the 
gardens of the Southern States, for the sake of the cormus, or tuber- 
ous rhizoma, — which is used at the table as a substitute for the 
potato, or yam. 

194. SYMPLOCARPUS. Salisb. Endl. Gen. 1705. 
[Greek, Symploke. connexion, and Karpos. fruit, — descriptive of the plant.] 

Spathe cucullately conch-shaped, acuminate. Spadix pedunculate, 
oval or subglobose, densely covered with perfect flowers. Sepals 4, 
persistent, becoming fleshy or baccate. Stamens 4, opposite the 
sepals ; filaments linear, flattened, included ; anthers 2-celled ; cells 
parallel. Ovary 1-celled ; ovule single; style 4-sided, tapering to 
a minute terminal stigma. Berries coalescing, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 
Seed destitute of albumen. 

1. S. foetid us, Salisb. Stemless ; leaves cordate-oval, enlarging; 
spadix oval. Kunth, Enum. 3. p. 84. Fl. Cestr. p. 112. 

Fetid Symplocarpus. Vulgd — Swamp Cabbage. Skunk-weed. 

Root perennial, in verticils of fleshy fibres from a thick truncate rhizoma. 
Aerial stem none. Leaves appearing after the spadix has flowered, at first orbi- 
cular-cordate, at length cordate-oval, becoming very large (often near 2 feet 
long, and a foot or more in width), entire, smooth ; stipules expanding, ovate- 
oblong, acuminate, or often spatulate. Spathe subsessile, spotted with purplish- 
brown, green, and yellow. Spadix about an inch in diameter, on a short thick 
peduncle. Flowers compact, appearing tessellated. Sepals dark-brown, fleshy, 
cuneate, truncate, the apex and margins inflected. Anthers slightly exserted. 
Style projecting a little above the sepals. Fruit fleshy, coalesced with the base 
of the persistent sepals, and imbedded in the surface of the receptacle. Seeds 
globose, about the size of a common garden pea. Wet, low grounds : Canada 
to Virginia. Fl. Feb.— March. Fr. Sept. 



190 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

Obs. This plant — so readily known by its skunk-like odor, when 
wounded — is quite common in wet meadows, and other swampy 
low grounds, in the middle and northern States. It is a worthless 
weed, — and its bunches of large leaves are sufficiently unsightly to 
command the attention of the neat farmer. 

195. ACORUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1708. 
[Gr. a, privative, and kore. the pupil of the eye ; a supposed remedy for sore eyes.] 

Spathe a kind of phyllodium, elongated, compressed, — being a con- 
tinuation of the scape, and resembling the leaves. Spadix lateral, 
sessile, subcylindric, covered with sessile perfect flowers. Sepals 6, 
obovate-oblong, subcucullate, thickened at apex, persistent. Sta- 
mens 6, inserted on the base of the sepals ; filaments linear, flat- 
tened ; anthers reniform (1-celled, Kunth, 2-celled, Endl.') trans- 
versely dehiscent. Ovary trigonous, 3-celled ; ovules numerous, 
pendulous ; stigma sessile, minute. Fr ?iit somewhat baccate, inde- 
hiscent. Seeds few, inverted, albuminous, nestling in a gelatinous 
matter; testa thin, closely adherent to the somewhat horny albumen. 
1. A. Calamus, L. Scape ancipital, terminated by a long ensiform 
leaf-like spathe extending much above the lateral spadix. Kunth, 
Enum. 3. p. 87. Fl. Cestr. p. 226. 

Reed Acorus. Vulgo — Calamus. Sweet Flag. 

Fr. Acore odorant. Germ. Der Kalamus. Span. Acoro Calamo. 

Root perennial, in coarse verticillate fibres from a horizontal creeping pun- 
gently aromatic rhizoma. Aerial stem none. Leaves radical, ensi form-linear, 2 
to 3 feet long, and half an inch to near an inch wide, smooth. Scape as long as 
the leaves and much resembling them, somewhat triangular below the spadix. 
Spadix 2 to 3 inches long, terete, tapering to an obtuse point. Sepals greenish, 
cuneate-oblong, keeled, with scarious margins. Swampy meadows ; about 
springs, &c. introduced: Native of India. Fl. May — June. Fr. September. 

Obs. This stranger has become naturalized in many places. The 
whole plant is warmly aromatic — especially the creeping rhizoma ; 
and that subterraneous portion is deservedly popular for its medici- 
nal virtues. I have seen some wet meadows, however, in which the 
plant had got possession to such an extent as to become something 
of a nuisance,— and a difficult one to get rid of. It would be well, 
therefore, in introducing it, to plant it only in circumscribed swamps. 

ORDER CXXXVII. TYPHACEAE. Juss. DC. 

Perennial marshy or aquatic Herbs. Stems without nodes. Leaves alternate, 
linear, entire. Sjiadir w\\h a caducous spathe, or naked. Flowers monoicous, — 
sometimes arranged in contiguous cylindric spikes at the summit of a simple 
culm — sometimes in globose spadices at the ends of branches, — the staminate 
flowers above. Staminate Fl. Calyr none. — but. in its stead, simple hairs, or 
small membranaceous scales. Sta?ntns numerous, proceeding immediately from 
the rachis.— often connate below in twos, threes, or fours, and mixed with sterile 
branching filaments. Pistillate Fl. Calyx none,— but, in its place, subclavate 
bristles (abortive ovaries), or scales. Ovaries sessile or stipitate ; ovule single, 
pendulous; style simple, continuous with the ovary: stigma unilateral, oblong. 
Fruit a sort of dry drupe, indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seed inverted; embryo m the 
axis of fleshy albumen. 

An order comprising but two genera (Typha and Sparganium),— and those of 
little interest to the farmer. 

196. TYPHA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1709. 

[Greek, Tiphos, a bog. or marsh; from its place of growth.] 

Flowers monoicous, in two long dense cylindric spadices, or spikes, 



TYPHACEAE 191 

cne above the other on the same culm. Staminate spike termi- 
nating the culm, contiguous to the pistillate one, and merely sepa- 
rated by a membranceous caducous spathe — or else somewhat 
remote, with a naked space between them. Stamens numerous, — 
the filaments mostly united in threes, and beset with hairs. Pistil- 
late spike below the staminate one. Ovaries numerous, 1-celled, 
1-ovuled, — at first sessile, finally stipitate, surrounded at base with 
numerous subclavate bristles (abortive ovaries) ; style simple ; 
stigma unilateral, tongue-shaped. Fruit sub-drupaceous, very small. 

1. T. latifolia, L. Leaves somewhat ensiform-linear, flat ; sta- 
minate and pistillate spikes mostly contiguous. Kunth, Enum. 3. 
p. 90. Fl. Cestr. p. 519. Icon, Fl. Loud. 4. [Mace. 

Broad-leaved Typha. Vulgd — Cat-tail. Coopers' Reed. Reed- 

Fr. Masse d'eau. Germ. Die Rohrkolbe. Span. Espadana. 

Root (or rather rhizcma) perennial, thick and creeping". Culm 4 or 5 feet high, 
simple, terete, smooth, solid with pith, leafy at base. Leaves about as long as 
the culm, and 1 third to 2 thirds of an inch wide, tapering at apex but obtuse, 
sheathing the culm at base. Staminate spike, or spadix, 6 or 8 inches long, and 
near an inch in diameter, yellowish-brown, with a sheathing membranaceous 
caducous spathe as long as the spike. Pistillate spike immediately below (and 
about as thick as) the staminate one. 4 to 6 inches long, greenish-brown, — some- 
times in contact or continuous with the staminate spike — sometimes with a 
naked space of near half ah inch between them. Pools, and swampy springs: 
throughout the U. States. Fl. June — July. Fr. September. 

Obs. The leaves of this plant are (or formerly were) much used, 
by the Coopers, to secure the joints of casks, &c. from leaking. 
Poor people sometimes collect the fruit with its hairy involucels, from 
the mature spikes, for the purpose of filling beds ; but it becomes 
exceedingly dusty and unpleasant, and is even unhealthy, — in every 
respect a miserable substitute for clean Oats chaff, or. cut straw. 

ORDER CXXXIX. ALISMACEAE. DC. R. Br. 

Swampy herbs; mostly perennial, — the leaves and scapes usually arising from a 
creeping rhizoma. Leaves either linear, or with a dilated lamina which is ribbed 
or nerved, but the veinlets commonly reticulate I. Flowers regular and often 
complete, perfect or monnicous. mostly in racemes or panicles. Sepals and Petals 
mostly 3. Stamens as many as both the sepals and petals, — Ovaries 3, C, or many 
(rarely solitary), verticillate or crowded in a head, distinct or in some degree 
coalescing. Seeds solitary in each carpel or cell, straight or curved, destitute of 
albumen ; testa coriaceous or membranaceous. 
A small and unimportant order. 

SUB-ORDER II. ALLSMEAE. Richard. 

Leaves with a dilated nerved lamina. Flowers complete — i. e. with genuine pe- 
tals. Embrio curved. 

197. SAGITTARIA. L. Bndl. Gen. 1042. 
[Latin, Sagitta, an arrow ; from the prevailing form of the leaves.] 

Flowers monoicous. Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3, deciduous. 
Staminate Fl. above ; stamens numerous. Pistillate Fl. Ovaries 
numerous, capitately crowded on a hemispherical receptacle, distinct, 
1-celled, 1-ovuled; ovules erect. Carpels numerous, crowded in a 
head, distinct, laterally compressed, margined, indehiscent, 1-seeded. 
Seed curved ; testa membranaceous. 

1. S. sagittaefolia, L. Leaves broad-ovate, mostly acute, deeply 



192 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

sagittate at base ; scape simple ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 
Kuntk, Enam. 3. p. 156. Fl. Cestr. p. 528. 

Arrow-leaved Sagittaria. Vulgd — Arrow-head. 

Fr. Flechiere commune. Germ. Das Pfeilkraut. Spa?i. Saeta. 

Hoot perennial producing oval fleshy tubers (or rhizomas) 1 to 2 or 3 inches in 
diameter. Leaves all radical, 3 or 4 to S or 10 inches long (including the lobes), 
and 1 or 2 to 6 inches wide, sagittate-lobed at base, — the lobes ovate-lanceolate, 
about as long as the lamina of the leaf; petioles 4 to 12 or 15 inches long. Scape 
9 to 18 inches high, smooth. Flowers pedicellate, in numerous verticils of threes, 
the slaminate ones above ; pedicels one quarter to half an inch long, with 
membranaceous bracts at base. Petals white, orbicular. Pistillate flowers with 
ovaries forming depressed globose heads, which, in fruit, are one half to two 
thirds of an inch in diameter. Ditches, and swampy springs ; throughout the U. 
States. Fl. July — August. Fr. Sept. October. 

Obs. This plant frequently occurs in ditches and swampy places, 
and is of a size to attract the notice of the observing farmer. Hogs 
are fond of the tubers, — and when these animals have access to their 
place of growth, are apt to disfigure the ground very much, by root- 
ing. Draining is the remedy for this, and for most other aqtiatic 
tveeds. 

The AlismaPlantago, L. or Water Plantain (belonging to a genus 
which represents the Order— and is the special type of this Sub-or- 
der), is frequent in wet places, — and at one time, made some noise 
among gossiping dealers in marvellous specifics, as a certain remedy 
for Hydrophobia: But it was soon forgotten, — and is now scarcely 
noticeable, even as a weed. 

ORDER CXLVI. BROMELIACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 

Herbs, or suffruticose plants (chiefly tropical), often stemless, with perennial 
roots, or rhizomas. Leaves mostly rigid, dry, and channelled, with a squamose 
or scurfy surface, sheathing at base. Flowers- perfect, spicate, racemose, or pan- 
iculate, bracteate. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 6, or more. Ovary free, or 
adnate to the calyx, 3-celled ; style trigonous, simple or sometimes separable into 
3; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-celled, baccate and indehiscent, or more frequently cap- 
sular and seplicidally (or sometimes loculicidally) 3-valved. Seeds mostly numer- 
ous; testa coriaceous ; embryo small, straight or curved, in the base of mealy 
albumen. 

The plant of chief interest, in this Order, is that which affords the delicious 
Pine-apple (Bromelia Ananas, L. or Ananassa sativa, Lindl.), — the fruit of 
which is formed by the consolidation or blending of the imperfect flowers, bracts, 
and receptacle, into one fleshy succulent mass, which is usually crowned with a 
terminal tuft of leaves. 

198. TILLANDSIA. L. Endl. Gen. 1306. 
[Named in honor of Elias Tillands, — a Swedish Botanist.] 

Calyx free from the ovary, unequally 3-parted, persistent, — the seg- 
ments somewhat convolute. Corolla 3-cleft, tubular below, spread- 
ing above. Stamens 6, hypogynous, — the alternate ones mostly 
adhering to the petals ; anthers incumbent. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules 
several, at the central angle of the cells near the base, in a double 
series, ascending ; style filiform or dilated at apex, straight or twisted. 
Capsule cartilaginous, cylindrical or ovoid, 3-celled, septicidally (?) 
3-valved (loculicido-triva.lvis, Endl.). Seeds several, erect from the 
base of the dissepiments, linear -clavate, stipitate, — the stipe invested 
with pappus-like hairs ; embryo straight. 
1. T. usneoides, L. Stem filiform, fiexuose, branching, pendulous ; 



BROMELIACEAE 193 

leaves subulate-filiform ; peduncles 1 -flowered, short. Willd. Sp, 
Pl.2.p. 14. 

UsNEA-LIKE TlLLANDSIA. VulgO — Long MoSS. 

Perennial, parasitic, taking root in the fissures of the bark of trees. StemStO 
6 feet or more, in length, branched, pendulous in long tangled bunches 
from the limbs of old trees, very slender, terete, covered and somewhat rough- 
ened (as well as the leaves) with minute whitish membranaceous scales which, 
are dotted in the centre, — the centre of the stem and leaves consisting of a black 
horny elastic thread. Leaves subterete, slender, acute. Flowers yellowish-green, 
Fursh (purple, Loudon. Ency). solitary, axillary, sessile, with 3 or 4 small leaves 
(or bracts) at base. Calyx and Corolla deeply parted, — the segments equal in 
length, lanceolate, membranaceous. Ovary oblong. Capsute nearly cylindrical, 
2 or 3-celled. Seeds several in each cell, oblong, acute at each end, comose. 
Grows on the forest trees, in the low-land districts of the South. Fl. June — 
September. Fr. 

Obs. This singular parasite extends as far north as the Dismal 
Swamp, in Virginia ; but I have not had the pleasure of seeing it in 
its native forests. Mr. Elliott (from whose Sketch I have chiefly 
derived the above details,) says, " black cattle eat this plant in 
winter with avidity, and sometimes trees are felled, during a series 
of severe frosts, to place the moss within their reach. The moss, 
when dried, is beaten until the bark falls off, and the cartilaginous 
hair-like flexible stem, used for stuffing mattresses, chairs, &c. 5 ' 
The uses, here mentioned, seem to intitle the plant to a place in the 
present work. 

ORDER €LL SMILACEAE. R. Br. 

Herbs or shrubby plants, often climbing, mostly perennial by a creeping rhizomcf. 
Leaves alternate or verticillate, simple, entire, with the veins or veinlets reticu- 
lated. Flowers perfect or dioicous. Calyx free, mostly 6-parted, often corolla- 
like. Stamens as many as the calyx-segments and opposite them, mostly ad- 
hering to them at base. Ovary mostly 3-celled, — the styles, or stigmas, as many 
as the cells. Fruit baccate, few- or many-seeded. Seeds subglobose, affixed to 
the central angle of the cells; testa membranaceous, thin ; embryo small, in dense 
or hard albumen. 

A small Order, and of little importance — except as affording the Sarsaparilla 
of the shops. — a medicine of some repute, but of rather uncertain efficacy. 

TRIBE II. CONVALLARIEAE. Endl. Styles connate. 

199. SMILAX. Tournef* EndL Gen. 11S4. 
[Greek, Smile, a grater, — in reference to its harsh prickles.] 

Flowers dioicous, in axillary pedunculate simple zimbels. Calyx 
somewhat corolla-like, campanulate, deeply 6-parted, — or rather of 6 
petaloid sepals in two series, the outer ones broader. Staminate 
Fl. Stamens 6 ; anthers linear, adnate to the filaments. Pistil- 
late Fl. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules solitary ; stigmas 3, subsessile. 
Berry 1 to 3-celled, 1 to 3-seeded. 

DC^ Stem suffniticose, perennial, prickly. 

1. S. rotundifolia, L. Stem sub-terete; leaves orbicular -ovate, 
acuminate, subcordate at base ; common peduncles scarcely longer 
than the petioles. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 779. FL Cestr. p. 566. 
Round-leaved Smilax. Vulgd — Green-brier. Rough Bind-weed. 

Plant glabrous, yellowish-green. Stem 10 to 20 or 30 (sometimes 50) feet long, 
slender, flexuose, somewhat branched, armed with straight rigid prickles, ana 
climbing by tendrils. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and often as wide as long ; 

17 



194 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

petioles one third to three fourths of an inch long, striate, margined at base, gir- 
in°- out a simple, filiform, but strong tendril, on each side, at the summit of the 
margin. Flowers greenish-yellow, in small globose axillary umbels. Berries 
dark'blue. or bluish-black with a glaucous* bloom, when mature. Moist thickets, 
and woodlands, — climbing bushes and trees: Canada to Carolina. Fl. June. 
Fr. October. 

Obs. This rugged shrubby vine is often abundant in moist low 
grounds, — forming almost impenetrable thickets ; and is a great 
annoyance to the woodman, when employed in clearing out such 
places. It is not so difficult, however, to extirpate, as the following 
species. 

2. S. caduca, L. Stem somewhat angular ; leaves ovate, mucro- 
nate or subacuminate ; common peduncles longer than the petioles. 
Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 780. Fl. Cestr. p. 566. 
Caducous Smilax. Vulgd — Green-brier. 

Plant glabrous, yellowish-green, or often tinged with purple. Stem 3 or 4 to 
8 or 10 feet long, slender, flexuose, simple or somewhat branched, prickly, sub- 

{irocumbent or" leaning, supporting itself by tendrils. Leaves about 2 inches in 
ength. and nearly as" wide as long, subglancous beneath and often purplish ; 
petioles about half an inch long, and furnished as in the preceding species. 
Flowers greenish-yellow, in small axillary umbels. — the common peduncle gen- 
erally about twice as long as the petioles. Berries bluish- black when mature. 
Thickets, and neglected old fields: Canada to Virginia. Fl. May— June. Fr. 
October. 

Obs. This is nearly allied to the preceding ; but it is a smaller 
and less rugged plant, in this region,— -yet more difficult to subdue. 
It is quite frequent in sterile old fields, on our slaty hills, — and 
always indicates a low state of agriculture. There are several other 
prickly species in the U. States — especially in the South; and some 
of them may be as annoying to the planter or farmer as these, — but 
I cannot speak of them from my own knowledge. We have an un- 
armed herbaceous species (S. kerbacea, L.) — frequent along fence- 
rows, and borders of thickets — which is chiefly remarkable for the 
carrion-like foetor of its flowers. 

ORDER CLII. LILIACEAE. Juss. DC. Lindl. 

Herbs, with the flower-stems springing from bulbs or tubers, or with fibrous or 
fascicled roots. Leaves simple, entire, sub-linear, sheathing or clasping at base, — 
the radical ones crowded. Flowers regular, perfect. Calyx colored, mostly co- 
rolla-like, 6-parted, or of 6 distinct or slightly connected sepals, — often mellifer- 
ous at base. Stamens usually 6 ; anthers introrse. Ovary free, 3-celled ; styles 
united ; stigma oiten 3-lobed. Fruit capsular, 3-celled, mostly loculicid&lly 
3-valved, — sometimes baccate and indehiscent. Seeds several or numerous irt 
each cell ; testa either membranaceous, pale, and sometimes margined — or often 
crustaceous, brittle and black ; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. 

A large and very interesting Order — comprising nearly one hundred genera, — 
and many of them rivalling the Rosaceae. in beauty. The most important plants 
of this Order, not here described, are those which produce the Squill and Aloes, 
so well known for their medicinal properties. — and the New Zealand Flax 
(Phormium toiax, Forst.), so valuable for the strength of its fibres. 

SUB-ORDER IV. ASPHODELEAE. Endl. 

Herbs. Root bulbous, fasciculate-fibrous, or tuberous. Calyx tubular, or of slightly 
connected sepals, regular and mostly corolla-like. Stamens 6, hypogynous or in- 
serted on the calyx. Fruit capsular or baccate. Seeds globose or angular, — the 
testa crustaceous and black. 

TRIBE I. HYACINTHEAE. Link. Endl. 
Root bulbous. Calyx tubular, or 6-sepaled. Stamens inserted on the base of tht 
sepals, rarely hypogynous. Fruit capsular. 



LILIACEAE 195 

200. ORNITHOGALUM. Link. Endl. Gen. 1132. 
[Greek, Omis. ornithos, a bird, and gala, milk ; an ancient whimsical name.] 
Calyx corolla-like, of 6 sepals slightly connected at base, spreading 
above the middle. Stamens 6, the filaments dilated at base, nar- 
rowed and subulate at apex. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules several, in 
a double series. Capsule roundish, obtusely trigonous, 3-celled, 
loculicidally dehiscent at apex. Seeds often few in a cell, subglo- 
bose or angular ; testa black, rugose. 

1. O. UMEELLATDM, L. Bulb proliferous ; leaves linear, channelled ; 
peduncles corymbose, longer than the lanceolate bracts; sepals ellip- 
tic-lanceolate ; filaments lance-subulate. Kiuith, Enum. 4. p. 362. 
Fl. Cestr. p. 219. Icon, Fl. Lond. 2. 
Umbellate Ornithogalum. Vulgo — Ten o'clock. 
Fr. Dame d ' onze heures. Germ. Die Vogelmilch. Span. Ornitogalo. 

Bulbs biennial ? small, white. Leaves radical, numerous, G to 12 inches long, 
very smooth, green with a whitish longitudinal line. Scape 6 to 9 inches high, 
terete, smooth, corymbosely branched at summit, — the branches or peduncles al- 
ternate, 1 to 2 inches long, each with a membranaceous linear-lanceolate acu- 
minate bract at base. Sepals white within, externally green with a white mar- 
gin. Ovary somewhat trigonous-turbinate, often abortive. Pastures, and culti- 
vated fields : introduced. Native of the old world. Fl. May— June. Fr. July. 

Obs. This foreigner has escaped from the gardens, in many 
places, — and multiplies its bulbs so rapidly as to become a great nui- 
sance, if neglected. The bulbs are exceedingly tenacious of life; 
and when once completely in possession of the soil, it is an almost 
hopeless task to attempt to extirpate them. The leaves generally 
die, however, in the early part of summer, — and, in good land, are 
replaced by the valuable grasses : so that this obnoxious little intru- 
der is not quite so serious a pest as some others ; — suchjfor example, 
as the Canada Thistle, or Ox-eye Daisy. 

201. ALLIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 1137. 
[Supposed to be from the Celtic, All; — signifying hot or acrid.] 

Calyx of 6 petaloid sepals, slightly connected at base, spreading or 
campanulate-connivent. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the 
sepals, exserted or included ; filaments subulate-filiform, more or 
less dilated below, — the inner or alternate ones often membrana- 
ceously dilated, trifid, or with a slender cusp or tooth at summit, on 
each side of the antheriferous one; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled 
or sometimes 1 -celled by reason of imperfect dissepiments ; style fili- 
form ; stigma simple or sometimes trifid. Caps?/le membranaceous, 
trigonous, or somewhat 3-lobed. Seeds few, roundish and angular ; 
testa black, rugose or minutely granular-dotted. Herbs of a strong 
odor, with tunicated (biennial ? ) bulbs. Scapes naked, or with sheath- 
ing leaves below, solid or fistular. Leaves mostly narrow, channelled, 
semi-cylindric, or terete, often hollow, sometimes flat. Umbel terminal, 
embraced by a membranaceous 1 or 2-valved marcescent spathe- 
hke involucre, — sometimes bearing little btdbs. Flowers not articu- 
lated with the pedicels. 

§. 1. PORRUM. Don. Leek Section. 
Scape leafy below. Sepals campanulate-connivent, — the outer ones boat-shaped 
and keeled. The 3 inner stamens tricuspidate,— the lateral cusps longer than the 
middle antheriferous one. 

f Umbel bulb-bearing. * Leaves fiat. 



196 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

1. A. sativum, L. Scape terete, leafy to the middle ; leaves lance- 
linear, somewhat channelled ; spathe 1-valved, with a long acumi- 
nation, caducous. Kunth, Emtm. 4. p. 380. Fl. Cestr. p. 216. 

Cultivated Allium. Vulgo — English Garlic. 

Fr. L'Ail. Germ. Der Lauch. Knoblauch. Span. Ajo. 

Growing in bunches. Radical bulbs compound, consisting of small bulbous 
offsets, called cloves. Scape 1 to 2 feet high, smooth. — the lower half apparently 
leafy, by the extension of the sheaths. Leaves 9 to 15 inches long, distichously 
arranged. Heads, or umbels, bearing numerous small ovoid-oblong bulbs,— 
each bulb with a membranous covering. Calyx pale purple. Gardens: culti- 
vated. Native of Europe. FL July. Fr. September. 

Obs. This species is so generally cultivated, as a domestic medi- 
cine, that it seemed to claim a place, here. I suppose it to be the 
plant so much esteemed by the "Garlic-eating Peasantry," of Spain. 

* * Leaves terete, flstular. 

2. A. vineale, L. Scape terete, slender, sparingly leafy to the 
middle ; leaves terete, with a narrow channel on the upper side ; 
spathe abruptly acuminate, caducous ; stamens exserted. Kttntk, 
Enum. 4. p. 382. Fl. Cestr. p. 215. [Garlic. 

Vine (or Vineyard) Allium. Vulgo — Garlic. Field Garlic. Crow 

Fr. Ail des Vignes. Germ. Acker-Lauch. Wein-bergs-Lauch. 

Bulbs small. Scape 2 to 3 feet high, very slender, with a few leaves below the 
middle. Leaves 8 to 12 or 15 inches long. Umbel globose, about an inch in di- 
ameter (smaller and densely capitate, when bearing bulbs, — the bulbs often vege- 
tating while in the heads) ; pedicels of the flowers filiform, clavate. Calyx deep 
purple tinged with green. Pastures, and cultivated grounds : introduced. Native 
of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. August. 

Obs. Tradition says, this species was introduced by the first 
Welsh immigrants to Pennsylvania, for the purpose of supplying an 
early pasture. It is now completely naturalized, — and was formerly 
so abundant, in some districts, as to be quite a nuisance. It not 
Only imparted a disgusting flavor to mill-, butter, &c. but, by its 
abundance among the wheat, seriously injured the flour, — and 
rendered the manufacture of it difficult. Our best farmers, however, 
have now nearly subdued it, by the improvement of their land, and 
a judicious rotation of crops. 

f \TJmbel mostly capsule-bearing. Leaves flat — rarely keeled or folded. 

3. A. Porrum, L. Scape rising from the centre of a simple bulb, 
terete, leafy to the middle ; leaves broad, somewhat channelled or 
folded, and keeled, acute ; umbel globose ; sepals with a rough keel ; 
stamens a little exserted. Kunth, Enum. 4. p. 384. 

Leek Allium. Vulgo — Leek. Garden Leek. 

Fr. Porreau. Germ. Gemeiner Lauch. Span. Puerro. 

Bulb middle-sized. Scape 2 to 3 feet high, stout and solid. Leaves distichously 
arranged on the lower half of the scape, 6 to 12 inches long, and about an inch 
wide at base, with the margin sometimes ciliate. Spathe with a long acumina- 
tum. Umbel globose, dense, rather large (2 inches or more in diameter) ; pedicels 
of the flowers clavate. Calyx pale violet-purple. Filaments white. Gardens: 
cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September. 

Obs. This species — which is regarded as a sort of national Em- 



LILIACEAE 197 

blem, by the Welsh* — is occasionally cultivated as an ingredient in 
soups, &c. but I have rarely observed it in Pennsylvania. 

§. 2. SCHOENOPRASUM. Don. Chives or Onion Section. 
Sepals stellately spreading, — the outer ones keeled. Filaments mostly simple, — 
the inner ones sometimes dilated at base, or furnished with a tooth on each side. 
Spathe 2-valved, not acuminate. Bulbs cespitose. 

\X^ Leaves terete, fistular. 

4. A. Schoenoprasubi, L. Scape naked or few-leaved at base, 
about as long as the subulate-filiform leaves ; spathe 2-valved, about 
equal to the umbel ; umbel subglobose, capsule-bearing ; stamens 
shorter than the calyx, — the filaments not toothed. Kunth, Enum, 

4. p. 391. Fl. Cestr. p. 216. 

Rush-leek Allium. Vulgd — Chives, or Cives. 

Fr. Ciboulette. Germ. Der Schnittlauch. Span. Cebollino, 

Growing in bunches. Bulbs small. Scape 6 to 9 inches high, smooth. Leaves 
erect, about as long as the scape. Umbel about an inch in diameter. Spathe of 
2 ovate membranaceous nerved purplish valves. Calyx purple with a tinge of 
violet. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September. 

Obs. Cultivated as a culinary herb; and often used as a kind of 
medicinal food for young poultry. 

5. A. Cepa, L. Scape naked, or leafy at base only, fistular, and 
ventricose below the middle, much longer than the leaves ; leaves 
subterete, fistular, somewhat ventricose ; umbel globose, usually cap- 
sule-bearing ; stamens longer than the calyx, — the alternate fila- 
ments obtusely toothed on each side, at base. Kunth, Enum. 4. p. 
394. Fl. Cestr. p. 216. 

Vulgi— Onion. Garden Onion. 

Fr. Oignon. Germ. Die Zwiebel. Span. Cebolla. 

Bulb biennial? depressed or turnep-shaped, large (2 to 3 inches in horizontal 
diameter). Scape 2 to 3 feet high, terete, often an inch or more in diameter in 
in the most ventricose portion, smooth, glaucous. Leaves 6 inches to a foot or 
more in length. Umbel 2 to 3 inches in diameter, — the pedicels filiform. SpaU, 
greenish- white. Sepals lance-oblong, , white with a green keel. Outer stameft , 
about as long as the calyx, spreading, — the inner ones nearly twice as long^ 
erect ; filaments white, — th« 3 inner ones much dilated at base, obscurely tooth- 
ed. Gardens, and fields : cultivated. Native country unknown. FL July. Fr^ 
September. 

Obs. This species — universally known and cultivated, as a culi- 
nary vegetable — is by far the most valuable of the genus. The cul- 
ture is carried to a great extent in some favorable localities, — as at 
Wether s field, Connecticut. There is a variety with bulb-bearing 
umbels, or heads, sometimes to be seen in gardens. The expressed 
juice of the Onion is a popular remedy for the croup, in children. 
Its stimulating quality is thus playfully alluded to, by Shakspeare, 
in the Taming of the Shrew : 

'' And if the boy have not a woman's gift, 
"To rain a shower of commanded tears, 
" An Onion will do well for such a shift; 
" W hich in a napkin being close conveyed, 
" Shall in despite enforce a watery eye." 



* 



a Leek to the Welsh, to Dutchmen butter's dear, 
" Of Irish swains potato is the cheer; 
" Oats for their feasts the Scottish shepherds grind." Gat. 
17* 



19S ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

Two or three other species of this genus are cultivated, in Europe ; 
namely, A. Scorodoprasum, L. or Rocambole — A. Ascalonicum, L. 
or Schallott, fyc. But I believe they are not much attended to, in 
this country. We have, also, a few native species ; but they are 
scarcely of sufficient importance to require the notice of the Agri- 
culturist. 

TRIBE III. ASPARAGEAE. Juts. DC. fy Dub. 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Boot tuberous, fleshy and fascicled, or fibrous. Cmlyz 
spreading, or rarely tubular. Fruit baccate. 

202. ASPARAGUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1164. 
[Greek, Asparagos. a young shoot, or turion; notable in this plant.] 

Calyx of 6 nearly equal linear-oblong petaloid sepals, slightly con- 
nected at base, spreading at apex. Stamens 6, — the lower half of the 
filaments adnate to the base of the sepals ; anthers peltate. Ovary 
trigonous-turbinate, 3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell ; style short ; 
stigmas 3. Berry globose, 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. Seeds angular- 
subglobose ; testa coriaceous, black ; embryo excentric, somewhat 
curved. 

1. A. officinalis, L. Unarmed ; stem herbaceous, erect, panicu- 
lately branched ; leaves fasciculate, setaceous and flexible ; pedun- 
cles articulated in the middle. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 150. Fl. Cestr. 
p. 218. [row Grass." 

Officinal Asparagus. Vulgo — Asparagus, or (corruptly) " Spar- 
Fr. Asperge. Germ. Der Spargel. Span. Esparrago. 

Root perennial, consisting of numerous coarse fleshy fasciculate fibres. Plant 
smooth, 3 to 6 feet high, — the turiona, or young stems, at first simple, stout and 
fleshy, vvilii leaves in the form of appressed scales — finally ihe stem is ramified 
into a large panicle. Leaves unequal. 1 third of an inch to an inch or more in length, 
very narrow, linear, flat, abruptly acute, in fascicles of 3 to 10 or 12 (often 6), 
with a minute ovate acuminate scarious stipule at ihe base of each fascicle. 
Peduncles in pairs (sometimes solitary), lateral (not axillary) at the base of the 
alternate branches, about half an inch long, slender, the upper half (above the 
thickened ring, or articulation) slightly clavate. Calyx pale greenish-yellow. 
Berries globose, slightly umbilscatc, red when mature. Gardens: cultivated. 
Native of Europe. Fl. May — July. Fr. September. 

Obs. Almost every garden has a bed of Asparagus roots, for the 
sake of the young Turions, — which afford a favorite vegetable dish, 
in early spring, 

ORDER CLV. JUNCACEAE. Juss. Agardh. 

Herbaceous, mostly perennial grass-like or sedge-like plants. Stem (or culm) no- 
dose, often simple and leafless, or leafy at base with nearly naked scapes. Leaves 
alternate, sheathing at base, narrow, and either flat, channelled or terete. Floictrs 
small, glumaceous, in paniculate clusters, cymes, or heads. Calyx of (i dry 
greenish or brownish sepals, in two scries. Stamens 6, or rarely 3. Ovary free, 
3-celled, — or 1 -celled by reason of the placentae not reaching the axis; ovules 
either 3 at the base of the ovary, or numerous and affixed to the placentae; 
styles united ; stigmas 3. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved, few or many-seeded. 
Seeds erect; testa membranaceous ; embryo included in the base of dense fleshy 
albumen. 
A small Order of homely and worthless plants. 

203. JUNCUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1049. 
[Latin, Jungere. to join. — being used to tie or bind objects together.] 

Calyx bibracteate at base. Sepals 6, glumaceous, in a double 
series, — the 3 outer ones keeled. Stamens mostly 6, inserted on the 
base of the sepals, — sometimes those on the 3 inner sepals abortive. 



JUNCACEAE 199 

Ovary free, 3-celled ; ovules numerous, at the inner angle of the 
cells, erect ; stigmas 3, subsessile, filiform, villous. Capsule 3- 
celled, or somewhat 1-celled by the incompleteness of the dissepi- 
ments, 3-valved, — the valves bearing the dissepiments in the middle 
(loculicidal). Seeds numerous. 

1. J. communis, var. a? E. Meyer. Culms cespitose, naked, erect, 
smooth, filled with a continuous pith ; sheaths radical, without leaves ; 
inflorescence lateral, much branched, cymose, conglomerate or dif- 
fused ; flowers triandrous ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, as long as 
the obtuse capsule. Kunth, Enum. 3. p. 320. 
J. effusus. L. Willd. Sp. PL 2. p. 205. Fl. Cestr. p. 227. 
Common Juncus. Vulg-3 — Rush. Soft Rush. 
Fr. Jonc a Meche. Germ. Gemeine Simse. Span. Junco. 

Boot perennial, forming tussocks. Cairns 2 to 3 feet high, simple, soft and plia- 
ble, sheathed at base, and terminating at summit in a long tapering point. In- 
florescence cymose-paniculate, bursting from a fissure in the side of the culm 
near tlie summit, often proliferous, bracteate ; bracts oblong-lanceolate, scarious. 
Stamens 3, shorter than the sepals, opposite the 3 outer ones; anthers white. Cap- 
sule trigonous-obovoid, obtuse. Seeds minute, oblong, acute at each end, yel- 
lowish. Moist meadows, and low grounds: throughout the U. States. Fl. June. 
Ft. July — August. 

Obs. There appear to be varieties, or nearly allied species, which 
have created some confusion respecting J. effusus. Kunth (after E. 
Meyer) has reduced the J. coug'omeratus and J. effusus, of Lin- 
naeus, and others, into varieties of J. communis . 

The genus is a numerous one, — comprising about 100 known spe- 
cies — of which some 18 or 20 are natives of the U. States. They 
are all homely plants, and entirely worthless to the farmer ; but the 
one here given is the most troublesome, — continually forming 
numerous unsightly bunches or tussocks, in wet low grounds — and 
requiring some attention to keep it in proper subjection. Mr. Elliott 
says that in S. Carolina, this Rush " occupies and almost covers 
rice-fields as soon as they are thrown out of cultivation. " 

ORDER CLIX. CYPERACEAE. Juss. DC. 

Herbs, perennial or annual. — the stems (or culms) often angular, or compressed, 
somewhat nodose, usually solid and cespitose. never shrubby. Leaves distichously 
alternate, originating at the nodes, — the petioles dilated, embracing the culm, 
with the margins mostly united so as to form entire sheaths — the lamina (of the 
lower ones especially) often wanting. Fiou-ers perfect or unisexual, monoicou3 
or polygamous, rarely dioicous, spicate ; spikes either solitary and terminal or 
axillary, or variously clustered, and involucrate, at the summit of the culm : 
florets 1 in the axil of each chaffy scale or bract. Calyx none, — or the sepals 
reduced to a few mere bristles. Stamens usually 3, hypogynous. Ovary free, by 
abortion single. 1-celled, 1-ovuled; styles 2 or 3. more or less united,— the 
branches stigmalose on the inner side. Fru ; t an Akene (or caryopsis), either com- 
pressed, or more or less trigonous, according to the number and perfection of 
the styles, — the pericarp not adnate to the seed, chartaceous, crustaceous or bony. 
Seed conforming to the shape of the pericarp, erect ; testa delicate : embryo minute, 
included in farinaceous or somewhat fleshy albumen. 

An Order of some 50 genera. — remarkable for their worthlessness ; and also 
for their presence, or prevalence, at least, being an indication of swampy, 
neglected, or valueless land. The herbage of this Order — unlike that of a large 
number of the Gramineae. or true Grasses — contains but little saccharine matter; " 
and therefore is neither nutritious, nor palatable to stock. 

TRIBE I. CARICEAE. Nees. 
Flowers dielinous. Scales or glumes of the spikes imbricated on all sides. Akent 



200 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

(caryopsis, or nut) inclosed in a (usually acuminate) sac or ■uiriclt, formed 
of 2 membranaceous bracts or glumes with their margins united, but often 
leaving the apex bidentate. 

204. CAREX. L. Endl. Gen. 957. 
[Latin, carere, to lack, or want; the staminate spikes bearing no fruit.] 

Spikes one or several, unisexual or androgynous, rarely dioicous. 
Staminate Fl. Stame?is 3. Pistillate Fl. Ovary included in a 
utricle formed of 2 glumes united by their margins ; utricle beaked, 
and either bidentate, emarginate, or truncate at apex. Styles 2 or 
3, united at base, — the stigmatose branches elongated, exserted. 
Akene with a chartaceous pericarp (usually lenticular, or plano-con- 
vex, when there are but 2 stigmas, — triquetrous when the stigmas 
are 3), inclosed in the persistent utricle. Perennial herbs. Culms 
triangular, leafy throughout or only at base. Leaves grass-like,, 
mostly scabrous on the margins and keel. Spikes terminal or axil- 
lary, distant or approximated, or variously clustered. 

§. 1. Spikes all androgynous. 

O^ 3 * Spikes clustered, staminate at their summit. Stigmas 2. 

1. C. multiflora, Muhl. Spike oblong, decompound, interrupted, 
bracteate, — the spikelets numerous, ovoid-oblong, obtuse; fruit 
crowded, compressed, ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, scabrous on the 
margin, finally diverging, rather shorter than the ovate cuspidate 
glume. Kunth, Enum. 2. p. 387. Fl. Cestr. p. 29. 
Many-flowered Carex. Vulgo — Sedge. Sedge-grass. 

Culm about 2 feet high, obtusely triangular and leafy at base, acutely triquetrous 
above. Leaves lance-linear, channelled above, scabrous on the margin, — the 
upper ones over-topping the culm ; sheathes transversely rugose on the side op- 
posite the leaves. Spike 2 to 3 inches long, formed of numerous spikelets which 
are crowded into clusters a little separated from each other, and either appress- 
ed to the rachis or diverging. Bracts at the base of the compound spike, and 
also of the principal clusters, often long and foliaceous, — those at the base of the 
•pikelets, short, setaceous and scabrous. Staminate glumes lanceolate, with a 
short point. Pistillate glumes ovate, with a long serrulate point. Fpuit 3-nerved, 
bifid at apex, rather small, densely crowded, finally much diverging, and yel- 
lowish. Swamps, and low grounds: northern and middle States. Fl. May. 
Fr. July. 

Obs. This — like all the other species of this very numerous genus 
(amounting to some 300, or more) is a very worthless plant; and is 
often quite abundant, in wet meadows. The form of the akenes, 
in Carex — like those of Polygonum, already noticed — has a constant 
relation to the number of styles, or stigmas. When the stigmas (or 
stigmatose branches) are 2, the akene is compressed, and ancipital 
or 2-edged ; but when there are 3 stigmas, the akene is uniformly 
triquetrous. A similar relation, between the form of the akene or 
nut, and the number of the styles or stigmas, appears to exist in 
numerous other instances, — as in Rumex, Rheum, Scirpus, Cypervs, 
Eagus, Moms, Alnus, Betula, &c. &c. and the law may, perhaps, 
be general. 

§. 2. Spikes, staminate and pistillate distinct. Stigmas 3. 

f Staminate spike solitary :■ pistillate subsessile. 

2. C. tentaculata, Muhl. Staminate spike bracteate, on a short 
peduncle ; pistillate spikes about 3, cylindric-oblong, approximate, 



CYPERACEAE 201 

horizontal ; bracts long, foliaceous ; fruit densely crowded, ovoid, 
ventricose, nerved, long-beaked, about twice as long as the lance- 
linear awned glume. Willd. Sp. Fl. 4. p. 266. Fl. Cestr. p. 35. 

C. rostrata, Muhl. in Sehkukr. fide Kzt?ith, Enum. 2. p. 496. 

TeNTACUI^ATE OB MANY-BEAKED CaBEX. [(doubtful). 

Whole plant yellowish-green. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, triquetrous, scabrous 
on the angles above, leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, nerved, scabrous on the 
margin, longer than the culm. Staminate spike about an inch long, with a narrow 
lance-linear bract at base longer than the spike ; glumes lance-linear, terminated 
by a long scabrous awn. Pistillate spikes commonly 2 or 3 (often butl — rarely 
4), about an inch or inch and half long, — the upper ones approximate, sessile— 
the lowest one a little distant on a short scarcely exserled peduncle ; glumes ter- 
minated by a long setaceous scabrous awn. Bracts Tesembling the leaves, very 
long. Fruit ovoid, inflated, spreading, smooth and shining, attenuated into along 
straight, slender beak. Akene triquetrous, roughish-puncticulate. Swampy low 
grounds. Fl. May — June. Fr. August. 

Obs. This is a very common species, in the swampy meadows of 
Pennsylvania, — and probably throughout the greater portion of the 
United States. 

ff Staminate spikes mostly 2 or more. Stigmas 2. 

3. C. acuta, Gooden. Staminate spikes 1 to 3, erect; pistillate 
spikes usually 2 or 3, rather distant, cylindric, subsessile, often stam- 
inate at summit ; fruit compressed, ovate, with a very short beak 
and the orifice entire, about as long as the oblong-lanceolate awnless 
glume. Kunthy Enum. 2. p. 412. Fl. Cestr. p. 41. Icon, Fl. 
Lotid. 4. 

Acute (ob shabp-angled) Cabex. Vulgo — Tussock-sedge. 

Culms 1 to 2 feet high, very slender and acutely triquetrous, striate, minutely 
serrulate on the angles, leafy at base, — usually growing in large dense tufts, or 
tussocks. Leaves narrow, linear, keeled, scabrous on the margin, often longer than 
the culm, — the radical ones very numerous and loosely spreading, forming a large 
tuft of a lively bluish-green. Staminate spikes 2 or 3 (often solitary), erect, ses- 
sile except the uppermost one ; glumes oblong, mostly obtuse. Pistillate spikes 3 
(or often but 2), 1 to 2 inches long, rather slender, — the lowest one on a very short 
peduncle — the upper ones sessile, and often staminate at summit (androgynous) ; 
glumes brown, with a green keel. Fruit ovate, elliptic, or obovate, smooth. 
Akene obovate, inucronate, puncticulate. Swamps : throughout the U. Stales. 
Fl. April. Ft. June. 

Obs. The description of C. caespiiosa, L. as given in the books, 
so nearly fits this plant, that a young Botanist might be puzzled to 
make anything else of it ; and Kunth pronounces it to be only a 
marsh form of that species ([Nil nisi forma paludosa Caricis caes- 
pitosae.^). It is the most common, and most troublesome, of all 
the species. It is true, that a pedestrian, in crossing neglected boggy 
meadows, finds its dense tufts quite a convenience, to step on, — yet it 
is decidedly more farmer-like to provide good walking, in such places, 
by ditching and draining. The tussocks, formed by the matted 
fibrous roots, of this species of Carex, are often very large, and very 
durable. I once hauled a quantity of them into the barn-yard, with 
a hope that they might decompose, and make manure : but they 
effectually resisted decomposition, and were tossed about the yard, 
for years, — as large, and almost as indestructible, as so many hat- 
ter's blocks. The best way to dispose of them, is to collect them— 
when cut out and dried — into a heap, and burn them, — taking care 



202 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

afterwards, by appropriate draining, to prevent the growth of others. 
The three species here described, are inserted merely as samples 
of a very extensive genus of unprofitable plants,— of which every 
intelligent farmer would like to know something. Those who may 
desire to become better acquainted with the family, will find the 
species well described, in various Monographs and Floras. 

TRIBE IX. SCIRPEAE. Nees. 
Flowers perfect. Scales of ihe spikelets imbricated on all sides (rarely bi-tri- 
farious), uniform, — the lowest ones usually empty or sterile. Calyx noup, or sub- 
stituted by several bristles, hairs, or linear scales. Style often bulbous at base. 

205. SCIRPUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1000. 
[An ancient Latin name for the Bull-rush, — which belongs to the genus."] 

Spikelets many-flowered. Scales imbricated on all sides (or rarely 
sub-distichously), — the lower ones empty. Calyx none, — substi- 
tuted by capillary bristles, which are hispid or puberulent. Styles 
2 or 3, distinct at summit, united at base, often bulbous and articu- 
lated with the ovary. Akene crustaceous, either somewhat com- 
pressed, or trigonous — according to the condition or number of the 
styles or stigmas. Perennial sub-aquatic herbs. Culms mostly sim- 
ple, triangular or terete, often with leafless sheaths. Spikelets 
either solitary, conglomerate or corymbose, terminal or lateral. 
1. S. triqueter, L. Culm triquetrous, nearly leafless ; spikelets 
ovoid-oblong (1 to 5), in a dense lateral cluster near the summit of 
the culm ; scales orbicular-ovate, emarginate, mucronate ; bristles 3 
to 5 or 6, slender, shorter than the akene ; styles 2, united below, 
free at summit ; akene subcompressed, obscurely trigonous, abruptly 
acuminate. Kunth, Enum. 2. p. 163. Fl. Cestr. p. 593. Icon, 
Fl. Lond. 1. 

Also, S. pungens, Vahl. Kunth, I. c. S. Americanus Pers. fy others. 

Three-cornered Scirpus. Vulgo — Chair-maker's Rush. 

Root (or rhizoma) creeping. Culm 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, cuspidate at summit, 
acutely triquetrous (2 of the sides concave, the other Hat), nakfd and smooth, 
sheathed at base, — the sheaths often bearing a few short triangular-cariiiate leaves. 
Spikelets nearly sessile, in u dense lateral cluster, — i. e. at the base of an erect 
tapering 1-leaved involucre, which is appaiently a continuation of the culm. 
Scales often emarginate, and mucronate with the projecting midrib, ferruginous 
on the sides, — the margins scarious and pubescent-ciliate. Bristles retrorsely 
scabrous, brittle. Akene smooth, dark-brown. Swampy meadows, and muddy 
margins of rivers — salt and fresh : throughout the U. SlaU's. Fl. July. Ft. Sept. 

Obs. This is the plant used in making the seats of " Rush-bottomed 
Chairs," in the U. States. Some of the English Botanists say, the 
terete culms of the S. lacustris, L. or common Bull-rush, are used 
for that purpose, — which I think must be a mistake ; as they are 
certainly much inferior, in tenacity and pliability, to those of /S. tri- 
queter, — and the chairmakers would be apt to discover the fact. 
Numerous species of this genus occur in our wet low grounds : but, 
although of no value in Agriculture, they scarcely require notice, 
here, — inasmuch as they are neither very troublesome, nor difficult 
to get rid of, by draining, and other appropriate management of the 
grounds. 

TRIBE X. CYPEREAE. Nees. 
Flowers perfect. Spikelets usually many-flowered, with the scales distichously 



CYPERACEAE 203 

imbricated, uniform, — the margins often decnrrent on the angles of the rachis. 
Calyz none, or rarely cup-shaped, — sometimes substituted by relrorsely hispid 
bristles. Style rarely bulbous at base. 

206. CYPERUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1003. 
[An ancient Greek name, — of uncertain etymology.] 

Spikelets many-flowered, or rarely 1 to 3-flowered. Scales distich- 
ously imbricated, — the lowest ones empty and sometimes smaller. 
Calyx none of any kind. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles 3 (rarely 2,) 
united below into one, deciduous. Ahene crustaceous, triquetrous 
or rarely compressed, — sometimes mucronate with the persistent 
base of the united styles. Perennial herbs. Ctdms simple, often 
triquetrous, leafy and sheathed at base. Leaves grass-like. Spike- 
lets in loose spikes, involucrate fascicles, or umbels. 

l.C. strigosus, L. Umbel mostly simple, with several elongated 
unequal rays bearing oblong loose spikes ; spikelets numerous, each 
6 to 8 or 10-flowered, lance-linear, acute, much compressed, divari- 
cate, spreading on all sides ; involucre of about 6 leaves, — the ex- 
terior or lower ones very long. Torr. N. Am. Cyp. p. 261. Kunth ? 
Emim. 2. p. 87. Fl. Cestr. p. 15. 

Strigose Cypekus. Vulgd — Bristle-spiked Galingale. 

Culm 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, triquetrous, smooth, leafy below and tuberous at 
base. Leaves rather broad, acute, keeled, nearly as long as the culm, somewhat 
Bcabrous on the margin. Um')el3 to 6 or 9-rayed, rather spreading ; rays unequal, 
1 or 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, triquetrous, sheathed at base, — the central ones sup- 
pressed — (i. e. the central spikes sessile). Spikes yellowish, 1 to near 2 inches 
long (often compound— or with 1, 2 or 3 smaller spikes, branching from the base), 
formed by numerous spikelets (20 to GO or SO) which spread on all sides, and are 
finally a little reflexed. Spikelets about three fourths of an inch long, — the scales 
somewhat loosely imbricated, striate, with a green keel and yellowish sides. 
Styles long, 3 united in one, distinct at summit. Alcene triquetrous, oblong, acute, 
roughish-dotted. Wet meadows, and low grounds: throughout the U. Slates. 
Fl. Aug. Ft. Sept. 

Obs. This species is inserted — not as being a particularly trouble- 
some weed, but — as one of the most conspicuous of the genus, in the 
swampy meadows of the middle and northern States. The two 
which follow, belong rather to the Southern States, — and are there 
regarded as real scourges, by the Planters. 

2. C. kepens, Ell. Root creeping, tubeiiferous at the extremities ; 
umbel mostly simple, 4 to 6-rayed ; involucre about 3-leaved, much 
longer than the rays ; spikes distichous ; spikelets 10 to 14, linear, 
obtuse, sub-compressed, approximated, somewhat spreading, each 
12 to 20-flowered. Torr. N. Am. Cyp. p. 264. Fl. Cestr. p. 592. 
C. phymatodes. Muhl. Kunth, Ennm. 2. p. 62. [in Torr. 

Creeping Cyperus. Vulgd — " Nut Grass," of Florida ; Baldw. 

Root (or rhizoma) creeping extensively, and sending up numerous suckers,— the 
fibrous branches often terminating in tubers the size of a pea. Cuhn 1 to near 2 
feet high, triquetrous, very smooth. Leaves 9 to 18 inches long, and 2 to 3 lines 
wide, keeled, smooth or slightly scabrous on the margin, yellowish green. Umbel 
rather erect, — the rays 1 to 2 or 3 inches long. Involucre usually 3 or 4-leaved. 
Spikelets half an inch to three quarters in length, a little compressed, obtuse when 
mature, somewhat distichousiy arranged on the common rachis, — the lowest ones 
often in pairs or fasciculate; scales oblong, rather acute, nerved, pale tawny. 
Styles 3, united in one, distinct at summit. Akene triquetrous, oblong, minutely 
punctate. Banks of streams j pastures, and cultivated grounds : New York to 
Florida, and Louisiana. 



204 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

Ohs. This species is, fortunately, rather rare, in the northern and 
middle States ; but it is said to be a troublesome plant, in the South. 

3. C. Hydra, Mx. Rhizoma creeping, tuberiferous ; umbel mostly 
simple, 3 or 4-rayed ; involucre 2 or 3 leaved, about as long as the 
rays ; spikes distichous ; spikelets 4 or 5 on each ray, or spike, 
lance-linear, acute, much compressed, 14 to 20-flowered. Torr. iV. 
Am. Cyp. p. 265. Icon, Ell. Sketch, 1. tab. 2. fig. 2. 

C. rotundus, L? Maid. Kimth, Enum. 2. p. 58. [grass"? 

Hydra Cypertjs. Vulgo — "Nut Grass," of S. Carolina. "Coco- 

Rhizoma creeping, — its branches ending in tubers nearly half an inch in diame- 
ter. Culm 3 to Sand 12 inches high, triangular, smooth, naked. Leaves all radical, 
shorter than the culm, about 2 lines wide, acute, slightly channelled, often recur- 
ved, somewhat glaucous. Involucre sometimes shorter than the umbel. Rays of 
the umbel 2 to 3 inches long, erect or slightly spreading. Sjtikehts nearly an inch 
long, alternate and distichous along the upper part of the rays, — the scales closely 
imbricated, bright chesnut-color with a green keel, not nerved, slightly mucronate. 
Styles 3, united below, distinct at summit. Akmt triquetrous. Sandy fields; sand 
drifts, along the sea coast : Virginia to Florida, and Arkansas. Fl. All summer. 

Obs. This is stated to be one of the greatest pests of the Southern 
Planters. It seems to be an inhabitant of all the 4 quarters of the 
globe. Mr. Elliott gives the following account of it : — " This 
grass (?) is becoming a great scourge to our planters. It shoots 
from the base of its stem a thread-like fibre, which descends perpen- 
dicularly 6 to IS inches, and then produces a small tuber. From 
this, horizontal fibres extend in every direction, producing new 
tubers at intervals of 6 or 8 inches, and these immediately shoot up 
stems to the surface of the earth, and throw out lateral fibres to form 
a new progeny. This process is interminable, — and it is curious to 
see what a chain or net-work of plants and tubers can, with some 
care, be dug up in a loose soil. The only process, yet discovered, 
by which this grass can be extirpated, is to plough or hoe the spots 
in which it grows every day through the whole season. In their 
perpetual efforts to throw their leaves to the light, the roots become 
exhausted and perish, — or if a few appear the next spring, they can 
easily be dug up." J. S. Skinner, Esq. in a letter written during 
an excursion to the South, in the spring of 1S46, sent to me an im- 
perfect specimen of a Cyperaceous plant, which I suspect to be this 
species ; and says of it — " I send you inclosed a spear or shoot of the 
vilest of all pests, the Coco-grass, — which has taken possession of, 
and caused to be abandoned, some of the best Sugar estates in 
Louisiana. Of all thbigs it is said to be the most tenacious of life ; 
and nothing serves so well to propagate it, as to plough and re- 
plough, with a view to destroy it." 

There are numerous other species of Cyperus, in the U. States ; 
but the foregoing are the most important for the Agriculturist to be 
acquainted with. The Papyrus — which the ancients used, for writ- 
ing upon, prior to the manufacture of paper from rags — was obtained 
from a species of this genus, viz : C. Papyrtis, L. 

ORDER CLX. GRAMINEAE. Juss. 

Mostly Herbs of humble growth, perennial or annual, often cespitose— rarely 
woody and fruticose or arborescent. Stems (or culms) terete, nodose, mostly hollow, 



GRAMINEAE 205 

and closed at the nodes.* Leaves distichously alternate, originating at the 
nodes, — the petioles dilated, sheathing the culm, but mostly slit on one side (i. e. 
the margins not united, as in the Cyperaceae); stipules axillary, adnate to the pe- 
tiole, with the summit often free and known as the ligule, — sometimes obsolete 
or wanting ; lamina, or blade of the leaf, usually narrow, sub-linear, with par- 
allel nerves, the margins entire and frequently scabrous. Flowers perfect or 
unisexual — monoicous or polygamous, rarely dioicous, — in little spikelets at the 
ends of branches ; and these spikelets disposed in loose panicles — or, by the con- 
traction of the branches, condensed into racemes or spikes. Spikelets consisting 
of distichously imbricated chaffy bracts (stunted or modified sheaths of abortive 
leaves) ; — of which the outer or lower ones are called glumes — and the two that 
immediately inclose each flower are termed paleae. Calyx or Corolla none, — or 
in the form of minute membranous or fleshy hypogynous scales (1 to 3 in 
number), distinct or united. Stamens 1 to 6, or more— commonly 3 — hypogynous ; 
anthers versatile. Ovary free, by abortion single, 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; styles or 
stigmas mostly 2, the latter plumose. Fruit a caryopsis, free or sometimes ad- 
herent to the paleae, — the pericarp closly adnate to the seed, thin and chartaceous, 
or rarely crustaceous. Embryo situated on the front side, and near the base, of 
copious farinaceous albumen. 

This vast Order — comprising some 230 genera, and perhaps not less than 3000 
ppecies — is probably the most generally diffused, and the most important toman, 
of all the families of plants. The seeds, and herbage, furnish a principal portion 
of the food of the human race, and of the more valuable domestic animals. A great 
number of the Grasses, however, are little better than iveeds, on a farm,— -and 
some of them exceedingly annoying. Those which the American Agriculturist 
is more immediately interested to know, are here inserted. 

TRIBE I. ORYZEAE. Kunth. 

Spikelets sometimes 1-flowered, with the glumes often abortive ; sometimes 2 or 3- 
flowered: the lower florets with a single palea, and neutral; the terminal one, on y, 
fertile. Paleae chartaceous, rigid. Flowers often diclinous, and mostly hexandr jus. 

207. LEERSIA. Soland. Endl. Gen. 728. 
[Named in honor of John Daniel Leers, — a German Botanist.] 

Flowers perfect. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 0. Paleae 2, com- 

pressed-carinate, nearly equal in length, awnless, — the lower jne 

broader. Stamens 3 to 6 — rarely 1. Ovary smooth; stigmas 

plumose ; the hairs branched. Caryopsis free, compressed, covered 

by the paleae. 

1. L. oryzoides, Swartz. Panicle diffusely branched ; florets tri- 

androus ; paleae conspicuously ciliate on the keel. Kunth, Enum. 

1 p. 5. Specim. Gray, Gram. No. 104. Fl. Cestr.p. 92. 

Oryza — or Rice-like Leersia. Vulgo — Cut-Grass. Wild Rice. 

*The roots of the Grasses maybe regarded asrhizomas, or subterranean stems,— 
producing buds, and throwing up branches, of rapid growth, which are the culms, 
or aerial'stews. " The stem of a Grass," says Prof Lindley, " exists in two dif- 
ferent states,— that of the rhizoma, and of the culm ; the rhizoma, which is the 
true trunk ; and the culm, which may be considered a ramification of it. The 
rhizoma grows slowly, and differs in no respect from the stem of other Monoco- 
ty ledons, as is evident in that of the Bamboo. The culm, on the contrary, which 
grows with great rapidity, is fistular, with a compact impervious diaphragm at 
each articulation; a fact which must be familliar to every one who has exam- 
ined a straw, or the joint of a Bamboo. In the beginning when this culm was 
first developed, it was a solid body like the rhizoma, only infinitely smaller ; 
but in consequence of the great rapidity of its development, the cellular tissue 
forms more slowly than the woody vascular bundles which it connects, and in 
consequence a separation takes place between the latter and the former, except 
at the articulations, where, by the action of the leaves and their axillary buds, 
is formed a plexus of vessels, which grows as rapidly as the culm distends, and 
therefore never separates in the centre. Something analagous to this occurs in 
the flowering stem of the common Onion among Monocotyledons, and in Urn- 
belliferae among Dicotyledons." 

18 



206 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

Root perennial, creeping. Culm 3 to 5 feet high, striate, scabrous with minute 
retrorse prickles,-^the nodes pubescent. Leaves 6 to 12 inches long, lance-linear, 
acuminate, keeled, retrorsely and sharply scabrous, ciliate on the margin; 
sheaths sulcate-striate, very rough with retrorse prickles in the grooves ; ligule 
short, retuse. Panicle usually sheathed at base, much branched; branches 
flexuose, the lower ones in threes and fours. Spikelets elliptic-oblong, pedicel- 
late, greenish-white. Paleae compressed, pectinate-ciliate on the keel, — the 
lower one boat-shaped, 3-nerved— thejupper one a little longer, linear, 1-nerved. 
Swamps, and along sluggish rivulets: throughout the U. States. Fl. Aug. Fr. 
September. 

Obs. This rough grass seems to be common to both hemispheres, — 
and is often quite abundant in our swampy meadows, and along the 
margins of muddy streams. It is not only worthless, but rather a 
nuisance. The farmer should therefore know it, and take measures 
(by drainage, &c.) to expel it, or keep it in subjection. 

208. ORYZA. L. End!. Gen. 729. 
[The Greek name of Rice, — coined from Eruz, its Arabic name.] 

Flowers perfect. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, small, awnless 
but cuspidate, slightly concave. Paleae 2, compressed-carinate, 
nearly equal in length, — the lower one broader, and often with a 
straight awn at apex. Stamens 6. Ovary smooth ; stigmas plu- 
mose, — the hairs branched. Caryopsis oblong, free, closely em- 
braced by the persistent paleae. 

1. O. sativa, L. Leaves lance-linear, elongated, rough ; panicle 
racemose, contracted ; branches slender, rough ; paleae oblong, 
scabrous, awnless or often with a terminal awn. Kunth, Enum. 1. 

Cultivated Oryza. Vulgo — Rice. Common Rice. [p. 7. 

Fr. Le Riz. Germ. Der Reiss. Span. Arroz. 

annual. Culm 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, smooth, striate. Leaves 9 to 18 inches 
lo;.<;. broadish, rough on the upper surface, smooth beneath; sheaths striate- 
nerved, smooth ; ligule elongated (half an inch to three quarters in length), erect, 
tapering to a point. Panicle oblong. 4 to S or 9 inches in length, with the bran- 
ch^ erect. Outer palea nerved or ribbed, hispidly scabrous, often avvned, — the 

ne awnless. Cultivated in the Southern States. Native of Asia? Fl. Fr. 

Obs. There are several varieties of cultivated Rice ; some, called 
I nd or Mountain Rice, usually awnless, — others, with the paleae 
commonly awned, or mucronate, cultivated in low grounds which 
can be irrigated, or overflowed with water. The aquatic variety is 
on )' the staple crops of South Carolina. The importance of this 
to the inhabitants of the tropical regions, generally — but es- 
pecially in Asia — can scarcely be estimated by the residents of 
higher latitudes. It is believed that its seeds enter more largely 
inti the nourishment of the human family, than those of any other- 
plant — not excepting even Wheat. 

209. ZIZANIA. L. (Hydkochloa. En dl. Gen. 731.) 
[A Greek name,* — supposed to have been originally applied to Lolium.] 

Floivers monoicous. Spikelets 1-flowered, — the staminate and pis- 
tillate ones in the same panicle — the former below, the latter above. 
Staminate spikelets : Glumes 0. Paleae 2, concave, nearly equal 

* In the original language of the New Testament {St. Matthew, chap. 13). Ziza- 
nia is the term which is rendered, or represented in English, by the word "Tares'- : 
yet Tares have usually been considered to be species of Vetch (either Vicia sativa, 
L. or Enum hirsutum, L.). 



GRAMINEAE 207 

in length, the lower one mucronate, 5-nerved, embracing the 3-ner veil 
upper one. Scales 2, glabrous. Stamens 6. Ovary an abortive 
rudiment. Pistillate spikelets : Glume a minute orbicular cup- 
shaped rudiment. Paleae 2, linear, — the lower one 3-nerved, ter- 
minating in a long straight awn, and embracing the narrower 
1-nerved upper one. Scales 2, glabrous. Stamens abortive rudi- 
ments. Ovary sessile, oblong; stigmas pencil-form, — the hairs 
simple, subulate. Caryopsis cylindric, sulcate on one side, beaked, 
enveloped in the paleae. 

1. Z. AQUATiCA,i. Panicle pyramidal, — the lower branches spread- 
ing, bearing staminate flowers— the upper branches erect, bearing 
pistillate flowers ; spikelets on clavate pedicels; awns long; cary- 
opsis slender, elongated. Fl. Cestr. p. 93. 
Z. clavulosa. Mx. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 394. 
Hydropyrum esculen'.um. Link. Kunth y Enum. 1. p. 9. 
Aquatic Zizania. Vulgc — Water-Oats. Reed. Indian Rice. 

Root perennial. Culm 4 to 8 or 10 feet high, stout, fistular, terete, glabrous. 
Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 feet long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, linear-lanceo- 
late, keeled, smooth, serrulate on the margin; sheaths striate, smooth, — the base, 
at the nodes, surrounded with a ring of short silky appressed pubescence ; ligule 
rather large, elongated, erect, lanceolate, finally lacerate-dentate, often purplish. 
Panicle 1 to 2 feet long, — the branches verticillate. Pistillate spikelets about an 
inch long, needle-like, somewhat racemose on the branches. Paleae scabrous, 
dark greenish-purple, — the lower one closely embracing the upper one, and ter- 
minating in a slender straight hispid awn as long as the spikelet. Muddy margins 
of tide waters; swampy rivulets, &c. : throughout the U. States. .Fl August. Fr. 
Sept.— October. 

Obs. At the suggestion of my friend, Prof. A. Gray, I have re- 
tained the name of this plant, originally proposed by Clayton, or 
Gronovius, — and adopted by Linnaeus. Kunth has excluded the 
only original species from the genus, — in violation of the canons in 
such case made and provided. This fine stout Grass is well known, 
along the muddy shores of our tide waters, as the favorite resort of 
the Reed-bird (Emberiza Oryzivora f L.), in autumn. Mr. Elliott 
supposed it might be a valuable grass, in overflowed or marshy 
meadows, — as its leaves, he says, are eaten with avidity by Stock of 
all descriptions. I do not know that it has been found of much im- 
portance, in that respect, in the northern or middle States. 

TRIBE II. PHALARIDEAE. Kunth. 

Spikelets with the flowers either perfect, polygamous, or rarely monoicous, — 
sometimes 1-flowered with or without a stipitiform rudiment of another flower 
above — sometimes 2-flowered, both being perfect or starnmate — and sometimes 
2 or 3-flowered with the terminal one fertile, the others imperfect. Glumes 
mostly equal. Paleae often shining and indurated in fruit. Styles or stigmas fre- 
quently much elongated. 

210. ZEA. L. Endl. Gen. 742. 
[Greek, Zao, to live ; from the sustenance it affords to animal life.] 

Flowers monoicous : Staminate ones terminal, racemose ; pistillate 
ones axillary, densely spicate, — the spike enveloped in the sheaths 
of abortive leaves. Staminate spikelets 2-flowered. Glumes 2, 
concave, — the lower one 3-nerved — the upper one 2-nerved. Paleae 
membranaceous, awnless. Scales 2, collateral, fleshy, glabrous. Sta- 
mens 3 ; anthers linear, 4-sided, erect. Pistillate spikelets 2- 



208 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

flowered, the lower one neutral. Glumes 2, fleshy-membranaceous, 
very broad, ciliate, — the lower one emarginately 2-lobed. Neutral 
floret with 2 paleae, — the lower one rounded, concave, embracing the 
fertile floret. Fertile floret with 2 ov 3 concave paleae. Scales and 
stamens none. Ovary sessile, roundish-ovoid, oblique ; style termi- 
nal, capillary, very long, pubescent at apex and mostly bifid, — the 
lobes subulate. Caryopsis compressed, roundish-reniform or cuneate, 
with a groove on the upper side, surrounded at base by the persis- 
tent glumes and paleae; pericarp thin, chartaceous and diaphanous. 
1. Z. Mays, I. Leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, 
with a broad thickish midrib channelled above. Kunth } Enum. 1. 
p. 19. Fl. Cestr. p. 94. 
Vulgo — Corn. Indian-Corn. Maize. 

Root annual, coarsely fibrous. Culm 4 to S or 10 feet high, and an inch to an 
inch and half in diameter, simple (often producing suckers or branches at base), 
nodose, semi-terete or with a broad shallow channel on alternate sides between 
the nodes, smooth, solid with pith. Leaves 2 to 3 feet long, and 2 to 4 or 5 inches 
wide, obtusely keeled, smooth beneath, pubescent above, finely ciliate ; sheaths 
striate, smooth, conspicuously pubescent along the margin; ligule short, obtuse. 
Staminate flowers in terminalpedunculate fascicled racemes : spikelets somewhat 
unilateral on the branches, mostly in pairs — one subsessile the other pedicel- 
late, — each 2-flowered; anthers greenish yellow; scales collateral, cuneate, trun- 
cate, fleshy and smooth. Pistillate flowers in stout dense solitary spikes on short 
axillary branches (1 to 3 or 4 — usually 2 — of these spikes, or Ears, on each 
plant). Spikes 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, enveloped in numerous involute spathe- 
like •• h2isks'^ (i. e. the sheaths of abortive leaves. — of which one originates at 
each node of the spike-bearing branches) ; spikelets crowded, sessile on the 
thick fleshy subcylindric rachis (receptacle or '• Co&"), arranged in numerous 
(8 to lis; longitudinal series,-^the series, or " rows," always in approximated 
pairs. Ovary smooth, at first rounded, gradually becoming compressed, in full 
ears ; style very long and slender, projecting (with others in a glossy bundle, 
called u the silk") beyond the sheaths of the spike, — the exserted portion pen- 
dulous, and often purple, Caryopsis (or grain) compressed by crowding, — 
rounded when not crowded), with a slight gToove on the upper side, in which 
the embiyo is lodged, varying from orbicular-reniform to elongated and cuneate 
(often indented at apex in the cuneate forms), sitting transversely on the eylin- 
dric or tapering receptacle, and partially imbedded in a socket formed by the 
persistent glumes and paleae. Cultivated. Believed to be a native of the, 
warmer regions of America. Fl. July — August. Fr. September — October. 

Obs. Culture has produced several varieties of this plant, — with 
the grains yellow, white, or sometimes dark purple. In the north, 
it is much smaller than in the middle and South western States. 
There is, also, a remarkable variety — frequent, I believe, in the South 
west — in which a kind of husk, or involucre, is developed around 
every grain, or spikelet, on the receptable. The Indian-Corn is 
one of the most interesting of the Gramineae, or Grass family,^* 
rivalling the Sugar Cane and the Rice, in intrinsic value, and, in the 
more favorable districts, ranking next in importance to Wheat itself. 
The fresh Bread, made of Indian-Corn meal (the "Pone," of Mary- 
land and Viginia), when rightly prepared for the Breakfast table, 
may challenge a comparison with that made from any other grain. 
Sugar has also been obtained from this plant, of an excellent quality, 
and in considerable quantity ; but whether the saccharine product 
will warrant the culture of the plant for that object, remains to be 
determined. In Chester County, Pa. the Indian-Corn is usually the 
first in the routine of crops, on breaking up the Lay, or sod. Oats or 
Barley next succeed, — and then Wheat', with Clover and Timothy 
to constitute the meadow, or Hay-crop, for two or three years after 
the wheat comes off. 



GRAMINEAE 209 

211. PHLEUM. L. Bndl. Gen. 750. 

[A name derived from the ancient Greeks ; meaning obscure.] 

Flowers perfect : Spikelets 1 -flowered, Kunth, (2-flowered, Endl.), 
crowded into a dense cylindrical terminal spike. Glumes 2, keeled, 
awnless, acuminate or produced at apex into an awnlike bristle. 
Paleae 2, thin and membranaceous, shorter than the glumes, — the 
lower one truncate at apex, awnless mucronate or awned on the 
back — the upper one 2-keeled, and often with the stipitiform rudi- 
ment of another floret at base. Scales 2, unequally 2-lobed, gla- 
brous. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile ; styles 2 ; stigmas plumose, 
with simple hairs. Caryopsis free, obliquely ovoid or elliptical, sub- 
terete, closely oovered with the palea. 

1. P. pratjsnse, L. Culm erect; spike cylindric, elongated ; spike- 
lets destitute of the stipitiform rudiment ; glumes truncate, mucro- 
nately awned, — the awns shorter than the glumes; keel ciliate. 
Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 29. Fl. Cestr. p. 59. 

Meadow Phleuji. Vulgd —Timothy. Cats-tail Grass. 

Fr. Fleole des Pres, Germ. Das Wiesen-Lieschgras. 

Root perennial, fibrous. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, simple, terete, smooth, — when 
old rather firm and wiry, and often somewhat bulbous at base. Leaves 6 to 12 
or 15 inches long, lance-linear, acute, flat, glaucous, somewhat scabrous ; sheaths 
striate, smooth ; ligule membranaceous, obtuse, finally lacerate. Spike 3 to 6 or 
8 inches long, green. Glumes equal, compressed, abruptly mucronate, pubescent. 
Paleae concealed in the glumes, — the lower one larger. Anthers purple. Stigmas 
while. Fields and Meadows : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July. 

Obs. This foreign Grass is extensively naturalized in the U. States. 
In New York, and throughout New England, it is known by the 
name of Herd Grass, — a name which, in Pennsylvania — and I 
believe in all the States South — is applied exclusively to Agrostis 
vulgaris, L. The Meadow Phleum, or Timothy, is very generally 
cultivated in Eastern Pennsylvania ; and is undoubtedly one of the 
most valuable of the " artificial grasses," so called. Mixed in 
about equal proportions with red clover (Trifolium pratense, L.), it 
makes the best quality of Hay. It requires a good soil, — and is con- 
sidered a rather severe and exhausting crop; — inasmuch as the 
aftermath, or second growth of radical leaves, is somewhat scant 
and tardy, during the dry weather which usually succeeds harvest ; 
and thus the ground is left exposed to the injurious influence of the 
scorching sun. The clover, however, when present in sufficient 
quantity, soon springs up and affords a shelter to the soil ; and, when 
the land is good, the green grass (Poa pratensis, L,) comes in, spon- 
taneously, as the clover disappears. The seed, of Timothy, is 
usually sown in autumn, — among, and immediately after, Wheat 
and Eye ; though it answers very well, when sown early the ensu- 
ing spring. 

212. HOLCUS. L. Endl. Gen. 754. 
[An ancient Greek name, — of obscure etymology.] 

Spikelets 2-flowered, the florets a little distant, pedicellate, — the 
lower one perfect, awnless — the upper one staminate, awned on 
the back. Glumes 2, nearly equal, boat-shaped. Perfect Fl. 
Paleae 2, — the lower one boat-shaped, awnless — the upper one 2- 

18* 



210 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

keeled. Scales 2, 2-Iobed, glabrous. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, 
pyriform ; styles 2, terminal ; stigmas plumose, — the hairs simple,, 
or rarely bifid at apex. Caryopsis free, smooth. Staminate Fl. 
Lower palea awned near the summit. Ovary mostly abortive. 

1. H. lanatus, L. Panicle oblong, rather contracted; awn of the 
staminate floret recurved, included in the glume. Ku?ith y E?ium. l.p. 
34. Fl. Cestr.p. 91. Icon, Fl. Load. 1. 

Woolly Holcus. Vulgd — Feather-grass. White Timothy. 

Fr. Houque laineuse. Foin de mouton. Germ. Wolliges Honig-gras. 

Root perennial, fibrous. Culm simple, 18 inches to 2 feet high, and, with the 
leaves and sheaths, clothed with a soft hoary pubescence. Leaves lance-linear, 
acute, 2 to 5 or 6 inches long; ligule white, truncate, dentate. Panicle oblong, 
somewhat dense, — the branches hairy. Glumes roughish-pubescent, whitish, 
often tinged with purple. Florets both pedicellate, smooth and shining. Palea* 
of the -perfect floret nearly equal in length, the lower one broader, keeled, — of the 
staminate floret unequal, the lower one larger, keeled, with a recurved or hooked 
awn on the back near the apex. Moist meadows : introduced. Native of Europe. 
Fl. June. Fr. July. 

Obs. This grass is naturalized in many places, in Pennsylvania. 
Some of the farmers in Virginia speak favorably of it ; but I think 
it must be from want of familiarity with more valuable kinds. It is 
true, that Muhlenberg praises it — calling it " excellens •pabulum \ " 
but it is certainly very little esteemed by the farmers of Chester 
County : and in this they concur in the opinion expressed by Mr. G. 
Sinclair, in his valuable Hortus Gramineas. 

213. ANTHOXANTHUM, L. Bndl. Gen. 756. 
[Greek, AntJios, flower, and Xanthos, yellow; from the color of its spikes.] 

Spikelets 3-flowered, — the 2 lower ones neutral — the uppermost one 
perfect. Glumes 2, keeled, — the lower one shorter, 1-nerved — the 
upper one 3-nerved. Neutral Fl. Palea 1, channelled, emargi- 
nate at apex, awned on the back. Perfect Fl. Paleae 2, boat- 
shaped, awnless, — the lower one embracing the 1-nerved upper one. 
Scales 0. Stamens 2. Ovary sessile ; styles 2; stigmas distichously 
plumose, with simple hairs. Caryopsis subterete, free, closely em- 
braced by the paleae. 

1. A. odoratum, L. Panicle contracted into an oblong spike; 
spikelets sub-pedunculate, spreading, pubescent; paleae of the neu- 
tral florets ciliate. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 38. Fl. Cestr.p. 64. Icon, 
Fl. Lond. 1. 

Fragrant Anthoxanthum. Vulgd — Sweet-scented Vernal-Grass. 
Fl. Flouve odorante. Germ. Das Ruch-gras. 

Root perennial. Culm erect, 12 to 18 inches high, rather slender. Leaves 
lance-linear, shortish (1 or 2 to 5 or 6 inches long), pubescent; sheaths nerved, 
sulcate: ligule elongated, membranaceous. Panicle a sort of loose spike 1 to 2 
or 3 inches long, becoming yellow when mature ; spikelets somewhat fascicled, 
on short peduncles. Paleae of the perfect floret very short, obtuse, nearly equal, 
smooth and shining, the lower one much broader. Paleae of ttye neutral florets 
single, linear-oblong, ciliate on the margins, — one of them with a geniculate 
awn from near the base, more than twice as long as the palea — the other with 
a straight awn, about as long as the palea, inserted on the back near the sum- 
mit. Anthers linear, large. Stigmas white. Caryopsis oblong, blackish, shining. 
Meadows ; and moist open woodlands : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. 
May— June. Fr. July. 

Obs. This ha.s been much noticed, in Europe, as a fragrant mea- 



GRAMINEAE 211 

clow-grass ; but it seems rather to belong to a moist, cold, thin soil, — 
and is by no means regarded, in the U. States, as a grass of superior 
value. When cut, and partly dry, it emits a remarkably fragrant odor. 
The culms have been used in the manufacture of imitation Leghorn 
hats and bonnets. 

This grass is the plant referred to by Dr. Darwin, in the follow- 
ing lines of his imaginative poem, the " Botanic Garden :" — 

" Tu-o gentle shepherds, and their sister-wives, 
"With thee, Anthoxa ! lead ambrosial lives; 
"AVhere the wide heath in purple pride extends, 
"And scatter'd furze its golden lustre blends, 
" Closed in a green recess, unenvi'd lot! 
"The blue smoke rises from their turf-built cot; 
"Bosom'd in fragrance blush their infant train, 
"Eye the warm sun, or drink the silver rain." 

Bot. Garden, Part II. Canto 1. 1. 8-5-92. 

Belonging to this tribe (Phalarideae), is the Meadow Foxtail, of 
Europe (Alopecuriis pratensis, L.) ; which the farmers, there, seem 
to regard as a grass of merit : but, although it has been partially 
introduced into some districts of the U. States, it can scarcely be 
said to belong to the agriculture of the country, — and it may, per- 
haps, be doubted whether it can ever advantageously take the place 
of our best grasses. The Phalaris arundinacea, L. (a variety of 
which, with striped leaves, is known by the name of Ribbon-grass), 
also belongs to this tribe— as the generic name indicates. It is a 
deep-green luxuriant-looking grass, frequent along swampy ditches ; 
but it is not valuable, — neither is it very troublesome ; and therefore 
I do not describe it at length. The P. Canariensis, L. furnishes 
the well known Canary -seeds, used for feeding birds \ but does not 
possess much interest for our farmers. 

TRIBE III. PANICEAE, Kunth. 

Spikelets 2-flowered. — the lower floret imperfect. Glumes more tender or her- 
baceous than the paleae, — the lower one often (rarely both) abortive. Faleae 
more or less coriaceous or chartaceous, mostly awnless, — the lower one concave. 
Caryopsis compressed on the back. 

214. PANICUM. L. Endl. Gen. 770. 
[Latin, Panicula. a mode of flowering: or Panis, bread, — afforded by some 

species.] 

Spt/jelets 2-flowered, — the lower floret staminate or neutral — the 
upper one perfect. Glumes 2, unequal, concave, awnless. Stag- 
nate Fl. Paleae2. Stamens 3: sometimes the floret is neutral, — 
the upper palea and the stamens being abortive. Perfect Fl. 
Paleae 2, nearly equal, coriaceous, concave, — the lower one em- 
bracing the 2-nerved upper one. Scales 2, collateral, hatchet-shaped, 
or truncate and 2 Qr 3-lobed ; glabrous. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile; 
styhs 2, terminal, elongated; stigmas penicillate, generally purple, 
— the hairs simple, denticulate. Caryopsis free, glabrous, closely 
embraced by the paleae. 

f Inflorescence spicate. Spiles somewhat digitate-fasciculate : neu- 
tral floret with a single palea. 

1. P. sanguinale, L. Spikes several, digitate, somewhat spread- 
ng ; leaves and sheaths hairy ; florets lance-oblong, slightly ciliate- 
pubescent on the margin. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 82. 



212 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

Digitaria sanguinalis. Scop. Fl. Cestr. p. 44. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3. 

Bloody (or Purple) Panicum. Vulgo — Crab-Grass. Finger-grass. 

Root annual. Culm decumbent, 1 to 2 feet longr, somewhat branching from 
the sheaths, geniculate, glabrous, radicating at the lower nodes. Leaves 1 or 2 
to 6 or 8 inches long, softly pilose ; sheaths strigosely hairy ; ligule short, truncate, 
or ovate and acute, white or often tinged with purple. Spikes usually 4 to 6 
(sometimes S or 10) in number, and 2 or 3. to 6 inches in length, often in 2 fasci- 
cles or verticils a little distant from each other, becoming purple ; rachis flat, 
flexuose, scabrous on the margin. Spikelets in pairs, appressed, in two rows on 
the outer or underside of the rachis, on short pedicels. — the lower one subsessile. 
Inferior glume nearly obsolete. Gardens, and cultivated grounds ; throughout 
the U. States. Fl. July— Sept. Ft. Aug.— October. 

Obs. In the middle States, this is a troublesome Grass in Gardens, 
in the latter part of summer ; and is frequent, also, in Indian-Corn 
fields, — but not difficult to be kept in reasonable subjection, by the 
early and free use of the "cultivator." Cattle will eat it, — but do 
not appear to be particularly fond of it : and indeed it is generally 
choked out of good pastures, by the prevalence of more acceptable 
grasses. It is said to be a serious pest, in the cultivated grounds of 
the Southern planters. Mr. Elliott — than whom there can be no 
better authority — has the following remarks on this plant : — " Grows 
every where on lands not inundated. Well known to planters under 
the name of Crab or Crop grass. It is the most troublesome grass 
our planters have to encounter in high ground culture, and though 
an annual, it is the best grass for hay at present known in our low 
country." 

A very slender, smooth species (P. fiU forme,!.'), belonging to this 
sub-division, is often abundant in sandy pastures, — but is not very 
important in any respect. 

ft Inflorescence paniculate : branches of the panicle more or less 
divided ; spikelets solitary, scattered . 

2. P. c.iriLLARE, L. Culm nearly simple ; sheaths very hirsute; 
panicle large, capillary, loose, finally expanding ; spikelets lanceo- 
late, acuminate, smooth, on long scabrous peduncles. Kunth, Enum. 
1. p. 114. Fl. Cestr. p. 45. 

Capillary or Hair-like Panicum. 

Root annual. Culm assurgent or erect, usually 1 to 2 feet (occasionally only 
a few inches) high, sometimes branching. Leaves 3 to 8 or 10 inches long, lance- 
linear, rather broad, acuminate, nerved, hairy: sheaths sulcate-striate, very hir- 
sute with spreading whitish bristly hairs : ligule short, fringed or beard-like. 
Panicle large and pyramidal ; brandies numerous, subdivided, very slender, 
straight, — at first erect, then spreading, finally divaricate. Spikelets small, often 
purple. Abortive floret without a superior palea. Perfect floret much shorter than 
the upper glume, lanceoblong. plano-convex, smooth and shining. Sandy pas- 
tures; cultivated grounds : throughout the U. States. Fl. Aug. Fr. September. 

Obs. This worthless species flourishes most in a light sandy soil ; 
but it is usually more or less abundant in all Indian-Corn fields, in 
the latter part of summer. In autumn, the dry culms break off, 
and the light divaricate panicles are rolled over the fields, by the 
winds, until they accumulate in great quantities, along the fences 
and hedges. Common, and remarkable as this grass is, I do not 
recollect to have ever heard a common name for it. This vast genus 
(containing upwards of 400 species, — a considerable number of 
which are indigenous, or found in our country) is remarkable for the 



GRAMINEAE 213 

little value, or interest, which it possesses, in an agricultural point of 
view. With the exception of P. miliaceum, L.— and perhaps one or 
two other oriental species, which produce a kind of Millet — the whole 
multitudinous group are regarded as little better than mere weeds : — 
though none of them, so far as I know, are particularly obnoxious, 
or difficult to expel by judicious culture. The two here described, 
are inserted merely as samples of a numerous and somewhat variant 
family. 

215. SETARIA. Beauv. [Pennisetum. Rich. Endl. Gen. 781.] 

[Latin. Seta, a bristle; from the bristly involucres of the spikelets.] 
Spikelets 2-flowered, invested with an involucre of persistent bris- 
tles, — the upper floret perfect — the lower one staminate or neutral, 
with 1 or 2 awnless paleae. Glumes 2, unequal, concave, awnless. 
Staminate Fl. Paleae 2, membranaceous, with 3 stamens : some- 
times the floret is neutral,— the upper palea and stamens being 
abortive. Perfect Fl. Pd'eae 2, coriaceous, concave, awnless, — 
the lower one embracing the 2-nerved upper one. Stamens 3. 
Scales 2, collateral, truncate, fleshy, smooth. Ovary smooth; styles 
2, terminal, elongated ; stigmas plumose, with simple hairs. Cary- 
opsis free, compressed, included in the paleae. Inflorescence with 
the panicle often much condensed or spike-form. 

1. S. glauca, Beauv. Spike cylindric, tawny yellow ; involucre of 
numerous fasciculate bristles much longer than the spikelets ; paleae 
of the perfect floret transversely rugose. Kuntk, Enum. 1. p. 149. 
Fl. Cestr. p. 51. 

Glaucous Setaria. Vulgc — Fox-tail Grass. 

Root annual. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, sometimes branching, often several from 
the same root, smooth. Leaves 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, somewhat glaucous, 
lance-linear, keeled, slightly scabrous, with a few long slender hairs at the base ; 
sheaths striate, smooth ; ligule short, fringed or beard-like. Spike 2 to 4 inches 
long, rather slender and quite cylindrical ; rachis pubescent. Bristles of the in- 
volucre scabrous upwards, becoming tawny or orange-yellow. Staminate floret 
sometimes wholly abortive or neutral. Perfect floret plano-convex, — the paleae 
very firm and traversed by horizontal undulate wrinkles. Cultivated grounds; 
stubble fields, &c. : introduced. Native of India, and Continental Europe. Fl. 
Aug. Fr. September. 

Obs. All the species of this genus (formerly referred to Panicum) 
are believed to be strangers, here. This one usually makes its ap- 
pearance, in abundance, among the stubble after a wheat crop, — and 
is often seen in pastures, orchards, &c. when not kept down by the 
promotion of a more valuable growth. Cattle refuse the herbage, if 
better can be had ; and the plant is altogether worthless, — except 
that poultry (especially turkies) are fond of stripping the spikes of 
their seeds, in the latter part of summer. 

2. S. virldis, Beauv. Spike elliptic-oblong, green ; involucre of 4 
to 10 fasciculate bristles much longer than the spikelets ; paleae of 
the perfect floret longitudinally striate, punctate. Kunth, Enum. 1. 
p. 151. Fl. Cestr. p. 50. 

Panicum viride, L. Fl. Lond. Icon, Vol. 1. 

Green Setaria. Vu/gd — Green Foxtail. Bottle grass. 

Root annual. Culm 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, branching near the base, rather 
slender. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, lauce-linear, flat, somewhat scabrous, 
minutely serrulate on the margin ; sheaths striate, smooth, pilose on the margin ; 



214 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

ligtde fringed or beard-like. Spike 1 to 3 inches long, somewhat compound or a 
little enlarged in the middle, often nearly cylindric ; rachis hirsute with short 
hairs. Bristles of the involucre scabrous upwards, green. Sterile floret usually 
wholly abortive or neutral, — the upper palea very small. Paleae of the perfect 
floret smooth, puncticulate, striate longitudinally, with a slight transverse rugo- 
sity perceptible under a lens. Cultivated grounds ; pastures. &c. : introduced. 
Native of Southern Europe. Fl. July — Aug. Fr. Aug. — September. 

Obs. This species is also naturalized to a considerable extent, and 
is about as worthless as the preceding, — but is not regarded as a 
serious nuisance. 

3. S. Italica, Beanv. var. Germanica, Kuntli. Spike compound, 
ovoid-oblong, yellowish-green ; involucre of 4 to 8 bristles, unilateral, 
about as long as the spikelets ; paleae of the perfect floret striately 
punctate, obscurely 3-nerved. Ku?ith } Enum. 1. p. 153. 

S. Germanica. Beauv. Fl. Cestr. p. 51. 

Italian Setaria. Vulgo — Millet. Bengal-Grass. 

Root annual. Culm 2 to 4 or 5 feet high. Leaves 6 to IS and 18 inches long, 
lance-linear, rather broad, flat, serrulate on the margin; sheaths striate, pubes- 
cent on the margin; ligule beard-like. Spike compound (or rather a densely 
contracted panicle), 3 to 6 inches long,* ovoid-oblong or subcylindric ; rachis 
densely hirsute with long hairs. Bristles of the involucre sometimes longer than 
the spikelets, yellowish. Sterile floret wholly abortive, or neutral, — the upper 
palea very minute. Paleae of the perfect floret smooth, minutely striate-punctate. 
Fields ; cultivated as a fallow crop. Native of Europe and India. FL July. 
Fr. August. 

Obs. Some years ago, the culture of this plant was introduced 
into Pennsylvania, and excited considerable interest, for a time, 
among the farmers, — as affording valuable fodder, when the usual 
hay-crop was likely to be deficient. It was soon found, however, 
not to be as valuable as the usual fallow crop (of Oats, or Barley), 
of which it occupied the place ; and was, moreover, remarkably lia- 
ble to damage from rain. The cultivation, therefore, soon declined, 
— and is now generally abandoned. There is another species (S. 
verticillata, Beaicv. — with the spike composed of interrupted verti- 
cils of spikelets, and the involucre of retrorsely scabrous bristles, in 
pairs), which is becoming something of a nuisance, about gardens, 
in many places ; but it seems scarcely, as yet, intitled to a more par- 
ticular notice, here. 

216. OPLISMENUS. Beauv. Endl. Gen. 778, 
[Greek, Oplismenos, armed ; in reference to its echinate spikelets.] 

Spikelets 2-flowered, — the lower floret staminate or neutral — the 
upper one perfect. Glumes 2, unequal, concave or somewhat keeled, 
mostly awned. Staminate Fl. Paleae 2, the lower one awned; 
sometimes the floret is neutral — the upper palea and stamens being 
abortive. Perfect Fl. Paleae 2, nearly equal, — the lower one 
acuminate, mucronate, embracing the 2-nerved upper one. Scales 
2, collateral, truncate. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile ; styles 2, termi- 
nal, elongated; stigmas plumose, with simple hairs. Caryopsis 
free, glabrous, inclosed by the paleae. Spikelets arranged in spikes y 
— the spikes racemose or paniculate . 
1. O. Crtjs Galli, Kunth. Spikes alternate, secund, divided or 

*The paniculate spike, or contracted panicle, of a gigantic variety which 
grows wild along the marshy shores of the river Delaware, is often from 12 to 
IS inches in length. 



GRAMINEAE 215 

simple; florets imbricated ; glumes and outer palea of the neutral 
floret hispid, awned or mucronate ; outer palea of the perfect floret 
terminating in a scabrous awn ; rachis hirsute. Kunth, Enum. 1. 
p. 143. 

Panicum Crus Galli. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 49. Icon, Fl. Lond. 1. 

Cockspur Oplismenus. 

Root annual. Culm 2 to 5 feet high, rather coarse, smooth. Leaves 9 to 15 
inches long, lance-linear, broadish, flat, nerved, serrulate on the margin; sheaths 

rather loose, compressed, striate, smooth; ligule none. Spikes sub-paniculate, 

the spikelets crowded in dense spike-form compound racemes on the branches. 
Spikelets ovoid, plano-convex, echinate, awned or sometimes awnless ; lower 
glume short, ovate, acute, 3-nerved, — the upper one as long as the perfect floret, 
ovate, acuminate, 5-nerved, with bristles on the nerves. Neutral floret with 2 
paleae, — the lower one ovate, flat, with a scabrous awn or long acumination, 
5-nerved— one of the nerves central, scabrous, the others marginal, in approxi- 
mated pairs, presenting a double row of cartilaginous bristles. — the upper palea 
ovate, acute, thin and membranaceous, nearly as long as the perfect floret. 
Perfect floret plano-convex, acuminate,— the paleae firm, smooth and shining 
Caryopsis compressed, orbicular, white or ash-colored. Moist grounds ; mea- 
dows, drains of Barnyards, &c. : introduced? Fl. August. Fr. September. 

Obs. Kunth gives this as an inhabitant of the four quarters of the 
globe; but I suspect it is a naturalized foreigner, here. There is a 
variety, in which the sheaths are hispid and another in which the 
floral coverings are awnless. In every form, it is a coarse worthless 
grass — in fact a mere weed,— apt to abound along the drains of crude 
liquid, flowing from barn-yards,— and in spots which are usually de- 
signated as " wet and sour." It is readily expelled, however, by a 
proper management. Frequent and conspicuous as this grass is, I do 
not know that it has acquired any common name, in Pennsylvania. 

217. CENCHRTJS. L. Endl. Gen. 783. 
[Greek, Kenchros, Millet ; probably applied, originally, to some other plant.) 
SpiJcelets involucrate, 2-flowered, — the lower floret staminate or 
neutral — upper one perfect : sometimes the spikelet is solitary — some- 
times 2 or more are crowded within a multifid involucre, which is 
externally muricate with spinose bristles — finally indurated, and fal- 
ling off with the spikelets. Glumes 2, unequal, membranaceous. 
Staminate Fl. somewhat resembling the perfect one, — sometimes 
neutral, by the abortion of the stamens and upper palea. Perfect 
Fl. Paleae 2, subcoriaceous, concave, — : the lower one embracing 
the upper one. Stamens 3. Scales 0. Ovary sessile, glabrous : 
styles 2, terminal, elongated, sub-connate at base ; stigmas plumose, 
with simple denticulate hairs. Caryopsis free, somewhat com- 
pressed, included in the paleae. 

1. C. trieuloides, L. Involucre subglobose, pubescent, spinosely 
muricate, split on one side. Kunth? Enum. l.p. 166. Fl. Cestr. p. 52. 
Tribultjs-like Cenchrus. Vulgo — Bur-grass. Hedge-hog Grass. 

Root annual. Culm 1 to 2 feet long, usually oblique or procumbent, geniculate 
branching, smooth. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, lance-linear, acuminate' 
slightly scabrous on the margin ; sheaths loose, smooth ; ligule beard-like. Raceme 
terminal, of 6 to 12 or 14 alternate involucrate heads or clusters ; rachis angular 
flexuose, slightly scabrous. Involucre urceolate or subglobose, laciniate, usually 
split to the base on one side, hairy, armed externally with rigid subulate scabrous 
spines, villous within, embracing ], 2, or 3 spikelets. Sterile floret mostly stami- 
nate. Sandy fields. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 



216 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

Obs. Our plant appears to agree more nearly with the description 
of C. echinatus, in Kunth's Enumeration : but Dr. Torrey ex- 
pressed the opinion to me, that " it is doubtful whether the true C. 
echi?iatns inhabits N. America; our two species (as some call them) 
being merely forms of C. tribuloides." 

The plant is very abundant, in the sandy districts of New Jersey, — 
and has found its way to some of the slaty hills of Pennsylvania. 
It is altogether a worthless grass ; and the prickly involucres are a 
grievous nuisance, wherever it prevails in cultivated grounds, or 
about houses. It ought to be most carefully and thoroughly extir- 
pated, on its first appearance in any agricultural region. 

TRIBE V.* AGROSTIDEAE. Ku?ith. 

Spikelets 1-flowered, — very rarely with the subulate rudiment of a second supe- 
rior one. Glumes and Paleae 2, membranaceously herbaceous, — the lower palea 
often awned. Stigmas mostly sessile. 

218. MUHLENBERGIA. Schreb. Endl. Gen. 803. 
[In honor of Rev. Henry Muhlenberg^ — an early and eminent American Botanist.] 

Spikelets 1-flowered, — the flower sessile, bearded at base. Glumes 
2, unequal, usually much shorter than the paleae, awnless or with a 
short awn. Paleae 2, herbaceous, finally slightly indurated, — the 
lower one awned at apex — the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 2, mem- 
branaceous, entire. Stamens 3, — the filaments connate at base with 
the stipe of the ovary. Ovary stipitate, glabrous ; styles 2, terminal ; 
stigmas plumose, with simple hairs. Caryopsis free, subterete, 
glabrous, covered by the paleae. 

1. M. diffusa, Willd. Culms filiform, decumbent, branching, 
diffuse ; leaves short, spreading ; panicles terminal and lateral, con- 
tracted and slender ; glumes unequal, very minute ; awn about as 
long as the palea. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 200. Fl. Cestr. p. 58. 
Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. No. 106. 

Spreading Mchlenbergia. Vulgo — Dropseed Grass. Nimble Will. 

Root perennial. Culm 6 to 12 and 18 inches long, decumbent, geniculate, com- 
pressed, very slender and rather wiry, glabrous, much branched,— the branches 
assurgenl. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches in length, divaricate, lance-linear, acute, 
roughish; sheaths rather open, striate, pubescent at throat; ligule very short, 
finally lacerate or ciliate. Panicles 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, very slender, often 
purplish,— the branches alternate, rather distant, appressed, scabrous ; spikelets all 
pedicellate, racemose. Glumes persistent, very minute,— the lower one a mere 
rudiment— the upper one truncate, laciniate-dentate. Paleae unequal, — the lower 
one longer, almost triangular, with 3 prominent scabrous nerves, and terminating 
in a slender scabrous awn, which is generally a little longer than the palea itself. 
Caryopsis linear-oblong, acute, brown. Pastures; yards; and borders of dry open 
woodlands. Fl. Aug.— Sept. Fr. Sept.— October. 

Obs. This slender grass often appears in considerable quantity, in 
the latter part of summer, in fields which have been kept up some 
years for pasture. Cattle feed on it; but it is not so valuable as 

*The 4th Tribe (Stipaceae, Kunth.) contains no plant of importance in Ame- 
rican Agriculture. The genus Stipa — the representative of the Tribe — contains 
a species (S. tenacissima, L. macrochloa. Kunth — the Esparto, of the Spaniards.) 
which is much used in the Southern provinces of Spain, in the manufacture of 
cordage, matting, sacks, &c. There is also, in Europe, another species of Stipa 
(S. pennata,L.), which is a curiosity, on account of its very long and beautifully 
feathered awns. 



GRAMINEAE 217 

several of the other grasses, herein mentioned. It is said to be 
known, in Kentucky , by the name of " Nimble Will." In Pennsyl- 
vania, it has scarcely been noticed, by the farmers, sufficiently to 
acquire a common name. 

2. M. Mexicana, Trin. Culms slender, ascending, nodose, much 
branched ; panicles terminal and lateral, contracted ; glumes acu- 
minate, nearly as long as the paleae ; paleae nearly equal, pilose at 
base. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 14. 

Cinna Mexicana. Kunth, Emim. 1. p. 206. 

Agrostis lateriflora. Mx. Fl. Cestr. p. 56» 

Mexican Muhxenbergia. 

Root perennial, creeping. Culms erect or ascending, 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, slen- 
der and wiry, with numerous swelling nodes, much branched and leafy above, 
often becoming nearly naked below. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, lance-linear, 
acute, nerved, scabrous — especially on the upper surface ; sheaths smooth, com- 
pressed and but partially embracing the culm ; ligule short, obtuse and lacerate. 
Panicles numerous, 2 or 3 inches in length, contracted and rather dense-flowered, 
— the lateral ones partly sheathed at base. Glumes narrow-lanceolate, withscari- 
ous margins and a subulate point. Paleae usually longer than the glumes (some- 
times twice as long), — the lower one occasionally terminating in an awn. 
Moist grounds ; borders of fields, and woodlands. Fl. Aug. Fr. September. 

Obs. This species affords an indifferent pasture, in the latter part 
of summer; but it is not of much worth. It is better to supersede 
these — and all grasses of inferior quality — by the introduction of 
more valuable ones, — and it can be done, by the aid of lime and 
manure. When the soil is enriched, and properly managed, the 
better lands of natural Grasses (especially Poa 4" Festuca) soon 
come in, spontaneously, and expel the others. 

219. AGROSTIS. L. Endl. Gen. 810. 
[Greek, Agros, a field ; being eminently an occupant of fields and meadows.] 

Spil-elets 1-flowered, — sometimes with the pedicel, or rudiment, of 
a second superior floret. Glumes 2, keeled, awnless, nearly equal, 
usually much longer than the floret. Paleae 2, — the lower one 
awned on the back, or rarely awnless — the upper one 2-keeled, 
sometimes very small or obsolete. Scales 2, nearly entire. Stamens 
usually 3. Ovary glabrous ; stigmas 2, terminal, subsessile, plumose. 
Caryopsis free. 

1. A. vulgaris, With. Culms slender, mostly erect; leaves lance- 
linear ; panicle loose, ovoid-oblong in its outline, — the branches 
spreading, finally divaricate ; paleae awnless, — the lower one twice 
the size of the upper one. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 220. Fl. Cestr. p. 55. 

A. polymorpha. Huds. Gray, Gram. 2. Specim. No. 108. 

Common Agrostis. Vulgd — Herd-grass (of Penna.). Red-top. 

Root perennial, creeping. Culms cespitose, very slender, erect or ascending, 1 
to 2 feet high. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, nerved, scabrous ; sheaths striate, 
smooth ; ligule short, truncate. Panicle mostly purple,— the branches capillary, 
alternalingly semiverticillate, smoothish or often scabrous. Glumes smooth, ex- 
cept on the keel, lanceolate, acute, finally expanding. Paleae membranaceous, 
smooth at base, — the lower one nearly as long as the glumes — the upper one very 
small, retuse. Pastures, and moist meadows: introduced. Native of Europe. 
Fl. July. Fr. August. 

19 



218 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

Obs. This grass is somewhat variable in its botanical characters — 
as may be inferred from one of the specific names it has received : 
viz. A. polymorpha. It is often cultivated in some districts of the 
country, — and answers a tolerably good purpose in wet or swampy 
meadows, which its roots tend to consolidate : but it is not among 
the most esteemed grasses — either for pasture or hay. It should be 
borne in mind, by dealers in Seeds, that this is not the "Herd-grass" 
of New York, and New England,— which is Phleum pratense, or 
Timothy. The whole Genus (Agrostis,) is known, in England, by 
the name of " Bent Grass/' — and one of the species (A. stolonifera, 
IVilld.), was quite celebrated, some years ago, under the name of 
*'Fiori?i Grass" — as being superior to all others for yielding great 
crops of hay ; but, like many other plants whose value has been 
exaggerated, it has nearly ceased to attract notice. 

TRIBE. VI. ARUNDINACEAE. Kuntk. 

Spikelets sometimes 1-flowered. with or without the pedicel or rudiment of a sec- 
ond superior floret— sometimes many-flowered. Flowers mostly clothed, or in- 
vested at base, with long soft hairs. Glumes and Paleae 2, membranaceously 
herbaceous, — the glumes equalling or exceeding the florets — the lower palea 
awned or awnlcss. Mostly tall grasses. 

220. PHRAGMITES. Trin. Endl. Gen. 824. 
[Greek, Phragmos, a partition, or hedge; from the use said to be made of it "J 

Spikelets 3 to 6-fiowered : florets distichous, rather distant, not hairy 
at base, — the lowest one staminate, the others perfect ; rachis clothed 
with long silky hairs. Glumes keeled, acute, — the upper one larger. 
Paleae membranaceous, — the lower one elongated, narrow-subulate 
— the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 2, entire. Stamois 3. Ovary 
sessile, glabrous ; styles 2, terminal, elongated ; stigmas plumose, — 
the hairs thickish, simple or sometimes branched, papillose-dentate. 
Caryopsis free. 

1. P. communis, Trin. Panicle large, loosely expanded ; spikelets 
3 to 5-flowered. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 251. Specim. Gray, Gram. 

2. no. 127. 

A r undo Phragmites. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 61. 

Common Phragmites. Vvlgd — Reed-Grass. 

Fr. Roseau a balais. Germ. Gemeines Rohr. Span. Cafia. 

Root perennial. Culm 8 to 12 feet high, and often an inch or more in diame- 
ter at base, nodose, terete, glabrous. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, and about 2 inches 
•wide at base, linear-lanceolate, attenuated at apex, glaucous, scabrous on the 
margin ; sheaths closely embracing the culm, smooth ; ligule very short, pilose 
or fimbriate. Panicle terminal, large, — the branches smoothish, long, slender, 
semi-verticillate, with a tuft of soft hairs at base. Spikelets lance-linear, erect, 
pedunculate, 3 to 5- (mostly 3?) flowered. "Lowest floret staminate, sessile, naked 
at base ; upper florets pedicellate, — the pedicels finally clothed with long white 
silky hairs which are nearly as long as the florets (these hairs scarcely per- 
ceptible on the young panicle). Paleae very unequal,— the lower one with a 
long slender acumination, which is involute, resembling an awn. Margins ol 
swamps, and swampy streams. Fl. August. Fr. September. 

Obs. This grass appears to be indigenous in both hemispheres. 
It possesses but little agricultural interest : yet, being so remarkably 
large (rivalling Indian Corn, in size), I have concluded to give it a 
place, here. 



GR AMINE AE 219 

TRIBE VIII.* CHLORIDEAE. Kunth, 

Splkehls arranged in unilateral spikes, 1 or many-flowered, with the upper flo- 
rets abortive. Glumes and Paleae 2, membranaceously herbaceous. — the glume* 
persistent on the rachis, the outer one superior — the paleae awnless or awned. 
Spikes digitate or paniculate, rarely solitary ; rachis not articulated. 

221. CYNODON. Rich. Endl. Gen. 836. 
[Greek ; literally Dog's tooth ; but the reason is not obvious.] 

Sp>ikes digitate, in pairs, or racemose. Spikelets with 1 perfect flo- 
ret, — and sometimes with the subulate, pedicel or abortive rudiment 
of a second superior floret. Glumes keeled, awnless, nearly equal, 
the upper one exterior. Paleae membranaceous, — the lower one 
keeled, acute, awnless, or sometimes mucronulate — the upper one 
2-keeled. Scales 2, fleshy, mostly connate. Stamens 3. Ovary 
sessile, glabrous ; styles 2, terminal ; stigmas plumose, with simple 
hairs. Caryopsis free, inclosed in the paleae. 

1. C. Dactylon, Pers. Spikes 3 to 5, digitate, spreading; paleae 
longer than the glumes, glabrous, somewhat ciliate, with a beardless 
bristle at the base of the inner one. Kunth, E?ium. 1. p. 259. 

Finger Cynodon. Vulgo — Bermuda Grass. Dog's-tooth Grass. 

Root perennial, fibrous, creeping (numerous slender rhizomas). Culm pro- 
cumbent, radicating, 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, terete, smooth. Leaves 1 or 2 to 
4 inches long, acute, somewhat distichous and rigid, slightly hairy and scabrous ; 
sheaths longer than the internodes, hairy ; ligule beard-like. Spikes 3 to 5 (usu- 
ally 4), 1 to 2 inches long; rachis flexuose and angular, not winged. Scales obo- 
vate, half as long as the ovary. Stigmas dark purple. Loose sandy soils ; 
Southern Stales : Introduced ? Fl. All summer (Ell.). Fr. 

Obs. This grass (which, I am inolined to think, is a foreigner) has 
never come under my notice, in Pennsylvania; but I have received 
specimens from Virginia. I should judge it to be a grass of doubtful 
value, and equivocal character, in agriculture — compared with our 
better species. Mr. Elliott gives the following account of it [under 
the name of Digitaria Dactylon], as observed in S. Carolina : — 
w We have two varieties of this plant, one coarser (perhaps a species) 
growing in damp soils, native ; the other described above, said to bo 
imported, a tender, delicate grass, growing over and binding the 
most arid and loose lands in our country, and apparently preferred 
by stock of all descriptions to every other grass. The cultivation of 
this grass on the poor and extensive sand hills of our middle country 
would probably convert them into sheep walks of great value ; but 
it grows in every soil, and no grass in close rich land is more formi- 
dable to the cultivator ; it must therefore be introduced with cau- 
tion." Sir James Edward Smith, the Botanical Editor of Rees' 
Cyclopaedia, has the following remarks [Art. Panicubi dactylonjy 
in reference to the plant : — " This grass was perceived by Mr. Lam- 
bert, to be no other than the Agrostis linearis, of Koenig, Retzius, 
and Willdenow, — the Durva of the Hindoos, — which the late Sir 
William Jones, in the 4th volume of the Asiatic Researches, has 
celebrated for the extraordinary beauty of its flowers, and its sweet- 
ness and nutritious quality as pasture for cattle. We cannot but 
remark what extraordinary celebrity is attached, every now and 

*The 7th Tribe (Pappophoreae, Kunth,) contains no plant of Agricultural 
importance. 



220 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

then, to one grass or other, and how their fame passes away * like 
the morning cloud,' while the best graziers scarcely know, perhaps, 
better than their fat cattle, any thing of the nature of the common 
never-failing herbage, to which they are both so much indebted." 

222. ELEUSINE. Gaertn. Endl. Gen. 841. 
[Named from Eleusis ; where Ceres the Goddess of harvests, was worshipped.] 

Spikes digitate-fasciculate, rarely 1 or 2. Spikelets unilateral, 
sessile, 2 or many-flowered, — the florets distichous, all perfect. 
Glumes shorter than the florets, keeled, awnless. Paleae membra- 
naceous, awnless, — the lower one keeled — the upper one with 2 
keels. Scales 2, emarginately 2-lobed. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, 
glabrous; styles 2, terminal; stigmas plumose, with simple hairs. 
Caryopsis free, — the epicarp membranaceous, opening spontane- 
ously ; seed transversely rugose. 

1. E. Indica, Gaertn. Culm compressed, decumbent ; spikes 2 to 4 
or 6, linear, straight, digitate; spikelets lance-ovate, about 5-flowered. 
Ktcnth, Enum. 1. p. 272. Fl. Cestr. p. 81. 

Indian Eleusine. Vulgd — Dog'stail Grass. Crow-foot Grass. 

Root annual. Culm 6 to 12 and 18 inches long, oblique or often nearly pro- 
cumbent, smooth, branching at base. Leaves 2 to 12 inches long, rather crowded 
and distichous at the base of the culm, linear, often inclined to be conduplicate, 
smooth or sparingly pilose ; sheaths loose, striate, glabrous, pilose at throat ; 
ligule very short, truncate, minutely dentate. Spikes 2 to 4, sometimes 6 (rarely 
1), 1 or 2 to 4 inches long; rachis compressed. Spikelets imbricated, smooth. 
Loiter paleae ovate-lanceolate, with a green keel, — the upper one a third shorter, 
somewhat conduplicate, with 2 keels. Caryopsis triangular-ovoid, dark brown, 
transversely rugose, — the epicarp a thin arillus-like membrane. Farm-yards, 
lanes, and along foot-paths : introduced? Pi. Aug. — Sept. Fr. Sept. — October. 

Obs. This grass has, to me, the appearance of being a naturalized 
foreigner, — though no American Botanist speaks of it as such. It is 
usually to be seen in abundance, in lanes and woodyards, about 
farm-houses, in Pennsylvania, during the latter part of summer, — 
where it grows very thick, and forms a fine carpeting in spots which 
had been previously naked and muddy. Cattle and hogs are fond 
of it, — and Mr. Elliott commends it for hay ; but in this region, 
it rarely grows in mowing grounds, to any considerable extent. 

There is another species (E. coracana, Gaert?i.), which is "culti- 
vated, as corn, under the name of Natehenny, upon the Coromandel 
coast. 55 I believe it is unknown in this country,— and probably 
would not be worth introducing. 

TRIBE IX. AVENACEAE. Kunth. 

Spikelets 2- or many-flowered, — the terminal floret mostly blighted or abortive. 
Glumes and Paleae 2, membranaceously herbaceous ; lower palea mostly awn- 
ed, — the awn often dorsal, and twisted. 

223. AVENA. L. Endl. Gen. 864. 
[A classical Latin name ; applied to this genus.] 

Spikelets 2 to 5-flowered; florets rather distant, — the uppermost one 
blighted. Glumes nearly equal, awnless, loose and membranaceous. 
Paleae herbaceous, — the lower one mostly bicuspidate at apex, with 
a twisted awn on the back — the upper one two-keeled, awnless. 
Scales 2, bifid, rather large. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, hirsute at 



GRAMINEAE 221 

summit ; stigmas 2, sessile, distant, villously plumose, with simple 

hairs. Caryopsis subterete, sulcate on the inner or upper side, hairy 

at summit, usually closely embraced by the paleae, and adherent to 

the upper one. 

1. A. sativa, L. Panicle regular ; spikelets 2-flowered, pendulous ; 

florets shorter than the glumes, naked at base, — the lower one mostly 

awned. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 301. Fl. Cestr. p. 67. 

Cultivated Avena. Vulgo — Oats. Common Oats. 

Fr. Avoine cultivee. Germ. Gemeiner Hafer. Span. Avena. 

Root annual. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, smooth. Leaves 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, 
lance-hnear, nerved, scabrous; sheaths striate, smooth, rather loose; ligule 
lacerate. Panicle loose, somewhat nodding, — the spikelets all pedunculate, pen- 
dulous. Lower floret mostly awned on the back ; upper floret awnless, — with a 
pedicel at the base of the upper palea, bearing, at its summit, membranaceous 
rudiments of a third floret Caryopsis closely invested by the smoothish shin- 
ing subcartilaginous paleae. Fields; cultivated as a fallow crop. Fl. July. 
Fr. August. 

Obs. The native country of this plant — as of most of our culti- 
vated grains— seems to be somewhat uncertain, — though this one is 
said to have been found native in the island of Juan Fernandez. 
Oats are extensively cultivated, in this country, — chiefly as food for 
horses. Dr. Johnson took occasion, in compiling his Dictionary, to 
fling a sarcasm at the Scotch, by defining oats to be the food of Horses 
in England, and of Me7i in Scotland, — as if the effects of climate 
were a fit subject on which to taunt a people ! Yet this was but one 
of many instances, of his national prejudice and illiberality. 

This grain succeeds better than Barley, in a thin soil ; and is 
therefore frequently employed, in the rotation of crops, when Bar- 
ley would have been preferred, had the land been good. The A. 
nuda, L. called " skinless oats," — a species nearly allied to this, but 
with 3 to 5-flowered spikelets, and the caryopsis loosely covered by 
the paleae, — has been partially cultivated, by the curious, on account 
of its superior fitness for making Oat-meal, as an article of diet for 
the sick. 

224. ARRHENATHERUM. Beauv. Endl. Gen. 865". 
[Greek. Arrhciu mate, and ather, an awn; the staminate floret being awned.] 

Spiielets somewhat 3-fiowered, — the lowest floret being staminate, 
the second one perfect, and the third an abortive filiform rudiment. 
Glumes concave, awnless, — the upper one longer, equalling the flo- 
rets. Staminate Fl. Paleae 2,-^the lower one concave, awned 
on the back — the awn elongated, twisted at base; upper paleae 2- 
keeled, awnless. Stamens 3. Ovary obsolete. Perfect Fl. Pa- 
leae 2, — the lower one concave, slightly bifid at apex, awned on the 
back — the awn short, straight ; upper palea 2-keeled. Scales 2, 
elongated, lance-linear, entire. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, hairy at 
summit; stigmas 2, terminal, villously plumose, — the hairs simple, 
sharply serrulate. Caryopsis sub-terete, sulcate on the upper side, 
adherent to the upper palea. 

1. A. avexaceum, 5^««r. Leaves flat ; panicle oblong, contracted, 
finally spreading. Kunt/i, Enum. 1. p. 307. 
Avena elatior. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 66. 
Holcus avenaceus. Scop. Fl, Land. Icon, Vol. 1. 

19* 



222 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

Oat-like Arrhenatherum. Vulgo — Oat-grass. Grass of the Andes. 

Fr. Avoine elevee. Germ. Wiesen Hafer. 

Root perennial, creeping, nodose. Culm about 3 feet high, glabrous. Leaves 
4 to 8 or 10 inches long, lance-linear, scabrous on the margin and upper surface ; 
sheaths striate, smooth ; ligule short, retuse. Panicle linear-oblong, finally spread- 
ing and somewhat nodding, — the branches short, semi-verticillate. Glumes 
unequal, — the lower one shorter than the florets. Upper palea of the perfect flo- 
ret with the filiform rudiment of a third floret at its base. Cultivated lots: intro- 
duced. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July. 

Obs. This grass has been partially introduced, and cultivated, by 
a few curious farmers ; but it does not appear to be much of a 
favorite, either for pasture or hay, in Pennsylvania. It is some- 
times called " Grass of the Andes," — but I know not for what rea- 
son, as it seems to be of undoubted European origin. 

TRIBE X. FESTUCACEAE. Kunth. 
Spikelets usually many-flowered. Glumes and Paleae 2. membranaceously her- 
baceous, rarely coriaceous,— the lower palea often awned — the awns not twisted. 
Inflorescence generally paniculate. 

SUB-TRIBE 1. BROMEAE. Endl. 
Herbeceous grasses. Stamens 3. 

225. POA. L. Endl. Gen. 876. 
[Greek, Poa, herbage, or pasture ; applied by way of eminence to this genus.] 

Spikelets 2 to many flowered, — the florets distichous, perfect. 
Glumes awnless, unequal or sometimes nearly equal. Paleae awn- 
less, — the lower one keeled or concave — the upper one 2-keeled.* 
Scales 2, entire or bifid. Stamens mostly 3. Ovary sessile, gla- 
brous ; styles 2, terminal ; stigmas plumose, — the hairs simple, 
sharply serrate-denticulate. Caryopsis free, or rarely adherent to 
the upper palea. 

OIF" Spikelets panic u'.ate, compressed; florets generally 3 to 5. rather distant, 
often connected by a villous web at base ; lower palea herbaceous, with a diapha- 
nous margin, commonly 5-nerved. Legitimate or genuine Poas, Kunth. 

1. P. annua,!,. Culms oblique, subcompressed, sometimes radi- 
cating at base ; leaves rather short ; ligules oblong ; panicle sub- 
secund, divaricate, — the branches smooth, solitary or in pairs, finally 
deflected ; spikelets oblong-ovate, about 5-flowered, — the florets not 
villous at base. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 319. Fl. Cestr. p. 76. Icox, 
Fl. Lond. 1. 

Annual Poa. Vttlgv — Dwarf, or Early Meadow-Grass. 
Fr. Paturin annuel. Germ. Jaehriges Rispengras. 

Root annual. Culms cespitose, 3 to G or 8 inches long, smooth, geniculate, 
oblique at base, or often nearly procumbent. Leaves 1 to 3 inches in length, 
sublinear. acute, keeled, smooth, minutely serrulate on the margin ; sheaths loose! 
smooth ; ligule oblong, dentate. Pan'de sometimes rather secund. — the branches 
often solitary, subdivided. Spikelets rather crowded on the divisions of the 
branches, 3 or 4 to 6- (very often 3-) flowered. Glumes unequal, acuminate, 
with scarious margins. Paleae minutely pubescent, but destitute, of the villous 
web, — the lower one ovate, obtuse, 5-nerved — the upper one a little shorter, 
scarious, with 2 green keels. Cultivated grounds; pastures; along foot-paths, 
<Scc. introduced? Native of Europe. Fl. April — Sept. Fr, June — Octo. 

*It is probable that the (: 2-keeled" tipper palea — so frequent in the Grasses, 
and so obvious in this, and the following tribe— in reality consists of two collateral 
keeled paleae, united by their contiguous margins, while the outer margins are 
inflexed, or folded in, — leaving the two keels apparently at the two edges of the 
upper palea. 



GRAMINEAE 223 

Obs. This little species —which was probably introduced from Eu- 
rope — comes forward early in the spring, — and what little pasture it 
affords is tolerably acceptable to Stock : but it is far inferior in value 
and importance to either of the following. 

2. P. trivialis, L. Culm and sheaths somewhat scabrous ; leaves 
lance-linear, flat, acuminate ; ligule elongated, acute; panicle dif- 
fuse, regular, — the branches scabrous; spikelets ovate, 2 to 3-flow- 
ered, — the florets slightly villous at base. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 352. 
Fl. Cestr. p. 75. Icon, Fl. Loud. 1. 

Trivial Poa. Vulgo — Rough-stalked Meadow-Grass. 

Root perennial. Culm 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, subterete or slightly ancipital, 
often declined at base, geniculate, and stoloniferous, somewhat scabrous re- 
trorsely. Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, lance-linear (those of the root or 
suckers long and narrow), acute or acuminate, slightly scabrous on the margin ; 
sheaths striate-nerved, scabrous when rubbed upwards ; ligule much elongated, 
scarious and whitish. Panicle loose, expanding, — the branches semi-verticillate 
in about fives, sharply scabrous. Spiktlels usually 2- (sometimes 3-) flowered. 
Glumes scabrous on the keel, — the lower one rather shorter, very acute — the 
upper one 3-nerved, with a scarious margin. Pahae unequal, nearly smooth or 
very slightly villous at base, — the lower one longer, 5-nerved, scarious at apex. 
Moist low grounds ; meadows, and woodlands : introduced ? Fl June. Fr. July. 

Obs. This species (also, perhaps, a foreigner) is frequent in moist 
pastures and meadows, — and affords a good forage, both pasture and 
hay. It has much general resemblance to the following species (P. 
pratensis), when growing in open grounds ; but is decidedly inferior 
in value,— and may be readily distinguished from it, by the elongated 
ligide and retrorsely scabrous sheaths and culms. In woodlands, it 
is often a weak straggling plant. 

3. P. pratensis, L. Culm and sheaths smooth ; leaves linear, 
keeled, abruptly acute ; ligule short, truncate ; panicle somewhat 
crowded, regular, finally spreading; spikelets ovate, acute, 3 to 5- 
fiowered ; florets connected by a villous web. Kunth, Enzcm. 1. p. 
352. Fl. Cestr. p. 74. Icon, Fl. Loud. 1. 

Also, P. viridis. Muhl. Kunth. I. c. [Meadow Grass. 

Meadow Poa. Vulgo — Spear Grass. Green Grass. Smooth-stalked 

Fr. Paturin des Pres. Germ. Vieh-gras. Wiesen Rispen-grass. 

Rcot perennial, creeping. Plant smooth. Culm erect, 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, 
slender, terete. Radical leaves often very numerous, and long (L to 2 feet or 
more in length, in good soils), scarcely a line wide and exactly linear, termi- 
nating abruptly in a boatshaped or keeled point, deep green, slightly scabrous 
on the margin, — the culm leaves shorter than the striate-nerved glabrous sheaths; 
ligule scarious, short, obtuse, often crenate-dentate. Panicle at first rather 
crowded, at length expanding and pyramidal. — the branches semi-verticillate, 
3 to 5 from a node, flexuose and nearly smooth. Spikelets pedicellate, a little 
crowded on the branches ; 2 or 3 to 5-flowered : florets acute, connected at base 
by cobweb-like hairs. Glumes a litfle unequal, compressed, keeled, sharply 
acuminate. Lower palea somewhat compressed, acute, 5-nerved, — the upper one 
acuminate, slightly scabrous on the two keels. Fields, meadows, and wood- 
lands : introduced ? Fl. May — June. Fr. July. 

Obs. This srjecies (supposed to be a naturalized foreigner,) varies 
considerably, in size and appearance, when growing in different 
soils and situations. In our best soils, the radical leaves are very 
long and luxuriant, — when it is known by the name of " Green 
Grass." In Koitueky, it is commonly called " Blue Grass," — a 
name which properly belongs to the following species (P. compress a, 



224 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

L.). It is the profusion of the nutritious radical leaves, which con- 
stitutes the chief excellence of this grass. It is, indeed, as Muhlen- 
berg terms it, " optimum pabulum" — being decidedly the most val- 
uable of all the grasses known in our pastures. It has not been 
found necessary, in Pennsylvania (of latter years, at least), to cul- 
tivate it, by sowing the seed ; for when the land is duly prepared by 
lime and manure, it soon takes possession of the soil — or comes in, 
as the farmers term it, — and supersedes the artificial grasses. The 
prevalence, therefore, and luxuriant growth of this grass, is one of 
the best evidences of the land being in good condition, and well 
managed. In very poor land, it deteriorates so much that it would 
scarcely be recognised as the same plant. The slender culms, of 
this species, afford an excellent material for the manufacture of the 
finer kinds of Leghorn hats. 

4. P. compressa, L. Culm oblique or declined at base, much com- 
pressed ; panicle contracted, somewhat secund; spikelets oblong- 
ovate, 3 to 6-flowered ; florets connected by a villous web. Kunth, 
Enum. 1. p. 355. FL Cestr. p. 76. [Meadow Grass. 

Compressed Poa. Vulgo — Blue Grass. Wire Grass. Flat-stalked 

Fr. Paturin applati. Germ. Rehwasen. 

Root perennial, creeping (numerous branching rhizomas). Plant smooth with 
rather few and short radical leaves. Cidm9 to 18 inches long, often procumbent 
and radicating at base. Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, linear, keeled, 
roughish near the end, and, with the culm, of a bluish-green or glaucous hue ; 
sheaths rather loose, striate ; ligule short, obtuse. Panicle contracted, — at first 
almost spicate and rather secund — finally a little expanding; the branches by 
twos and threes, short, somewhat flexuose and scabrous. Spikelets generally 5 
or 6-flowered, subsessile. Glumes nearly equal, acute, serrulate on the keel. 
Lower palea minutely pubescent, often dark purple near the apex, with a nar- 
row white scarious margin : tipper palea scabrous on the two keels. Caryapsis 
oblong, reddish-brown. Upland fields, and pastures: introduced? Fl. June. 
Fr. July. 

Obs. This species — which, though rarely if ever cultivated, yet 
finds its way into most pastures — is not held in so high estimation, 
by our farmers, as the one -next preceding, — and certainly falls far 
short of it, in the quantity of herbage afforded ; but that which is 
afforded, is, in my opinion, even more nutritious. Cows which feed 
on it, yield the richest milk, and finest butter. The creeping roots 
(or rhizomas) arc remarkably tenacious of life,— and in consequence, 
are sometimes rather troublesome, in cultivated grounds, among 
other crops : but, on the whole, it is an excellent grass — especially 
in Dairy and sheep pastures. It seems rather probable, that this — 
as well as all the preceding species — has been introduced from 
Europe. 

226. GLYCERIA. R. Br. Endl. Gen. 878. 
[Greek, Glykys, sweet; on account of the sweet taste of the seeds.] 

Spikelets many-flowered, — the florets perfect, imbricately distichous. 
Glumes concave, obtuse, — the lower one shorter. Paleae nearly 
equal, — the lower one elliptic-ovate, rounded at apex or obsoletely 
3-lobed, 7-nerved, — the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 2, truncate, 
more or less connate. Stameyis mostly 3. Ovary sessile, glabrous ; 
styles 2, terminal, elongated, divaricate ; stigmas plumose, — the 
hairs dichotomous, denticulate, hyaline. Caryopsis free, oblong. 



GRAMINEAE 225 

1. G. fluitans, R.Br. Panicle long, slender, secund: spikelets 
linear, about 10-flowered ; florets distinct, obtuse ; lower palea con- 
spicuously 7-nerved, eroded or many-toothed at apex. Kunth, 
Enum. 1. p. 367. Fl. Cestr. p. 72. Icon, Fl. Loud. 1. 
Floating Glyceria. Vulgo — Manna Grass. 
Fr. Manne de Prusse. Germ. Essbarer Schwingel. 

Root perennial, creeping. Culm 4 to 6 feet high, erect or ascending, compressed, 
glabrous. Leaves 5 to 8 or 10 inches long, lance-linear, striate, scabrous on the 
margin and upper surface ; sheaths nerved, smooth ; ligule very large, oblong, 
membranaceous, acute or sometimes obtuse. Panicle slender, 12 to 15 inches 
long, usually partly concealed in the sheath of the upper leaf, — the brandies 
mostly simple. Spikelets about an inch long, nearly sessile, racemose on the 
branches and appressed. Glumes membranaceous, nerveless. Upper palea 
emarginate or bidentate at apex, — the margins folded in, and a green keel at 
each apparent border. Carijopsis oblong, sulcate on the upper side. Wet low 
grounds; margins of shallow pools, &c. Fl. June. Fr. July. 

Obs. This stout semi-aquatic grass is common to both hemispheres. 
The seeds have a sweetish taste, — and in some parts of the old 
world — where they are known by the name of Wanna seeds — they 
are used by the poorer peasantry in making soups and gruels. In 
the U. States, the country people, as yet, are happily ignorant of all 
such expedients, — and will long continue so, if they have industry 
enough to cultivate more valuable grains. The herbage of this 
plant is eaten by Stock ; but it is so much confined to wet localities, 
that it is scarcely intitled to be enumerated among the grasses inter- 
esting to American farmers. 

227. DACTYLIS. L. Endl. Gen. 892. 
[Greek, Daktylos, a finger ; in reference to the spiked inflorescence.] 

Spikelets 2 to 7-flowered, compressed, densely clustered, — the florets 
perfect. Glumes unequal in length, with somewhat unequal sides, 
keeled, mucronately awned or acuminate, somewhat unilateral at 
apex,— the upper one often smaller, thinner, nerveless and concave. 
Paleae herbaceous, — the lower one 5-nerved, keeled, mucronately 
awned, the keel ciliate — the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 2, bifid. 
StameJis 3. Ovary sessile, glabrous ; styles 2, terminal, short ; stig- 
mas plumose, — the hairs simple or bifid, sharply denticulate. Cary- 
opsis free. 

1. D. glomerata, L. Panicle distantly branched, rather secund; 
spikelets 3 or 4-flowered, in dense unilateral clusters at the ends of 
the branches. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 386. Fl. Cestr. p. SO. 

Clustered Dactylis. Vulgo — Orchard Grass. Cock's-foot Grass. 

Fr. Dactyle pelotonne. Germ. Gemeines Knauel-gras. 

Whole j^lant scabrous. Root perennial. Culm 2 to 3 or 4 feet high. Leaves 
6 to 18 inches long, lance-linear, keeled, glaucous ; sheaths striate ; ligule elong- 
ated, lacerate. Panicle glaucous, contracted, racemose at summit, rather one- 
sided; branches 3 to 5, solitary, erect, distant, subdivided towards the extremity. 
Spikelets about 4-flowered, compressed, crowded in dense unilateral ovate or 
lance-oblong clusters at the ends of the branches. Glumes unequal, — the lower 
one narrower, membranaceous — the upper one 3-nerved, scabrous on the keel. 
Lower palea scabrous, 5-nerved, emarginate, ciliate on the keel, which is ex- 
tended into a cusp or short scabrous awn ; upper palea acuminate, bifid at apex, 
ciliate on the two green keels, — the margins folded in so as to meet, embracing 
the stamens. Caryopsis lance-oblong, subtriquetrous, acute at each end. Fields, 
and Orchards : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. June. 



226 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

Obs. This grass has been introduced, and cultivated to a consid- 
erable extent. Our farmers, however, are not agreed upon its 
merits. Some condemn it as unworthy of culture, either for pas- 
ture or hay ; while others set a high value on it, for both. The fact 
seems to be, that it is inferior to Timothy (Phleum prate?ise, L.) for 
hay ; yet it has the advantage of the latter, in being mature at the 
same time with clover, — with which both are usually cultivated. It 
is also less exhausting to the soil. But its great value is as a pas- 
ture, when sown sufficiently thick ; which, however, it rarely is, — 
and hence is apt to form bunches or tussoc&s. It is of quick growth, 
and is speedily reproduced after being cut, or eaten down ; so much 
so, that we may almost literally apply to«it the lines of Vikgil :— 

' ; Et quantum longis carpent armenta diebus 

" Exigua tantum gelidus ros node reponetP Georg. 2. 201. 

" Cool dews restore beneath night's transient hours, 

"All that the herd each live-long day devours." Sotheby. 

This grass also possesses the additional advantage of thriving 
well in the shade of trees, — and answers a very good purpose in 
Orchards, &c. The seed is usually sown in autumn, immediately 
after Wheat or Rye. 

228. FESTUCA. L. Endl. Gen. 899. 
[A Latin name for the shoot, or stalk, of a plant; applied to this genus.] 

Spikelets 2 or many-flowered, — \h.e florets perfect, distichous. Glumes 
unequal, awnless, mostly keeled. Paleae herbaceous, — the lower 
one acute at apex, mucronate or often terminating in an awn, round- 
ed (i. e. not keeled) on the back — the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 
2, acute, bifid at apex. Stamens mostly 3. Ovary sessile, generally 
smooth ; styles 2, terminal, a little distant, very short ; stigmas plu- 
mose, — the hairs simple or rarely bifid, dentate. Caryopsis linear- 
oblong, plano-convex, free or sometimes adherent to the upper palea. 

1. F. pratensis, Huds. Panicle loose, rather erect and secund ; 
branches single or in pairs, racemose; spikelets linear-lanceolate, 5 
to 9-fiowered ; lower palea scarious at apex and rather acute, never 
mucronate. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 404. Fl. Cestr. p. 71. Icon, Fl. 
Lond. 1. 

Meadow Festuca. Vulgc — Fescue-Grass. Meadow Fescue. 
Fr. Festuque des Pies. Germ. Wiesen Schwingel. 

Plant glabrous. Root perennial. Culm 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 
inches long (the radical leaves numerous and longer), lance-linear, acuminate, 
nerved, shining beneath, scabrous on the margin; sheaths nerved; ligule very 
short or obsolete. Panicle 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, somewhat secund. mostly 
erect, — the branches generally single, but often subdivided. Spikelets about 7- 
flowered, racemose on the branches, often purplish. Glumes unequal, — the 
lower one keeled — the upper one larger, 3-nerved. scarious on the margin. 
Lower palea scarious on the margin, obscurely 5-nerved, somewhat acute but 
not acuminate nor mucronate ; upper palea white, with 2 green keels, and the 
margins doubled or folded in. Fertile pasture fields, and meadows; roadsides, 
&c. introduced. Native of Europe. .M.June. Fr July. 

Obs. This is a valuable grass —commonly mingled with Poa pra- 
tensis, L. in good soils ; but easily distinguished from that plant, by 
its tapering slender-pointed shining leaves. It is extensively natu- 
ralized in the middle and northern States ; and although I have 
never known it to be cultivated, it soon finds its way into all rich 



GRAMINEAE 227 

pasture lands. We have a few native species of Festuca, — but 
they are of little or no value in Agriculture — and some of them are 
indicative of a poor soil. 

229. BROMUS. L. Endl. Gen. 900. 
[Greek, Broma, food; Bromos was an ancient name of a species of wild oats.] 

Spikelets 3 to many-flowered, — the florets perfect, distichous. 
Glumes unequal, mostly keeled, awnless. Paleae herbaceous, — the 
lower one convex on the back, mostly awned below the apex, and 
the apex often cleft to the origin of the awn ; upper palea 2-keeled, 
— the keels pectinate-ciliate. Scales 2, entire. Stamens 3. Ovary 
sessile, hirsute at summit ; stigmas inserted on the outer side near 
the summit, subsessile, plumose, — the hairs simple, elongated, acute- 
ly denticulate. Caryopsis linear-oblong, plano-convex, villous at 
summit, adnate to the upper palea. 

1. B. secalinus, L. Panicle spreading, nodding in fruit; spikelets 
ovate-oblong, 8 or 10-flowered, — the florets elliptic with contracted 
margins, distinct, longer than the flexuose awns. Kunth, En-urn. 
1. p. 413. FL Cestr.p. 69. 

Rye Bromus. Vulgb— Cheat. Chess. Brome-grass. 

Fr. Brome Seigle. Germ. Roggen-Trespe. Span. Bromo. 

Root annual. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, smooth. — the nodes pubescent. Leaves 6 
to 12 inches long, lance-linear, nerved, scabrous and pilose on the upper sur- 
face ; sheaths nerved, smooth ; ligule oblong, retuse, laciniate-dentate. Panicle 
4 to 6 or 8 inches long, — the branches semi-verticillate, nearly simple, scabrous 
and pubescent. Spikelets finally nodding, — the florets a little remote at base, so 
as to appear disUnct on the flexuose rachis. Lower glume shorter, 5-nerved, 
sometimes mucronate. — the upper one 7-nerved, obtuse or emarginate. Lower 
palea obscurely 7-nerved, slightly pubescent near the apex, — the awn mostly 
shorter than the floret, flexuose (sometimes wanting, or a mere rudiment) ; upper 
palea linear, awnless, pectinate-ciliate on the keel at each border, the scarious 
margins being folded in. Caryopsis closely embraced by the lower palea, grooved 
on the side with the upper palea doubled in the groove, and adherent. Cultivated 
grounds, — chiefly among Wheat and Rye: introduced. Native of Europe. 
FL June. Fr. July. 

Obs. This foreigner is a well-known pest among our crops of 
Wheat and Rye, — and occasionally appears in the same fields, for 
a year or two, after the grain crop ; but being an annual, it is soon 
choked out by the perennial grasses,-— and the fallen seeds remain, 
like myriads of others, until the ground is again broken up, or put in 
a favorable state for their development. The best preventive of this 
and all similar evils, in the grain-field, is to sow none but good 
clean seed. 

Among the curious vulgar errors, which yet infest the minds of 
credulous and careless observers of natural phenomena, may be 
mentioned the firm belief of many of our farmers (some of them, too, 
good practical farmers), that this troublesome grass is nothing more 
than an accidental variety, or casual form, of degenerate Wheat, — 
produced by some untoward condition of the soil, or unpropitious 
season, or some organic injury : — though it must be admitted, I think, 
by the most inveterate defender of that faith, that in txndergoing the 
metamorphosis, the plant is surprisingly uniform in its vagaries, in 
always assuming the exact structure and character of Browns ! 

A similar hallucination has long prevailed among the peasantry 
of Europe, in relation to this supposed change of character in the 



228 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

Grasses : But, in the old world, they were even more extravagant 
than with us ; — for they believed that Wheat underwent sundry trans- 
mutations, — first changing to Rye — then to Barley — then to Bro- 
f/ius, — and finally from Bromus to Oats ! I believe the most cred- 
ulous of our countrymen have not been able, as yet, to come up 
with their transatlantic brethren, in this matter. There are one or 
two other foreign species, partially naturalized in our pastures, — 
and two or three native ones occur in and about our open woodlands ; 
but none of them are of much importance, in any agricultural point 
of view. 

SUB-TRIBE 2. BAMBUSEAE. JYees. 
Shrubby or arborescent Grasses. Stamens 3 to 6. 

230. ARUNDINARIA. Rick. Endl. Gen. 904. 
[A name signifying analogous to, or like, Artindo, — a large kind of Reed.] 

Spikelets many-flowered, somewhat compressed, — the florets imbri- 
cately distichous, distant, perfect or staminate. Glumes concave, 
awnless, small, — the lower one much less than the upper. Paleae 
herbaceous, — the lower one ovate, concave, sharply mucronate, 
many-nerved — the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 3, entire, acute, 
membranaceous, subciliate, longer than the ovary. Stamefis 3. 
Ovary sessile, glabrous ; styles 3, terminal, very short; stigmas 
plumose, — the hairs long, simple or sparingly branched. Caryopsis 
free, ovoid-oblong, somewhat curved, terete. 

1 . A. macrosperma, Mx. Leaves linear-lanceolate, green on both 
sides, smoothish ; panicle terminal, subracemose, simple ; spikelets 
few, distichous, 7 to 10-flowered. Kiaith, Enum. 1. p. 426. 

Long or large -seeded Aruxdixaria. Vulgd — Cane. 

Root perennial, cespitose (creeping rkizomas). Culm 3 to 15 feet high (30 feet, 
or more, in the gigantic variety), terete, glabrous, fistular, rigid, branching to- 
wards the summit, — the branches distichous. Leaves distichous, lanceolate, large, 
flat, slightly acuminate, pubescent on the under surface ; sheaths much longer than 
the inlernodes. marcescent. — the throat contracted : ligule bristly. Panicle simple, 
— the peduncles about an inch long, pubescent. Spikelets I to 2 inches in length. 
Rich, occasionally inundated soils : South-western States. Fl. March — April. Ft. 

Obs. Having only seen the small variety of this species, as it 
grows in the vicinity of the Dismal Swamp, Virginia, — I cannot 
speak, from personal observation, of the arborescent variety which 
forms the celebrated Cane brakes of the Mississippi region. Al- 
though this remarkable grass has but little connection with Agricul- 
ture, I have supposed it might be intitled to a brief notice,* — for 
which I am indebted to Mr. Elliott's valuable Sketch of the Bo- 
tany of South Carolina and Georgia. 

TRIBE XI. HORDEACEAE. Kunth. 

Spikelets usually 3 or many-flowered (sometimes 1-flowered), often awned, — 
the terminal floret blighted. Glumes and paleae 2, herbaceous. — the former 
rarely wanting. Stigmas sessile. Ovary mostly pilose. Inflorescence spicatej 
spike simple, solitary ; rachis rarely articulated, sometimes winged. 

231. LOLIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 912. 
[A classical Latin name, — applied to this genus.] 

Spikelets many- flowered, distichous with the edge to the common 

*The slender, straight, elastic culms, make very light convenient angling-rods, 
for the disciples of the Izaak Walton school. 



GRAMINEAE 229 

rachis, sessile, — the florets imbricated, naked at base. Glumes (in 
the terminal spikelet) 2, nearly equal, awnless, channelled, — in the 
lateral spikelets, the lower or inner one (next the rachis) wanting. 
Paleae herbaceous, — the lower one concave, awnless or awned near 
the apex — the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 2, acute, entire or 2-lobed. 
Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, glabrous ; styles 2, very short ; stigmas 
plumose, — the hairs elongated, simple, sharply denticulate, hyaline. 
Caryopsis adherent to the upper palea. Spikelets in a simple ter- 
minal spike. 

1. L. perenne, L. Spikelets compressed, linear-lanceolate, longer 
than the glumes, about 7-flowefed, — the florets mostly awnless. 
Kunth, Bnum. 1. p. 436. Fl. Cestr. p. 87. Icon, Fl. Lond. 1. 
Perennial Lolium. Vulgd — Ray-grass, or Rye-grass. Darnel. 
Fr. Ivraie vivace. Germ. Ausdauernder Lolch. Span. Joyo. 

Root perennial, creeping. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves 4 to 8 or 10 
inches long, lance-linear, shining green, smooth, somewhat scabrous near the 
end; sheaths striate, glabrous ; ligiile truncate. Spike about 6 inches long, — the 
rachis flexuose, channelled or concave opposite the spikelets. Spikelets 12 to 18 
or 20, a little distant, alternately on opposite sides of, and with their edges to, 
the rachis. Glwnes 1 to each spikelet (except the terminal one), lance-linear, 
acute, nerved, resembling a short rigid leaf. Lower palea rather obtuse, obscure- 
ly 5- nerved; upper palea a little longer, ciliate-serrulate on the two prominent 
keels. Meadow banks, and Grass lots: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. 
June. Fr. July. 

Obs. This grass — which seems to be much esteemed in Europe — 
has been partially introduced into this country, and has become nat- 
uralized in many places, — though I believe it has been but little cul- 
tivated, by our farmers. It affords a tolerably good pasture, and 
makes a handsome sward for yards and lawns ; but as a meadow- 
grass, for hay, it is doubtless inferior in value to both Timothy and 
Orchard-grass . 

There is another species, in Europe (L. temtdentum, L. supposed 
to be the i( infelix Lolium" of Virgil — the " Darnel " of the 
English), — of which the seeds are said to be somewhat poisonous. 
If so, it is the only instance known, in all the Grami?ieae i in which 
the sound seeds are of that character. 

232. TRITICUM. L. Ehdl. Gen. 913. 
[Latin, tritum, rubbed, or ground; the seeds being so prepared, for food.] 

Spikelets 3- or many-flowered, — the florets distichous ; rachis mostly 
articulated. Ghimes sub-opposite, nearly equal, awnless or awned. 
Paleae herbaceous, — the lower one concave, either awnless, mucro- 
nate, or awned — the upper one with 2 more or less aculeate-ciliate 
keels. Scales 2, mostly entire and ciliate. Stamens 3. Ov ary ses- 
sile, pilose at summit ; stigmas 2, terminal, subsessile, plumose, — 
the hairs elongated, simple, sharply denticulate. Caryopsis free, or 
sometimes adherent to the paleae, convex externally, concave or 
sulcate on the inner or upper side, pubescent at summit. 

f Spike mostly A-sided. Glumes ventricose-concave ', ovate-oblongs 
obtuse or truncate. (Genuine or legitimate Triticum). 

1. T. vtjlgare, Vill. Spike somewhat 4-sided, imbricated, with a 
tough rachis j spikelets 4 or 5-flowered, rather crowded, broad-ovate, 

20 



230 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

obtuse ; glumes ventricose, mucronate, compressed at apex : lower 

palea awned, mucronate, or awnless j caryopsis free. Kunth, Enum . 

l.jt. 438, 

T. sativum. Lam. Fl. Cestr. p. 86. 

Common Triticum. Vulgo-^- Wheat. Winter "Wheat. Spring Wheat. 

Fr. Le Froment. Bled. Germ. Gemeiner Waizen. Span. Trigo. 

Root annual. Culm 2 or 3 to 5 feet high, terete, smooth, — the nodes striate, 
pubescent. Leaves 6 to 15 inches long, lance-linear, nerved, smooth or slightly 
scabrous on the upper surface ; sheaths nerved, smooth ; ligule truncate, dentate. 
Spike 3 to 5 inches long, dense, 4-sided, mostly simple, finally nodding; rachis 
compressed, broad, hirsute on the margin. Spikelets sessile, broad, compressed 
at apex. Glumes ventricose, boat-shaped at apex. Florets usually 3 fertile and 
2 abortive, — the penultimate one pistillate — the terminal one neutral and pedi- 
cellate. Paleae nearly equal, — the lower one ventricose, awned or mucronate — 
the upper one folded, ciliate on the two keels. Caryopsis ovoid-oblong, sulcate 
on the upper side, yellowish, or brown. Fields : cultivated. Native country 
uncertain, — perhaps Persia. Fl. June Fr. July. 

Obs. Although it has been estimated that more human beings are 
nourished by Rice, than by any other grain, — yet it is probable that 
Wheat is the most intrinsically valuable of all the Cerealia, or grain- 
bearing grasses. It is to this plant that civilized man — especially in 
the temperate latitudes — is emphatically indebted for his bread ; and 
it is consequently a prominent object of attention with the practical 
agriculturist. The variety, called " Spring Wheat," is occasionally, 
but rarely, cultivated in this country, — while the "Whiter Wheat" 
is cultivated every where, throughout the northern, middle, and 
western States. A. plant that has been so long under culture, in 
almost every kind of soil and climate, of course presents specimens 
of various character, and aspect ; — 'such as bearded, beardless, red- 
chaff, white-chaff, &c. and the color of the grain also, varies from 
whitish, or yellowish, to brown. These fixed characters, or perma- 
nent varieties of the plant (called races by the Botanists), have all, 
in their turn, been favorites with the farmers, — according as they 
were best adapted to the market, or the place of growth — or best 
resisted the ravages of the " Hessian fly ." A bearded variety, with 
a brown grain, called " Mediterranean Wheat," is the present favor- 
ite, in Chester County, Penn. In remarking on the character of the 
grain, M'Culloch says, " the finest samples of Wheat are small in 
the berry {caryopsis), thin skinned, fresh, plump, and bright, slip- 
ping readily through the fingers." * 

One species of Triticum ( T. turgidum, L.) is said to be cultivated, 
in Italy, solely for the manufacture of Leghorn or straw hats. 

^ Sprike mostly distichous. Glumes lanceolate or linear-oblong, 
often acuminate. [Agropyrums, or Couch grasses.] 

2. T. repens, L. Spike distichous ; spikelets about 5-flowered, dis- 

*In the north of Europe, they have one or two other species of Wheat, of in- 
ferior quality; — namely, T. Polonicum, L. or Polish Wheat, — and T. Spelta, L. 
commonly called " SpeltzP This latter species, the German immigrants brought 
with them, when they first came to Pennsylvania, — and many of them continued 
the cultivation of it for some time ; but they finally learnt — by observation, and 
the experience of their Anglo-American neighbors — that, however the Sptltz 
might be adapted to the bleak regions from whence they migrated, it was not 
worthy of culture in a soil and climate where the best species of Wheat could 
be raised with equal facility, and to much greater advantage. 



GR AMINE AE 231 

tant, alternate, lance-oblong, acute ; glumes acuminate ; paleae 
mostly awnless. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 440. Fl. Cestr. p. 86. 
Creeping Tritictjm. Vulgd — Couch-grass, Quitch-grass. 
Fr. Chien dent. Germ. Gemeine Quecke. 

Root perennial — a white, jointed,, creeping rhizoma. Culm about 2 feet high, 
smooth. Leaves 4 to 8 or 12 inches long, lance-linear, nerved, scabrous and 
somewhat pilose on the upper surface; sheaths nerved, smooth ; ligule short, 
truncate. Spike 3 to 5 inches long ; rachis flexuose, compressed, scabrous on 
the margin. Glumes keeled, strongly nerved, roughish, — the outer margin 
broader. Florets alternate, a little distant. Loiver palea 5-nerved, mucronate, 
smooth ; upper palea obtuse, ciliate-serrate on the two keels. Meadows ; pas- 
ture lots, &c. : introduced. • Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. August. 

Obs. This species — which is quite distinct in habit from the genu- 
ine Wheat — has found its way into some districts of our country ; and 
is a troublesome pest in cultivated grounds, when fully introduced, — 
by reason of the great tenacity of life in its rhizomas, or creeping 
subterranean steins. It is therefore desirable to keep our farms as 
clear of it as possible. The Triticums of this section — though 
numerous — are of little agricultural value. 

233. SECALE. L. Endl. Gen. 914. 
[Latin, secare, to cut : or perhaps from the Celtic, Sega, a sickle.] 

SpiZ-elets 2-fiowered, — the florets sessile, distichous, perfect, with 
the linear rudiment of a third terminal floret. Glumes sub-opposite, 
nearly equal, keeled, awnless or awned. Paleae herbaceous, — the 
lower one awned at apex, keeled, with unequal sides — the outer side 
broader and thicker ; upper palea shorter, 2-keeled. Scales 2, entire, 
ciliate. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, hairy ; stigmas 2, subsessile, 
terminal, plumose, — the hairs elongated, simple, sharply denticulate. 
Caryopsis free, hairy at summit. Spike simple, compressed, linear. 
1. S. cereale, L. Glumes subulate-linear and, with the awns, 
scabrous ; paleae smooth, — the lower one bristly-ciliate on the keel 
and exterior margin. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 449. Fl. Cestr. p. 82. 
Harvest Secale. Vttlgd — Rye. Common Rye. 
Fr. Le Seigle. Germ. Gemeiner Roggen. Span. Centeno. 

Root annual. Cubn 4 to 6 feet high, glabrous, hairy near the spike. Leaves 
6 to 18 inches long, lance-linear, smooth beneath, roughish above and on the 
margin, glaucous ; sheaths membranaceous, nerved, smooth ; ligule short, den- 
tate. Spike 4 to 6 inches long, 2-sided and flattish, linear. Spikelets mostly 2- 
flowered, with an awn-like rudiment of a third. Glumes a little distant from the 
florets, opposite, scabrous, bristly-pilose at base. Loiver palea ventricose, acu- 
minate, compressed at apex, 5-nerved, terminating in a long scabrous awn; 
keel and exterior margin bristly-ciliate, — the inner margin not ciliate, and the 
nerves on that side less conspicuous : upper palea lanceolate, acuminate, often 
bifid at apex, sparingly ciliate on the 2 keels. Caryopsis oblong, subcylindrical, 
grooved on the upper side, hairy at summit, dusky brown. Fields : cultivated. 
Native of the East. Fl. June. Fr. July. 

Obs. This cereal grass seems to do best in light sandy soils ; and 
is consequently much cultivated in the lower districts of New Jersey , 
and on the slaty hills of Pennsylvania. The grain, in such soils, 
is of a better quality, and affords a whiter flour. Rye comes nearer 
to Wheat, in bread-mahing qualities, than any other grain, — but is, 
nevertheless, decidedly inferior to it. It is the principal bread-corn 
of the northern parts of Europe — especially of Russia and Germany. 

The seed is subject — particularly in wet seasons — to become 
diseased, and enlarged, — producing what is called Ergot, pr spurred 



232 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

Rye. This diseased grain is injurious to health, when made into 
bread ; but has been found to possess important medical properties, 
in certain cases, when judiciously administered. 

234. HORDEUM. L. Endl. Gen. 917. 
[An ancient Latin name ; of obscure derivation.] 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, with a subulate rudiment of a second floret — 
arranged in threes at the joints of the rachis, the lateral ones mostly 
blighted. Glumes lance-linear, flat, rigid, subulate-awned, collateral 
in front of the spikelets. JPaleae herbaceous, — the lower one con- 
cave, produced into a long awn at apex — the upper one 2-keeled. 
Scales 2, entire or unequally 2-lobed, ciliate or pilose, rarely gla- 
brous. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, pilose at summit; stigmas 2, 
subterminal, sessile, plumose. Caryopsis hairy at summit, oblong, 
sulcate on the upper or inner side, adherent to the paleae, or rarely 
free. 

1. H. vulgare, L. Spikelets all fertile, awned, — the florets ar- 
ranged so as to form a nearly four-sided spike. Kxmth, E?ium. 1. 
p. 455. Fl. Cestr. p. 85. 

Common Hordeum. Vzilgo — Barley. Four-rowed Barley. 
Fr. Orge commune. Germ. Gemeine Gerste. Span. Cebada. 

Moot annual. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves 6 to 15 inches long, lance- 
linear, keeled, striate, smoothish ; sheaths nerved, smooth, auriculate at throat; 
ligule very short. Spike about 3 inches long, rather thick and somewhat 4-sid- 
ed ; rachis compressed, smooth, pubescent on the margin. Spikelets with each 
one fertile floret, and a pubescent awn-like rudiment of a second at the base of 
the upper palea. Glumes collateral, in front, shorter than the florets, terminating 
in a slender awn. Lower palea 5-nerved, terminating in a very long aivn, which 
is keeled, somewhat 3-nerved, and serrulate on the margin: tipper palea acumi- 
nate, obtuse or emarginate. Caryopsis lance-oblong, somewhat angular, adher- 
ing closely to the paleae. Fields: cultivated. Native of Sicily, and Tartary. 
Fl. May. Fr. June. 

Obs. The ternate spikelets of this species being all fertile, the 
spike often assumes somewhat of a six-sided appearance ; and I un- 
derstand that in Western New York — the great Barley region of this 
country — it is usually called Six-rowed Barley, — though that name 
would seem more properly to belong to another nearly allied species 
(H. hexastichum, L.) — if, indeed, it be really distinct. This and 
the following species are cultivated extensively in the middle and 
northern States — and almost exclusively for the Breweries. The 
grain is rarely given to cattle, — and Barley bread is unknown in the 
U. States. The plant requires a good soil,— and hence serves as a 
kind of index to the quality of the farms, in Pennsylvania : the fal- 
low crop on good land being generally Barley, — while the occupants 
of a poor soil have to be content with a crop of Oats. 

2. H. distichum, L. Lateral spikelets sterile, awnless, — the fer- 
tile ones awned, distichous or forming a two-sided spike. Kunth. 
Emim. 1. p. 455. Fl, Cestr. p. 85. 

Distichous Hordeum. Vulgd — Two-rowed Barley. 

Root annual. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves 6 to 15 inches long, lance- 
linear, nerved, scabrous on the upper surface ; sheaths nerved, smooth, with 2 
lanceolate auriculate appendages at throat; ligule short, truncate. Spike 3 to 4 
inches long, compressed or ancipital, linear ; rachis flatted, smooth, hirsute on 
the margin. Perfect floret sessile ; loioer palea subcoriaceous, smooth, keeled or 
angular, partially 5-nerved, embracing the upper palea, and terminating in a 
very long, keeled, serrulate awn : upper palea with a pilose awn-like rudiment 



GRAMINEAE 233 

at base. Slerile florets (or spikelets) pedicellate, staminate (sometimes neuter?), — 
the lower palea awnless — the upper one with a naked awn-like rudiment at base. 
Fields : cultivated. Native of Tartary. Fl. June. Fr. July. 

Obs. This species is something later than the preceding, in coming 
to maturity ; and on that account is preferred by many farmers, in 
Pennsylvania, — as it interferes less with their Hay crops. It also 
stands better than the preceding, after it is ripe, — and yields a hea- 
vier grain — though not a greater quantity. The seed, of both spe- 
cies, is usually sown (in Pennsylvania,) about the last of March. 

TRIBE XII. ROTTBOELLIACEAE. Kunth. 

Inflorescence spicate, — the rachis often articulated. Spikelets 1 or 2- rarely 3- 
flowered — seated in an excavation of the rachis. — sometimes solitary — some- 
times in pairs, with one of them pedicellate and often blighted : one floret of each 
2-flowered spikelet (sometimes the lower — sometimes the upper one) often im- 
perfect. Glumes 1 or 2 — sometimes none — mostly coriaceous. Paleae membran- 
aceous, rarely awned. Styles 1 or 2, sometimes very short or wholly suppressed. 

235. TRIPSACUM. L~ E?tdl. Gen. 930. 
[Greek, tribo, to grind ; the applicability of which is not obvious.] 

Flowers Monoicous : Spi&es solitary, or often digitate in twos or 
threes, articulated, — the staminate spikelets above. Spi&elets ses- 
sile, imbedded in the rachis : Staminate spikelets in pairs on each 
joint, and longer than the joint, collateral, 2-flowered, — the florets 
each with 2 paleae, and triandrous. Pistillate spikelets solitary, 
as long as the joint, acuminate 2-flowered, — the florets each with 2 
paleae — the outer or lower floret neuter — the inner or upper one 
pistillate. Glumes coriaceous, awnless, — the outer one concave, 
thick — the inner one thinner and boat-shaped. Paleae very thin 
and membranaceous, hyaline, awnless, — the lotver one of the pistil' 
late floret boat-shaped, acute — the upper one shorter, narrowed at 
apex, 2-nerved. Scales 2, somewhat fleshy, truncate and unequally 
2-lobed. Ovary sessile, glabrous ; style terminal, elongated; stig- 
mas 2, long, densely villous, — the hairs simple. Caryopsis ovoid, 
acute, free. 

1. T. d act ylo ides, It. Spikes usually 2 or 3, aggregated or digi- 
tate, sometimes solitary, — the upper-half staminate, the lower pis-til- 
late. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 469. Fl. Cestr. p. 95. 
Finger-like Tripsacum... Vulgo — Gama Grass. Sesame Grass. 

Root perennial. Culms somewhat cespitose, 3 or 4 to 6 feet high, hard and 
glabrous, solid with pith, — the internodes broadly channelled on alternate sides ; 
nodes smooth, with a dark-brown contracted ring at the base of the sheaths. 
Leaves 1 or 2 to 4 feet long, and half an inch to an inch or more in width, lance- 
linear, keeled, smooth beneath, roughish on the upper surface, serrulate on the 
margin, contracted and sparingly pilose at base; sheaths nerved, glabrous; 
ligule very short, ciliate. Spikes 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, terminal, usually digi- 
tate in twos or threes — rarely in fours. — but not unfrequently single ; when soli- 
tary, the pistillate portion of the spike is terete, — when in pairs, semi-terete as 
if split down, — and when ternate, the spikes are somewhat triquetrous ; rachis 
articulated, separating at the joints in drying. Staminate spikelets in pairs, 
which alternate on two sides of the triquetrous rachis, each 2-flowered, — the 
inner floret sometimes neuter,, usually both staminate. Glumes nearly equal, — 
the outer ones of each pair of spikelets collateral, one inserted a little above the 
other, oblong, coriaceous, nerved, the margins thin and inflexed, — the inner ones 
subcoriaceous, boat-shaped. Faleae very thin and diaphanous, nearly as long 
as the glumes. Stamens 3 ; anthers orange-colored, becoming reddish-brown, 
opening by 2 pores at summit. Ovary abortive, — often with a long slender style 
and rudiments of stigmas. Pistillate spikelets imbedded in recesses of the 
rachis, obliquely ovoid, acuminate, gibbous on the inner side, each 2 ? flowered 
(3-flowered, Nutt), — the inner? floret fertile. Glumes nearly equal, — the outer 
one ovate, acute, indurated and polished, embracing, the florets, closing the ob- 

2.0* 



234 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

lique boat-shaped cavity in the raehis, except a ciliate foramen, or sinus, on 
each side of its base — the inner one thin and subcoriaceous, somewhat boat- 
shaped, acuminate. Paleae very thin and membranaceous, 2 to each floret, — 
but, by the abortion of one of the florets from pressure, they appear like several 
paleae enveloping one ovary. Ovary roundish-ovoid, acute ; styles 2 united into 
1, long and slender ; stigmas 2, large, plumose, dark -purple. Caryopsis ovoid, 
smooth, — the pericarp thin and tender. Moist meadows ; banks of streams. &c. : 
Middle and Western States. Fl. July. Fr. September. 

Obs. This stout and remarkable Grass is not very common on the 
Atlantic slope of our continent ; but it is said to be abundant in the 
valley of the Mississippi. Some years ago, it was highly extolled, 
by a few western correspondents of our Agricultural Journals, as an 
article of fodder for Stock ; but I have not heard much of it, latterly. 
The leaves and young culms may probably answer a good purpose 
— where better materials are scarce : but any one who will examine 
the coarse hard stems of the full-grown or mature plant, may soon 
satisfy himself that it can never supersede the valuable grasses, or 
the good hay, now in use, — nor compete, in any respect, with com- 
mon Indian-corn fodder. 

TRIBE XIII. ANDROPOGONEAE. Kunth. 

Spikeltts 2-flowered. — the lower floret always imperfect. Paleae of more deli- 
cate texture than the glumes, mostly hyaline. 

236. SACCHARUM. L. Endl. Gen. 939. 
[Latinized from the Greek, Sacchar : originally from the Arabic ; Soickar, sugar.] 

Spikelets in pairs — one of them pedicellate, the other sessile — each 
2-flowered, with a tuft of long silky hairs at base ; the lower floret 
neuter, with a single palea, — the upper one perfect. Glumes 2, 
nearly equal, awnless. Paleae 3 (counting that of the neutral flo- 
ret), minute, unequal, awnless, hyaline. Scales 2, obsoletely 2 or 
3-lobed at apex, sometimes connate in a tube. Stamens 1 to 3. 
Ovary sessile, glabrous ; styles 2, terminal, elongated ; stigmas plu- 
mose, — the hairs simple, denticulate. Caryopsis free ? — Gigantic 
tropical grasses, with large silky panicles. 

1. S. officinaruim, L. Leaves flat; panicle large and expanding; 
spikelets racemose on the slender branches ; florets triandrous ; 
glumes obsoletely 1-nerved, or keeled, invested with long silky hairs 
at base. Kunth i Enum. 1 p. 474. 

Officinal Saccharum. Vulgd — Sugar-cane. [Azucar. 

Fr. Canne a Sucre. Germ. Aechtes Zucker-rohr. Span. Cana de 

Root perennial (a nodose rhizoma). Cu 7 m 8 to 15 or 20 feet high, and 1 to 2 
inches in diameter, with numerous nodes, and solid with pith. Leaves linear- 
lanceolate, large (something resembling those of Indian Corn). Panicle a foot 
or more in length, loosely branched, — the branches numerous, filiform, 4 to 6 
inches long, remarkably plumose, or pubescent with verticils or tufts of long 
white silky hairs at the base of the racemose spikelets. Cultivated, in Louisiana; 
and other States in the extreme South of the Union. Native of Asia. FL Fr. 

Obs. The Sugar Cane is rarely permitted to flower, under culti- 
vation,— being propagated by sections of the culm. The value and 
importance of this noble Grass, in the domestic economy and com- 
merce of the civilized world, are too well known to require com- 
ment. Not having the advantage of an acquaintance with the living 
plant, and its culture, my descriptive details and remarks are neces- 
sarily very imperfect. Some interesting notices may be found in 
Rees' Cyclopaedia (Art. Sugar) ; and in the Farmer's Encyclopaedia. 



GRAMINEAE 235 

237. ANDROPOGON. L. Endl. Gen. 950. 

[Greek; literally Man's beard, — in allusion to the hairy spikelets.] 
Spi&elets in pairs (or the terminal ones in threes, — the middle one 
fertile and sessile, the others sterile and pedicellate), 2-flowered, — 
the lower floret neuter with a single palea — the upper one perfect or 
unisexual. Glumes 2, finally somewhat indurated or coriaceous, 
awnless. Paleae mostly 2, shorter than the glumes, hyaline, — the 
lower one of the perfect floret usually awned — the upper one smaller, 
awnless, sometimes wanting. Scales 2, truncate,>nostly glabrous. 
Stamens 1 to 3. Ovary sessile, glabrous; styles 2, terminal; 
stigmas plumose, — the hairs simple, denticulate. Caryopsis free, 
enveloped by the glumes and paleae. 

§1. Rachis spicate. 

f Spi/ces solitary at the apex of the culm, and branches. 

1. A scoparitjs, Mx. Culm paniculately branched above, — the 
branches somewhat fasciculate, erect, elongated, slender and pur- 
plish; sheaths villous; spikes simple, on long peduncles; florets 
distinctly alternate, triandrous, — the sterile ones neuter, awned. 
Kunth, Emcm. 1. p. 490. Fl. Cestr. p. S9, Specim. Gray, Gram. 

1. no. G4. 

Broom Andropogon. Vulgd — Indian Grass. Purple Wood-grass. 

Root perennial. Culm 3 or 4 feet high, rather slender, smooth, somewhat com- 
pressed, sulcate on alternate sides of the internodes; nodes smooth; branches 
long, slender, in lateral fascicles, or sometimes in pairs, often subdivided. 
Leaves 4 to 8 or 12 inches long, lance-linear, acute, scabrous, a little hairy and 
somewhat glaucous; sheaths striate, roughish ; ligule truncate. Spikes about 2 
inches long ; rachis compressed or plano-convex, pilose at the edges. Spikelets 
distichously arranged : abortive spikelet minute, subulate, on a linear plumose 
pedicel which is nearly as long as the perfect spikelet, — the floret neuter; perfect 
spikelet sessile; glumes lance-linear, much acuminated, — the lower one bifid at 
apex ; paleae nearly equal, ciliate. — the lower? one deeply bifid, with a twisted 
awn between the segments. Old fields; sterile banks, and road-sides: through- 
out the U. States. Fl. August. Fr. September. 

Obs. This, and the other native species, are remarkably worthless 
grasses, — and are apt to abound in poor old neglected fields. Where 
they prevail, no further evidence is required to demonstrate the un- 
profitable condition of the land, or the miserable management of the 
occupant. 

f f Spi7ces conjugate or digitate, at the apex of the culm or branches. 

2. A. furcatus, M'.ihl. Spikes digitate, generally in threes or fours ; 
rachis hairy ; florets in pairs, — the perfect one sessile, awned — the 
staminate one awnless, pedicellate. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 492. Fl. 
Cestr. p. 89. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 63. 

Forked Andropogon. Vtilgo — Finger-spiked Wood-grass. 

Root perennial. Culm about 4 feet high, smooth, terete below, semi-terete 
above, often branching; nodes smooth. Leaves 4 to 8 or 12 inches long, lance- 
linear, nerved, smoothish, scabrous on the margin, pilose at base ; sheaths striate, 
smooth ; ligule obtuse, sometimes ovate, fringed. Spikes 2 to 3 inches long, 
usually in threes or fours (sometimes 5 or 6), frequently purple; rachis semi- 
terete, pilose on the angles : abortive spikelet on a clavate, plumose pedicel : 
perfect spikelet sessile. Slaty hills, and sterile low grounds. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 

Obs. This is one of the native species which is very worthless,— 
and very frequent on poor, neglected, badly managed farms. 
§ 2. Rachis paniculate. 



236 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 

3. A. saccharatus, Roxb. Culm stout, terete, solid with pith. ; 
panicle large, loosely expanding, — the branches verticillate, elon- 
gated, finally nodding ; glumes of the fertile spikelets subcoriaceous, 
clothed with glossy appressed hairs. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 502. 
Sorghum saccharatum. Pers. Fl. Cestr. p. 90. 
Sugar Andropogon. Vulgo — Broom-Corn.. 

Root annual. Culm 6 to S or 9 feet high, and half an inch to an. inch in diame- 
ter, smooth ; voles tumid, with a ring of short appressed hairs at the base of the 
sheaths. Leaves about 2 feet long, and 2 to 3 inches wide, linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate, keeled, smooth, densely-pubescent at base adjoining the ligule; 
sheaths smooth ; ligule short, ciliate. Panicle 1 to 2 feet long, — the branches 
nearly simple, long, fiexuose, scabrous with short hairs.. Spikelets mostly in 
pairs, one of which is abortive (the terminal ones in threes, two being abortive), 
and these pavrs in racemose clusters of threes or fours, near the extremities of 
the branches. Upper? or inner palea of the fertile spikelets with a purplish 
fiexuose aicn, about twice as long as the spikelet. Gardens, and fields : culti- 
vated. Native of India, and Arabia. Fl. August. Fr> October.. 

Obs. This oriental grass is cultivated, on a small scale, by farmers- 
generally, — for the domestic purpose of making brooms of its pani- 
cles : and in some districts of. the country, the culture of the plant,, 
and the manufacture of brooms and brushes, are v.ery extensively 
carried on. It is said that Sugar has been obtained from it, in the 
South of Europe ; but it must be much inferior to Indian Com {Zea 
Mays, L.), in its saccharine products : and neither of them, proba- 
bly, will ever corae in competition, to any material extent, with the 
true St/gar Cane. There are 2 or 3 Asiatic species, allied to this 
one, which are cultivated in the East ; namely, A. Sorghum, Brot. or 
" Indian Millet 9ft —JL. termiusyRoxb. known here as " Guinea Corn," 
or "Egyptian Millet" — and A. bicolor, Roxb. called "Chocolate 
Corn." All these are occasionally seen, as curiosities, in our Gar- 
dens ; but they do not — -and probably never will — belong to the Ag- 
riculture of the country. 

4. A nutans^ L. Panicle oblong, or loose and spreading, finally 
somewhat nodding ; glumes of the perfect spikelets rufescent, shin- 
ing, — the lower one hairy; awns contorted. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 
504. Fl. Cestr. p. 88. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. wo.. 67. 
Also, A. avenaceus*. Ma>. Kunth, I. e. p. 503. 
Nodding Andropogon. Viclgo — Wood-gxass. Oat-like Indian grass. 

Root perennial. Culm 3 to 5 feet high, simple, terete, glabrous ; nodes bearded 
with white appressed hairs. Leaves (i to lb inches long, lance-linear, rough, 
serrulate on the margin; sheaths nerved, smooth; ligule elongated, truncate, 
bordered by a lanceolate extension of the margins of the sheath. Panicle 6 to 
<J inches in length, — the ultimate branches, or pedicels of the upper spikelets, 
plumosely hairy. Abortive spikelet pedicellate, often a mere awn-like plumose 
rudiment. Glumes of the per/tct spikelet lanceolate, indurated, of a light russet- 
brown color, — the lower or outer one hairy, embracing the upper one, which is 
smooth and rather longer. Paleae, thin and membranaceous, — the lower? one 
bifid, awned below the division ; awn contorted, bent obliquely. Sterile old 
fields : throughout the U. States. Fl. Aug. Fr. September. 

Obs. The three native species of Andropogon, here given, are the 
most common and obtrusive ones, in our poor lands, — at least in 
Pennsylvania. There are a few others, — particularly one with the 
spikes conjugate, in fastigiate bushy panicles {A. macroums, Mx.) — 
which is not unfrequent in wet, swampy meadows ; but, though 
they are all equally worthless, these are scarcely of sufficient impor- 
tance to require further notice, in this work. 



EQTJISETACEAE 237 



SERIES II. 

CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 



ACROGENS, OR APEX-GROWING PLANTS. 
ORDER CLXI. EQTJISETACEAE. DC. 

Leafless plants. Rhizoma creeping. Stem simple or verticillately branched, terete, 
sulcate, articulated — the articulations embraced by monophyllous sheaths. Fruc- 
tification terminal. Receptacles of numerous angular peltate stipilate scales, col- 
lected in the form of a strobile or cone. Sporanges in sixes and sevens, mem- 
branaceous, adnate to the under surface of the receptacles. 1-celled, filled with 
numerous spores, introrsely dehiscent. Spores embraced by 4 hygrometric cla- 
vate filaments {elaters). 
An unimportant Order, of a single genus. 

238. EQUISETUM. L. Endl. Gen. 601. 
[Latin, Equus, a horse, and Seta, a bristie ; resembling a horse's tail.] 

Ct^" There being but a single genus, its character is consequently 
the same as that of the Order. 

1. E. hyemale, L. Stems all fertile, simple, naked, striate-sulcate, 
very rough, bearing a terminal ovoid spike ; sheaths short, cylindric, 
whitish, with a black ring at base and summit, dentate, — the teeth 
lance-subulate, awned, deciduous. Willd. Sp. PI. 5. p. 8. Ft. Cestr. 
p. 574. Icon, Fl. Lond. 4. 

Winter Equisetum. Vulgd — Scouring Rush. 

Fr. La Prele. Germ. Das Kannenkraut. Span. Equiseto. 

Root perennial. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, fistular, pale cinereous-green, or glau- 
cous (purplish black at base), terminating at summit in an ovoid blackish spike, 
or cone, about half an inch in length ; sheaths 2 to 4 lines long, nearly cylindric, 
striate, whitish-cinereous, with a purplish-black band at base, — and at summit 
a ring of small biftckish teeth, which soon fall off, leaving the sheath truncate 
and entire. Margins of swamps; knolls, &c. Fr. June. 

Obs. This plant is common to Europe and America. The cuticle 
abounds in silicious earth, — and its rough file-like surface is well 
adapted to the scouring and polishing of hard wood, metals, &c. to 
which uses it is often applied. There are several other species of 
this genus, — but they are of no interest to the farmer. 

ORDER CLXII. LYCOPODIACEAE. Swartz. DC. 

Herbaceous or fraticose, mostly perennial, plants. Stem erect or prostrate, terete, 
angular, or compressed, alternately or dichotomously branched, leafy. Leaves 
spirally arranged, often crowded, imbricated, simple, sessile or decurrent, never 
articulated. Sporanges (or sporocarps) sometimes in the axils of the leaves, along 
the whole stem — sometimes in the axils of crowded bracts, forming ament-like 
spikes at the ends of the branches. 
A small Order, of little interest to the farmer. 

239. LYCOPODIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 696. 
Sporanges 1-celled, uniform, or of 2 forms, — those containing a fine 
powder, subreniform and 2-valved — those containing globular grains, 
subglobose, 3 or 4-lobed, and 3 or 4-valved. 

1. L. DENDROiDEUM, Swartz. Stem erect, branched, — the branches 
alternate, crowded near the summit, dichotomously subdivided ; 
leaves scattered, somewhat 6-rowed, linear -lanceolate, equal, spread- 



238 CRYPTOGAMOUS ACROGENS 

ing; spikes terminal, solitary, sessile. Willd. Sp. PL 5.^.21. Fl. 

Cestr.p. 589. 

Tree-like Lycopodium. Vulgo — Ground Pine. 

Plant smooth, deep green. Root perennial. Stems (or rather branches of the 
creeping rhizoma) 6 to 9 inches high, erect or ascending, terete, flexuose, clothed 
with lance-linear acute leaves, branched and bushy near the summit, — the 
branches dichotomously subdivided, slender. Leaves (on the branches) some- 
what 4-rowed, about 2 lines long, obliquely subulate-linear, or slightly falcate, 
acute, spreading, shining green, — those on the stem (or main branch) rather 
appressed. Spikes, mostly several (1 or 2 to 5 or 6), about 2 inches long, terete, 
a little tapering upwards, yellowish, — the scales or bracts ovate, acuminate, with 
a scarious margin. Woodlands, and shady thickets: throughout the U. States. 
Fr. July. 

Obs. This pretty little plant — of unfading verdure (together with 
L. complanatum^ L. — a trailing species, with pedately divided, 
flatted branches) — is much employed in making garlands, and fes- 
toons, to decorate country parlours ; and is moreover regularly sought 
after, by those who venerate pleasing ancient usages, for the pur- 
pose of trimming churches, at Christmas. Every intelligent person, 
therefore, would like to know the plant ; and for that reason I have 
inserted it. 

ORDER CLXIIL FILICES. L. Juss. 

Herbaceous plants, with a perennial rhizoma (rarely with an erect arborescent 
trunk). Leaves (or frmds) scattered on the rhizoma, or rosulate-fasciculate at 
its apex, circinnate in vernation, annual or perennial, simple or compound, 
entire or pinnatifidly dissected. Sporanges placed along the veins on the back 
or margin of the leaves, — collected in little clusters (termed Sori), which are 
sometimes naked, but often covered by a membranaceous scale, or folded and 
modified margin of the leaf (called an Indusiiim), — pedicellate or sessile, 1-celled, 
indefinitely dehiscent. Spores numerous, free, globose or angular. 

An Order of some 70 genera — very interesting to the curious student of Nature, 
but unimportant to the practical American farmer. In tropical regions, however, 
the Ferns occasionally assume the stature and appearance of trees, — and the 
roots, or rhizomas, of some species, are esculent. 

240. PTERIS. L. Endl. Gen. 622. 
[The Greek name for a Fern ; from Pteryx, or Pteron, a plume or feather.] 

Sporanges placed on the apices of the veins, which are united into 
a nerve-like receptacle, bordering the frond, and forming a contin- 
uous linear marginal sorus. Indusium formed of the inflexed modi- 
fied margin of the frond, scarious, opening along the inner side. 

1. Pt. aquiuna, L. Frond 3-parted ; divisions bipinnate ; pinnae 

oblong-lanceolate, — the upper ones entire — the lower ones pinnatifid, 

with oblong obtuse segments. Willd. Sp. PI. 5. p. 402. Fl. Cestr. 

p. 5S3. 

Aquiline, or Eagle Pteris. Vulgo — Brake. Bracken, of the Scotch* 

Fr. Fougere femelle. Germ,. Adler-Saumfarrn. Span. Helecho fem- 

inino. 

Root perennial. Frond very large (1 to 2 or 3 feet long), supradecompound, 
spreading, the branches bipinnate, the divisions or pinnae oblong-lanceolate, 
subsessile, pubescent, pale dingy green, — the upper ones entire — the lower ones 
pinnatifid : segments half an inch to an inch and half long, and 2 to 4 or 5 lines 
wide, lance-oblong, obtuse, entire or somewhat repand, with the margin reflexed, 
confluent at base, or sometimes the lower ones nearly distinct; stipe (or foot- 
stalk of the frond) 1 to 2 feet long, angular, smooth, tawny, or brown. Sori linear 
and marginal, resembling a narrow russet hem, or border-trimming, along the 
edge of the segments, on the under side. Moist woodlands, and thickets; 
throughout the U. States. Fr. July — Aug. 



FILICES 239 

Obs. The Ferns have but little connection with our Agriculture : 
but, as this is a common one nearly all the world over, — and, in our 
country, one of the m^st conspicuous of that numerous and curious 
family of plants, — I have given it a place in this work, merely as a 
sample of the Order. It sometimes forms quite a thicket, of itself, 
and affords a good shelter or hiding-place for Game, along the bord- 
ers of woodlands. 

ANOPHYTES OP 

SUPERIOR CELLULAR PLANTS. 



ORDER CLXV. MUSCI. Dillen. Juss. 

Mostly perennial herbs, small in size and wholly cellular in structure. Stems 
terete, slender, erect or procumbent. Leaves scattered or distichous, simple, ses- 
sile and obsoletely decurrent. Reproductive organs of two kinds: 1. Axillary 
bodies (antheiidia, or supposed analogues of stamens).— small cylindrical or fusi- 
form pedicellate sacs, in the axils of the leaves, containing numerous spherical 
or oval particles, mingled with minute jointed threads (called Paraphyses). 2. 
Thecae {capsules, sporanges, or pistUlidia — analogues of pistils), — hollow urn-like 
cases, each elevated on a seta, or bristle-like peduncle — covered, in an early 
stage, by a membranaceous caducous Calyptra (resembling a candle extin- 
guisher)) and closed by an Operculum (or lid), which opens at maturity. The 
orifice at the summit of the theca, or capsule, is sometimes naked, but more 
commonly protected by one or two rows of rigid little processes, calied teeth— 
or collectively, the Peristome. These teeth are either distinct (free), or more or 
less combined — ranging, numerically, from 4 to 64, — but alwavs, when more 
than 4, some multiple of that number. The centre of the theca is occupied by an 
axis, or little column, — and the space between it and the sides of the theca is 
filled with minute spores. The leaves which are aggregated round the base of 
the seta, or footstalk of the theca (forming what is called the Pirichaetiwri), may 
be regarded as the analogues of bracts, — being generally different from the rest 
of the foliage, and are known by the name of perichactial leaves. 

A numerous Order of small and insignificant plants — in the eye of the mere 
farmer; but by no means unimportant, in the economy of Nature. 

241. SPHAGNUM. Dillen. Bndl. Gen. 476. 
[A Latin name, — anciently applied to some kind of Moss.] 

Fructification terminal. Antheridia clavate* Pistillidia disk>form . 
Calyptra irregularly torn in the middle, — the ragged base persistent. 
Theca with a flat deciduous lid, — the orifice destitute of teeth ; cen- 
tral column obsolete at maturity. Soft,fllaccid, spongy, pale-green 
or whitish Mosses, — in dry situations erect — in pools floating and 
branched, the branches in lateral fascicles. Leaves imbricated, con- 
cave, nerveless, diaphanous. Thecae, or sporanges, sessile on pedun- 
culate receptacles. 

1. S. palustre, L. Branches tumid, tapering, spreading or 
recurved ; leaves ovate or lanceolate, obtuse or acute, reticulated. 
S. obtusifolium. Hook. Brit. Fl. 2. p. 6. 
Marsh Sphagnum. Vtclgo — Bog-Moss. 

Stems 3 to 6 or 8 inches long (sometimes much longer, when floating), loosely 
tufted by numerous branches near the summit. Leaves often closely imbricated, 
glaucous, or whitish. Theca oval or subglobose, embraced at base by the per- 
sistent remains of the calyptra or hood, sessile on a receptacle at the summit of 
a transparent terminal peduncle. Swamps, and pools ; throughout the U. States. 
Fr. in early Spring. 

Obs. Several species of Sphagnum are enumerated in the books, 



240 CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS 

— but they have been supposed, by good judges, to be little more 
than varieties of the original S. pahistre, of Linnaeus. This soft 
spongy Moss — which is common to both hemispheres — affords an 
excellent material for enveloping and protecting the roots of plants 
which are to be removed to a distance. It is believed to have con- 
tributed largely of the material of which Turf or Peat is formed. 
The Mosses are a very numerous family (comprising about 800 spe- 
cies) ; and although scarcely claiming the attention of mere practi- 
cal Agriculturists, they are highly interesting to intelligent observers 
of Nature and natural phenomena. " In the economy of man," 
says Prof. Lindley, " they perform but an insignificant part ; but 
in the economy of Nature, how vast an end!" I have therefore 
deemed it expedient to insert a sample of the Order. 

THALLOPHYTES, OR 

VEGETABLE EXPANSIONS. 



ORDER CLXVII. LICHENES. Ach. 

Perennial plants, varying exceedingly in form, appearance and texture — always 
constituting athallus, crusl, or frond, (universal receptacle, Ach.) which frequently 
spreads horizontally upon soil, rocks, bark of trees and dead wood, — and is pulve- 
rulent, membranaceous, coriaceous, gelatinous, filamentous, and variously lobed 
and divided : sometimes it is erect, shrub-like and much branched, — at others, pen- 
dent ; variously colored, rarely green : often the substance is simply composed of 
cellules — at other times the cellules are mixed with fibres. Imperfect roots are 
sometimes found, — but more for the purpose of fixing the plant to its place of 
growth, than of deriving nourishment— which appears to be afforded solely by the 
air. Fructification is of two kinds , — 1. A powdery substance, forming indetermi- 
nate masses, or collected into more or less evident receptacles ; and 2. (what is con- 
sidered a higher state of fructification.) apothecia, or partial receptacles, — which 
have received different names, according to their forms : — as scutellae (shields) — 
patellulae (spangles) — peltae (targets) — tubercula (\uberc\es)—cephalodia (knobs, or 
heads — when the stalk which bears them is called the podetium) — &c. These 
receptacles, for the most part, are sessile, perennial, and contain a waxy plate or 
layer, in which are imbedded sporules inclosed in little membranous lubes or thecae. 
Hooker. 

A numerous Order of apparently very insignificant plants: but some of them 
are nulrilious, and slightly medicinaf — while others (as the Roccella,) afford 
beautiful and valuable dyes. Lichens, says Sir W. J. Hooker, " are among the 
first plants which clothe the bare rocks and form a humus (soil, or mould) for others 
of a higher organization to live and flourish in." 

f Thallus usually compressed and laciniated. Apothecia scutel- 
lasform [Scutellae, or shields}. 

242. CETRARIA. Ach. Endl. Gen. 175. 
[Latin, Cetra, a buckler, — which the Apothecia are supposed to resemble.] 

Thallus foliaceous, somewhat coriaceously membranaceous, ascend- 
ing or spreading, lobed and laciniated, naked and smooth on both 
sides. Apothecia orbicular, obliquely adnate to the margin of the 
tkallus — the lower portion being free ; disk colored, plano-concave, 
with a border formed of the thallus and inflexed. 
1. C. Islandica, Ach. Thallus erect, tufted, olive-brown, paler on 
one side, laciniated, channelled, and dentate-ciliate, — the fertile 
Jaciniae very broad; apothecia brown, appressed, flat with an 
elevated border. Hook. Brit. Fl. 2. p. 221. 
Iceland Cetraria. Vulgo — Iceland Moss. 



LICHENES 241 

Ohs. Dr. A. Gray informs me that he has collected this plant en 
tl Grandfather Mountain," North Carolina. He says itg:ows, also, 
on the White Mountains of New Hampshire. It is a mountain plant, 
and usually grows in exposed situations, on the ground. That 
which is found in our Shops, and employed as a remedy for coughs, 
pulmonary consumption, &c. is procured from Norway, ox from Ice* 
land. Sir W. J. Hooker informs us, that " immense quantities are 
gathered in the latter country, not only for sale, but for their own 
use as an article of common food. The bitter and purgative quality 
being extracted by steeping in water, the Liche?i is dried, reduced 
to powder, and made into a cake, or boiled and eaten with milk, — 
and eaten with thankfulness, too, by the poor natives, who confess 
'that a bountiful Providence sends them bread out of the very 
stones '.'" 

To this section of the Lichens, belongs the Roccella tinctoria, DC 
the RocZ- Moss, or Archil/, — so valuable in the arts, for its purple 
coloring matter. 

ff Thallus shrub-like, rounded, usually much branched and erect^ 
— the branches (or Podctia) fist alar. Apothecia. hemispherical ', 

fleshy (Cephalodia, or knobs). 

243. CLADONIA. Boffin. Endl. Gen. 168. 
[Greek, IQados, a branch, — the ramifications being often numerous.] 

Thallus somewhat shrubby, branched or rarely simple, leafy with 
scales which are finally often evanescent ; branches (or podetia) car- 
tilaginous, rigid, fistular, all attenuated and subulate, divided, fertile, 
generally perforated in the axils. Apothecia (being Cephalodia) ses- 
sile, orbicular, convex, capituliform, not bordered, fixed by the cir- 
cumference, free beneath in the centre, the sides reflexed, uniform 
within. 

1. C. RANGfiFEEiNA, Iloffm. Podetia erect, elongated, roughish, cy- 
lindrical, greenish-white, very much branched; axils perforated; 
branches scattered, often intricate, divaricate, — the ultimate ones 
drooping; apothecia subglobose, brown, on small erect branchlets. 
Hook. Brit. Fl. 2. p. 235. 

Rein-deer Cladonia. Vulgo — Rein-deer Moss. 

Obs. This is very common in the colder woodlands, throughout 
the middle and northern States. " A very variable Moss," says Sir 
W. J. Hooker, " especially in the length of the ramifications, and also 
in color, — and an inhabitant of almost every part of the world — 
even of the tropics ; but in the colder and arctic regions it is most 
abundant. The barren specimens are the most branched and tufted, 
with the branches very intricate. It is this, which, for the greater 
part of the year and especially in winter, is the support of the vast 
herds of Rein-deer, wherein consists all the wealth of the Lapland- 
ers. No vegetable, Linnaeus tells us, grows throughout Lapland in 
such abundance as this, — especially in woods of scattered pines, 
where, for very many miles together, the surface of the sterile soil 
is covered with it as with snow. On the destruction of forests 
by fire, when no other plant will find nutriment, this Lichen springs 
up and nourishes, — and, after a few years, acquires its full size* 
Here the Rein-deer are pastured ; and, whatever may be the depth 

21 



242 CRYPTOGAMOUS THALLOPHYTES 

of snow during the long winters of that climate, these creatures have 
the powef of penetrating it and obtaining their necessary food." 
This, and the preceding Lichen, are here noticed — not as belonging 
to American Agriculture, but — as interesting specimens of a vast 
Order of plants, which even a farmer may with propriety become 
so far acquainted with, as to have at least a general idea of their 
character. 

ORDER CLXVIIL FUNGI. Juss. 

riants consisting of a congeries of cellules, among which filaments are occa- 
sionally intermixed, — increasing in size by addition to their inside — their outside 
undergoing no change after its first formation ; chiefly growing upon dead or 
decaying substances,— frequently ephemeral, and variously colored-. Sporules 
arranged in tubular cells, — the cells situated in some part of the external sur- 
face. The part in which the reproductive organs are placed, is called the Hy- 
menium. 

A very numerous Order — comprising nearly 300 genera, and uncounted spe- 
cies ; some of them large, and often either esculent or poisonous, — others mi- 
nute, and frequently destructive of the textures (whether living or dead) on 
which they grow. 

TRIBE I. HYMENOMYCETES. Fries. 
Hijmenium naked. Sporidia in little sacs (asci). 

SUB-TRIBE 1. HYMENINI, OR AGARICINAE. Fries. 
Hymenium distinct. Receptacle long or expanded, superior. 

DlV. 1. PILEATI. Fries. 
Receptacle dilated, occasionally branched, tending to an orbicular form. Hy- 
menium inferior. 

244. AGARICUS. L. Endl. Gen. 453. 
[From Agaric, a town of Sarmatia. — where the plant was much used for food.] 

Fiutg7ts inclosed in a wrapper (volva) when young, — with o. pileus, 
or cap, supported on a thick terete stipe. Pileus horizontal, dilated, 
orbicular, gradually becoming flatted, — the lower surface occupied 
by distinct radiating parallel lamellae, or gills (Jiymenuini), on which 
the sporules are situated. 

1. A. campestjeus, L. Pileus white, fleshy, dry, somewhat scaly 
or sericeous ; lamellae free, pink changing to dark fuscous ; stipe 
solid, white, with an annular veil. Idndl. Ency. p. 1002. 

Field Agaricus. Vulgo — Common eatable Mushroom. 
Fr. Champignon. Germ. Der Erd-schwamm. 

Obs. This plant is a noted delicacy among Epicures, — and is 
much cultivated for the table, in Europe. There seems, however, 
to be some uncertainty in determining the characters, by which the 
esculent specimens are distinguished from poisonous ones ; and 
therefore caution is always to be observed. Prof. Lindley (in Lou- 
don's Encyclopaedia of Plants) says, " the gills of this species are 
loose, pinky red, changing to a liver-color, — in contact with the stem, 
but not united to it ; very thick set, irregularly disposed — some 
forked next the stem, some next the edge of the pileus— some at 
both ends, and in that case generally excluding the intermediate 
smaller gills. The pileus is white, changing to brown when old, 
and becoming scurfy ; regularly convex, fleshy, flatter with age, 
from 2 to 4 inches, and sometimes 9 inches in diameter, liquefying in 
decay,— the flesh white. The stem (or stipe) is solid, white, cylin- 
drical, from 2 to 3 inches high, half an inch in diameter, — the cur~ 



FUNGI 243 

tain white and delicate. When this mushroom first makes its ap- 
pearance, it is smooth and almost globular, — and in this state it is 
called a button. This species is esteemed the best and most savory 
of the genus, — and is much in request for the table, in England. It 
is eaten fresh, either stewed or boiled, — and preserved either as a 
pickle, or in powder ; and it furnishes the sauce called ketchup. 
The field plants are better for eating than those raised on artificial 
beds, — their flesh being more tender ; and those who are accustomed 
to them can distinguish them by their smell. But the cultivated 
ones are more sightly, may be more easily collected in the proper 
state for eating, and are firmer and better for pickling. The wild 
mushrooms are found in parks and other pastures, where the turf 
has not been ploughed up for many years ; and the best time for 
gathering them [in England] is August and September." 

Cn? = ' Veil Zil-e a cob-web. Gills becoming discolored) cloudy , dis- 
solving. Sporidia brownish-ptirple. 

245. MERULIUS. Hall. Endl. Gen. 445. 
[A name applied, by the ancients, to a species of Fungus] 
Pileus fleshy or membranaceous, without a stipe. Hymeniwm, 
veined, — the veins or folds a little tumid, anastomosing with each 
other. Ftmgous parasites, sessile, effzised or spread about. 
1. M. lachrymans, Schum. Effused, large, yellow-ferruginous or 
deep orange-color ; margin white and cottony ; veins large, form- 
ing irregular pores by their sinuosity. IAndl. E?icy. p. 1007. 
Weeping Merulius. Vulgd — Dry Rot. 

Obs. This Fungus (and some others — such as Polyporus, Sporo- 
tricktcm, &c. which infest timber in places where a damp air is con- 
fined) is known by the name of "Dry Rot." It is, says Prof. 
Lindley, "a pest to the wood of dwelling houses [and ships], 
which it speedily destroys. It is said to be destroyed by a wash of 
diluted sulphuric acid. The whole plant is generally resupinate, 
soft, tender, at first very light, cottony and white. When the veins 
appear, they are of a fine yellow, orange, or reddish-brown, forming 
irregular plicae, most frequently so arranged as to have the appear- 
ance of pores, — but never any thing like tubes. Sometimes the 
pileus or substance of the plant, from its situation, produces pen- 
dent processes like inverted cones. The whole fructification often 
forms a circle of 1 to 8 inches in diameter. Except in favorable 
situations, it does not produce fructification, and resembles a dry 
pithy cottony substance, — whence it has been called dry rot. When 
in a perfect state, its sinuses contain drops of clear water, — -which 
have given rise to the specific name." Various chemical processes 
have been resorted to, to prevent the appearance, or growth, of this 
destructive fungus — some of which, I believe, have been thought 
worthy of Letters patent ; but of their value I am unable to speak. 
There is a Fungus, which, from its resemblance to fibrous roots, is 
called Rhizomorpha. It is often troublesome, by choking up trunks, 
and bored logs, that are used for the conveyance of water. It has 
so much the appearance of real roots, that it is generally mistaken 
for them, — especially when the trunks are laid in woodlands : though 
the question might very naturally occur, to observing minds, how 
such coarse fibres could penetrate, or pass through the logs, or planks^, 
without being visible in their substance. 



244 CRYPTOGAMOUS THALLOPHYTES 

There is also a remarkable Fungus, called OaL -leather (Xylostroma 
Corium, Pers. or Byssus gigantea, P>C), — often found in the fis- 
rures or wind-shakes of old trees ; which bears a striking resemblance 
to a dressed sheepskin, — and is sometimes almost as large. 

* TRIBE II. GASTEROMYCETES. Fries. 
Fungus entirely closed, bearing sporldia in on inferior or ventral sac. 

SUB-TRIBE I. ANGIOGASTERES. Fries. 
Ventral sac finally bursting forth, separate from the receptacle. Sporilia lodged 
in the receptacle. 

DIV. 2. TUBERACEAE. Fries. 

Eporanges membranous, scatlered in an hymen! um which is ofien latticed with 
small veins, and inclosed in a ventral sac. Sporidia at first pulpy. 

216. TUBER. Michel. Endl. Gen. 350. 
[An ancient Roman name.] 

Ventral sac subglobose, externally smooth or papillose-vemtcose, 

indehiscent, somewhat coriaceously fleshy within, reticulately veined. 

Bporidia sub-pedicellate, scattered among the veins. Subterraneous 

Fungi, ofien. destitute of roots, roundish, fleshy , — the flesh variegated 

with sporvle-bcaring veins. 

1. T. ciBAE-itni, Sibth. Very rough with sub-prismatic warts, 

blackish ; roots entirely wanting ; flesh firm or toughish. LindL 

Ency. p. 1022. 

Eatable Tuber. Vulgb — Truffle. 

Fr. Truffe. Germ. TruerTel. Span. Criadilla de tierra. 

Obs. This is the Fungus so celebrated in the annals of cookery, 
under the name of Truffle. It often attains to the size of a man's 
fist (pugni saepe mole, Endl.), — and is found in light dry sandy soils, 
in various parts of Europe and Asia. Dogs, it is said, are taught to 
find it by the smell, — and to scratch it up out of the earth. The 
Tntffle, I believe, is but seldom met with, in the U. States. The late 
Hev. Mr. Schweinitz mentions, that it was not unfrequently found 
near Nazareth, in Pennsylvania, some 60 years since, by an old 
German hunter, and his dog, which had been trained to seek for it.* 
A subterraneous esculent Fungus, called " Tuclahoe" (probably 
nearly allied to the Truffle), has been found in the Southern States. 
See Farmer's Ency clopaedia. 

Some other Fungi are esculent, and much esteemed by Gastrono- 
mers; — such as the Morchella esculenta, Pers. or Morel, — and the 
Helvella esculenta, Pers. They are, however, less known, in our 
country, than the common eatable Mushroom. 

SUB-TRIBE IV. MUCOROIDEI. Fries. 
Feridiv.m formed of fiocci loosely woven together, vanishing in the middle. 
Sporidia in heaps. 

247. ASCOPHORA. Tode. Endl. Gen. 255. 
[Greek, Aslcos, a sac, and phero, to bear ; in allusion to the receptacle of sporules ] 

Peridium membranaceous, stipitate, finally bursting, turned inside 
out, convex and somewhat persistent ; stipe simple or branched, 
tubular, pellucid, articulated. 

* In reference to the Tuber cibarwm, Mr. Schweixitz says — "Nunquam ipse 
inveni— sed certior factus sum ante sexaginta annos in vicinitate Nazarethorum 
ab antiquo venatore germano, caneque suo ad hoc olim educato, non ranter ifl- 
ventum esse."— Am. Philos. Transactions, 4. new Series, p. 252. 



FUNGI 245 

1. A. Mucedo, Link. Stipe simple; heads inflated, spherical, at 

first white, finally dark grey, bursting close to the long filiform stipe. 

Lindl. Ency. p. 1036. 

Mucor Mucedo. L. Vulgd — Mould. Bread-mould. 

Fr. Moisissure. Germ. Der Schimmel. Span. Moho. 

Obs. This minute Fungus usually abounds on moist decaying sub- 
stances, — and is well known to most persons— especially to house- 
wives — as growing plentifully on bread and pastry which has begun 
to " spoil ;" — yet it is probable that many of them have never suspect- 
ed it of being as genuine a plant, as any weed that grows on the farm. 

TRIBE IV. CONIOMYCETES, Fries. 
Sporidia naked, without any heterogeneous receptacle. 

SUB-TRIBE II. ENTOPHYTI. Fries. 
Sporidia naked, separate, without a receptacle* 

DIV. 2, HYPODERMIA. Fries. 
Parasites upon living plants, — originating in a diseased parenchyma, under the 
epidermis, which being ruptured, the sporidia burst forth. 

248. UREDO. Pers. Endl. Gen. 181. 
[Latin, uro, to burn, or scorch,-~«om the apparent effect of the plant.] 
Peridium none, — or the epidermis of the leaves and stems forming 
a psrudo-peridium* Sporidia- 1 -celled, free, sessile, mostly globose. 
1« U. segetum, Pers. Clusters large, irregular, brown or black, 
usually occupying the organs of fructification; sporidia globose, 
minute. Lindl. Ency. p. 1044. 
Corn Ukedo. Vulgd— Smut* Blight. Smut-Brand. 

Obs. This Fungus is usually found within the glumes and fruit of 
Wheat, Barley, and other Grasses, — spreading, and in a short time 
filling the whole with a profuse black dust, which, under the micro- 
scope, is found to consist of minute spherical sporidia. Where the 
grain is but partially, or slightly affected, it may be freed from the 
offensive fungus, by the operations of mechanical contrivances, 
called "Smut Machines, 13 which have been invented for that purpose. 

The fructification (both ears and tassels) of Indian Corn, is often 
invaded by this destructive parasite, — and sometimes the spikes, or 
ears, are enlarged to an enormous size. Prof. De Candoixe, and 
others, have considered this as a distinct species, under the name of 
U. Maydis, or U. Zeae. It is curious to observe the manner in 
which the ears of Indian Corn— grains and all— retain something of 
their original form, while undergoing the destructive process. Various 
species of this blighting Fungus grow on, and are perhaps peculiar 
to, different genera and species of plants. 

249. PUCCINIA. Pers. Endl. Gen. 185. 
[Perhaps from the Greek, puka, densely crowded, — from its manner of growth.] 

Peridium none,— or the epidermis of the leaves and stems forming a 
pseudo-peridivm. Sporidia 1 or many-celled, dehiscent at apex, 
often pedicellate, emerging from under the irregularly ruptured epi- 
dermis. Minute fuscous or blackish Fungi, aggregated in little 
clusters, 

1. P. Graminis, Pers. Clusters dense, often confluent and forming 
long parallel lines, changing from yellowish-brown to black ; sporidia 

21* 



246 CRYPTOGAMOUS THALLOPHYTES 

elongated, clavate, stipitate, 2-celled, — the upper cell larger. Lindl. 
Grass Puccinia. Vulgd — Mildew. Rust? \Bncy. p. 1048. 

Fr. La Nielle. Germ. Der Mehlthau. Span. El Tizon. 

Obs. This is the Fungus which, under the name of Mildew (and 
perhaps Rust — though this may be another species,) often appears 
so abundantly and operates so injuriously, on our Wlteat crops, in 
warm, close, foggy, and cloudy or wet weather, near harvest time, — 
especially where the crop is a little backward, and mingled with an 
undue proportion of other grasses, or herbage. The species of this 
genus are numerous, — and appear to be confined to certain plants, 
from which they derive their specific names ; — as P. Rosae — P. Ruli 
-—P. Pruni—P. Trifolii, &c. 

There may, perhaps, be different kinds of these minute Fungi 
(species of Aecidium, and other genera), infesting the various 
Grasses, and cultivated crops. A little orange-colored one is very 
prevalent, some seasons, on the leaves of the Washington Thorn 
{Crataegus cordata, Ait.). Until they shall be better understood, and 
a preventive remedy discovered, they deserve to be carefully studied, 
both by Naturalists and Farmers. 

ORDER CLXX. ALGAE. Juss. 

Leafless flowerless plants, with no distinct axis of vegetation, growing in wa- 
ter, and consisting either of simple vesicles lying in mucus, or .of articulated 
filaments, or of loiied fronds formed of uniform cellular tissue. — absorbing the 
ambient liquid only by the immersed portion and not conveying it to the other 
parts ; sometimes reddish, sometimes green, — emitting oxygen gas when ex- 
posed under water to the sun. Reproductive matter either altogether wanting, or 
contained in the joints of the filaments, or deposited in thecae (of various form, 
size and position) caused by dilatations of the substance of the frond. Spondes 
with no proper integument, — in germination elongating in two opposite directions. 
An Order comprising more than 100 genera, some of which afford food — others 
medicine, and materials used in the. arts ; — but few of them of any importance 
in Agriculture. — and those chiefly as a manure, in the vicinity of the Sea shore. 
The edible Swallow's nests, which are esteemed such a delicacy by the Chinese, 
are believed to be mainly constructed of a species of Seaweed. 

2-30. FUCTJS. Agardh. E»dl. Gen. 119. 
[Latinized from the Greek, Phu\os, a Sea-weed.] 

Frond flat or compressed (rarely filiform), dichotomous, coriaceous. 
Air vessels, when present, innate in the frond, simple, large. Recep- 
tacles mostly terminal, turgid, containing tubercles imbedded in 
mucus and filled with sporules and filaments. 

1. F. vesictjlosus, L. Frond flat, with a middle nerve or rib, linear, 
dichotomous, entire ; vesicles spherical, innate upon the frond in 
pairs; receptacles terminal, compressed, turgid, mostly elliptical. 
JIoo/c. Brit. Fl. 2. p. 267. 

Bladdery Fucus. Vulgi — Sea-weed. Sea-wrack. 
Fr. Varec. Germ. Der Meer-tang. Span. Fuco. 

Obs. Tins and some other Sea-weeds are attached to submarine rocks, 
by leathery shield-like expansions; but are often torn loose, and thrown 
on shore in great quantities, by the agitation of the Sea. Being col- 
lected and burned, they leave an alkaline residuum, called Kelp, — 
which is said to be valuable as a manure — as well as an article of con- 
siderable commercial importance. The poor half-starved cattle, on the 
coast of Scotland, feed upon this Sea-weed, in times of scarcity ; but 
in our country, such fodder is but little known. For an interesting 
notice of Kelp, see the Farmer's Encyclopaedia, — a highly valuable 
Repository of information in every department of Agriculture. 



247 



The Plants enumerated in this work may be classified according 
to their character and properties, as follows : 
[N. B. Those which are cultivated, in Italics.'] 

I. Plants yielding esculent Roots, Herbage ; or Fruits, for Man. 



Genus. 
10. Brassica oleracea, L. 

— B campestris, L. 

— B Rapa, L. 

16. Raphanus sativus, L. 
21. Hibiscus esculentus, L. 
25. Citrus Aurantium, Risso. 
33. Vitis vinifera, L. 

— V Labrusca, L. 

— V aestivalis, Mx. 

— V vulpina, L. 

35. Cicer arietiuum, L. 

36. Arachis hypogaea, L. 

37. Faba vulgaris, Moeuch. 

38. Ervum Lens, L. 

39. Pi sum sativtim, L. 

40. Phaseolus vulgaris, Savi. 

— P lunatics, L. 

48. Persica vulgaris, Mill. 

— P laevis, DC. 

49. Armeniaca vulgaris, Lam. 

— A dasycarpa, Pers. 

50. Primus domestica, L. 

— P Americana, Marsh. 

— P Chic as a, Mx. 

51. Cerasus avium, Moench. 

— C vulgaris, Mill. 

53. Fragaria vesca, L. 

— F Virginiana, Ehrh. 

54. Rubus Idaeus, L. 

— Rubus occidentalis, L. 

— II Canadensis, L. 

— R villosus, Ait. 

57. Pyrus communis, L. 

— P Mdlus, L. 

60. Ribes Uva-crispa, L. 

— R rubrum, L. 

— R nigrum, L. 

62. Cucumis Melo, L. 

63. Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad. 

64. Cucurbita Pepo, L. 

— C Melopepo, L. 

— C verrucosa, L. 

72. Pastinaca sativa, L. 



Genus. 
73. Bauctis Carota, L. 
101. Cynara S colonics, L. 
104. Cicliorium Fndivia, Willd. 
] 05. Tragopogon porrifoliuvi, L. 
107. Lactuca sativa, L. 

109. Vaccinium corynibosum, L. 

110. Oxycoccus macrocarpus, P. 
113. Diospyros Virginiana, L. 
139. Batatas edulis, Chois. 

145. Solauum tuberosum, L. 

— *S esculent am, Duval. 

146. Lycopersicum esculentam, 
Mill. 

152. Spinacia oleracea, L. 
3 53. Beta vulgaris, L. 

156. Rheum, Rltaponticum, Ait. 

157. Rumex crispus, L. 

159. Fagopyrumesculentum, Mk 

160. Phytolacca decandra, L. 

168. Juglans nigra, L. 

— J regia, L. 

169. Carya alba, Nutt. 

— C olivaeformis, Nutt. 

171 . Corylus Americana, Marsh. 
174. Castanea vesca, Gaertn. 

— C pumila, Mill. 

181. Morus rubra, L. 

] Si. Ficus Carica, L. 

192. Sabal Palmetto, Loddig. 

201. Allium Porrum, L. 

— A Cepa, L. 

202. Asparagus officinalis, L. 
208. Oryza sativa, L. 

210. Zea Mays, L. 

232. Tritiam vulgar e, Vill. 

233. Secale cereale, L. 

244. Agavicus campestris, L. 
246. Tuber cibarium, Sibth. 

Eighty in number; of which 
Fifty-seven are cultivated. 

Note. — Many of the preceding, 
afford food for Domestic animals, 
also. 



248 



II. Plants yielding Food exclusively, or chiefly, for Domestic 

Animals. 



43. 

44. 

45. 
114. 
172. 
173. 
209. 
211. 
212. 
213. 
214. 
215. 
218. 

219. 
221. 



7. 

8. 

11. 

12. 
14. 
28. 
31. 
33. 
57. 

58. 
60. 
C2. 

67. 
68. 
69. 
70. 
75. 



3. 
25. 
34. 

74. 
76. 
78. 
83. 
92. 
95. 



Trifolium prate?ise } L. 

T repens, L. 

Melilotus leucantha, Koch. 
Medicago sativa, L. 
Plantago lanceolata, L. 
Quercus alba, L. 
Fagus sylvatica, L. 
Zizania aquatica, L. 
Phlewm pratense, L. 
Holcus lanatus, L. 
Anthoxanthumodoratum L. 
Panic am sanguinale, L. 
Set aria Italica, Kunth. 
Muhlenbergia diffusa, W'ld. 

M Mexicana, Trin. 

Agrostis vulgaris, With. 
Cynodon Dactylon, Pers. 



222. Eleusine Indica, Gaertn. 

223. Avena sativa, L. 

224. Arrhenatherum avenaccum i 
Beauv. 

225. Poa annua, L. 

— P trivialis, L. 

— P pratensis, L. 

— P compressa, L. 

226. Glyceria fluitans, R. Br. 

227. Dactylis glomerata, L. 

228. Festuca pratensis, Muds. 
231. Boliam perenne, L. 

235. Tripsacum dactyloides, L. 
243. Cladonia rangiferina Hoffm. 
Thirty in number ; of which 
Ten are cultivated. 



III. Plants yielding Condiments and Drinks. 

Nasturtium, officinale, R. Br 
Barbarea praecox, R. Br. 
Si?iapis nigra, L. 
S <-alba, L. 



Cochlearia Ajrmoracia, L. 
Lepidium sativum, L. 
Tropaeolum majus, L. 
Acer saccharinum, L. 
Vitis vinifera, L. 
Pyrus Mains, L. 

P Coronaria, L. 

Cydonia vulgaris, Pers. 
Kibes rubrum, L. 
Cucumis sativa, L. 

C Anguria, L. 

Apium graveolens, L. 
Petroseliiium„sutivum, Huff. 
Carum Carui, L. 
Fueniculum vulgare, Gasrt. 
Corimdrum sitivum, L. 



89. Helia?ithus tuberosus, L. 
96. Arteinisii Dracu?iculus, L. 
116. Marty ?iia proboscidea ,Glox . 

120. Ocimum basilicum, L. 

121. Lavandula vera, DC. 

122. Me?itha viridis, L. 

123. Salvia officinalis, L. 

124. Mijarana hortensis ,Moench 

125. Thymus vulgaris, L. 
426. Satureja hortensis, L. 
141.. Capsicum annuum,, L.^ 
168. Juglans cinerea, L. 

— J regia, L. 

201. Allium Schoenoprasum, L. 
234. Hordeum vulgare, L. 

— H distichum, L. 

236. Saccharum officinarum, L. 

Thirty-seven in number ; of 
which thirty-three are cultivated. 



IV. Medicinal Plants. 



Cimicifuga racemosa, Ell. 
Citrus Medica, Bis so. 
Poly gala Senega, L. 
Conium maculatum, L. 
Aralia racemosa, L. 
Cornus florida, L. 
Eupatorium perfoliatum, L. 
Anthemis nobilis, L., 
Tanacetum vulgare, L. 



96. Artemisia Absinthium, L... 

108. Lobelia inflata, L. 

112. Chimaphila umbellata, Nutt 

122. Mentha viridis, L. 
-^ M piperita, L. 

123. Salvia officinalis, L. 

127. Hyssopus officinalis, L. 

128. Hedeoma pulegioides, Pers.. 

129. Melissa officinalis, L._ 



249 



131. Nepeta Cataria, L. 
134. Marrubium vvlgare, L. 

142. Nicotiana Tabacum, L. 

143. Datura Stramonium. L. 
147. Sabbatia angularis, Pnrsh. 
151. Aristolocbia Serpentaria, L. 
154. Chenopodium anthelminli- 

cum, L. 

161. Sassafras officinale, Nees. 

162. Benzoin odoriferum, Nees. 



164. Ulmus fulva, Mx. 

167. Ricinus communis, L. 

168. Juglans cinerea, L. 
187. Humulus Lupulus, L. 
193. Arum triphyllum, L. 
195. Acorus Calamus, L. 
201. Allium sativum, L. 
242. Cetraria Islandica, Ach. 

Thirty -five in number ; 
which fifteen are cultivated. 



of 



V. Plants employed in the Arts, in Commerce, in Domestic or 

Rural Economy. 



4. Magnolia acuminata, L. 

5. Liriodendron tulipifera, L. 
22. Gossypium herbaceum, L. 
24. Tilia platyphylla, Scop. 

— T Americana, L. — 

26. Melia Azedarach, L. — 

27. Linum usitatissimum, L. — 
29. Rhus glabra, L. — 

— R typhina, L. — 

31. Acer saccharinum, L. — 

— A dasycarpum, Ehrh. — 

— A rubrum, L. — 

32. Aesculus Hippo castanum, L, — 

41. Robinia Pseud-acacia, L. — 

42. Indigofera tinctoria, L. 173. 
4 6. Cercis Canadensis, L. 174. 
47. Gleditschia triaeanthos, L. 175. 
51. Cerasus serotina, DC. — 
56. Crataegus Crus-galli, L. — 

— C cord at a, Ait. 111. 

61. Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser. — 

77. Panax quinquefolium, L. 178. 

78. Cornus florida, L. — 

80. Rubia Tinctorum, L. — 

81. Dipsacus Fullonum, L. — 
115. CatalpabignonioidesjWalt. 179. 

149. Fraxinus Americana, L. 180. 

— F pubescens, Walt. 181. 

— F sambucifolia, Lam. — 

150. Ligustrum vulgare, L. 182. 

163. Nyssa multiflora, Walt. 183. 

164. Ulmus Americana, L. 

165. Celtis occidentalis, L. 186. 

168. Juglans nigra, L. 187. 

169. Carya alba, Nutt. 188. 

— C tomentosa, Nutt. — 

— C porcina, Nutt. — 

170. Ostrya Virginica, Willd. — 
172. Quercus Phellos, L. — 



172. Quercus imbricaria, Mx. 

— Q virens, Ait. 

— Q nigra, Willd. 

— Q tinctoria, Bartr. 

— Q coccinea, Wangenh. 

Q rubra, L. 

Q falcata, Mx. 

Q palustris, Mx. 

Q obtusiloba, Mx. 

Q alba, L. 

Q bicolor, Willd. 

Q Prinus, L. 

Q montana, Willd. 

Q Castanea, Muhl. 

Fagus sylvatica, L. 
Castanea vesca, Gaertn. 
Betula nigra, L. 

B lenta, L. 

B papyracea, Ait. 

Salix vitellina, L. 

S Babylonica, Z. 

Populus tremuloides, Mx. 

P angulata, Ait. 

P. Graeca, Ait. 
P. dilatata, Ait. 
Liquidambar styraciflua, L. 
Platanus occidentalis, L. 
Morus rubra, L. 

M alba, L. 

JMaclura aurantiaca, Nutt. 

Broussonetia papyri/era, 

Vent. 

Cannabis sativa, L. 

Hamulus lupulus, L. 

Pinus variabilis, Lambert. 

P palustris, L. 

P Strobus, L. 

P Canadensis, L. 

P microcarpa, Lamb't. 



250 



189. 
190. 
191. 
192. 
196. 
198. 
205. 
230. 

236. 
VI. 

1. 

2. 

6. 

13. 

17. 
18. 
23. 
29. 

30. 
54. 

55. 
66. 

71. 
73. 
79. 
81. 
82. 

87. 
88. 

90. 



91. 
94. 

100. 
102. 



Taxodium distichum, Rich. 
Thuja sphaeroidalis, Rich. 
Juniperus Virginiana, L. 
Sabal Palmetto, Loddig. 
Typha latifolia, L. 
Tiilandsia usneoides, L. 
Scirpus triqueter, L. 
Arundinaria macrosperma, 
Mx. 
Saccharum offici?iarum, L. 

Pernicious and troublesome Plants — to be expelled 

eminently pernicious ones in small capitals. 

Ranunculus bulbosus, L. 
Delphinium Consolida, L. 
Papaver dubium, L. 



103. 
104. 
114. 
117. 
118. 



237. Andropogon saccharatus, 
Roxb. 

238. Equisetum hyemale, L. 

239. Lycopodium dendroideum, 
Sw. 

241. Sphagnum palustre, L. 
250. Fucus vesiculosus, L. 
Ninety-one in number; of which 
Twenty-four are cultivated. 



The 



Camelina saliva, Crantz. 
Hypericum perforatum, L. 
Lychnis Githago, Lam. 
Abutilon Avicennae, Gaert. 
Rhus venenata, DC. 

R Toxicodendron, L. 

Ailanthus glanduloso, Desf 
Rubus Canadensis, L. 

R villosus, Ait. 

Rosa Carolina, L. 
Cicuta maculata, L. 
Archemora rigida,, DC. 
Daucus Carota, L. 
Sambucus Canadensis, L. 
Dipsacus sylvestris, L. 
Vernonia Noveboracensis, 
Willd. 

Ambrosia artemisiaefolia,L. 
Xanthium strumarium, L. 

X spinosum, L. 

Bidens frondosa, L. 

B chrysanthemoideSj 

Mx. 

B bipinnata, L. 

Maruta Cotula, DC. 

Leucanthemum vulgare, 

Lam. 

Centaurea Cyanus, L. 

Cirsium lanceolatum, Scop. 

C discolor, Spreng. 

C pumilum, Spreng. 

C horridulum, Mx. 

C ARVENSE, Scop. 

Lappa major, Gaertn. 
Cichorium Intybus, L. 
Plantago lanceolata, L. 
Verbascum Thapsus, L. 

LlNARIA VULGARIS, Mill. 



j 131. Nepeta Cataria, L. 
. 133. Leonurus Cardiaca, L. 

,136. ECHIUM VULGARE, L. 

138. Cynoglossum Morisoni, DC. 
^140. Convolvulus arvensis, L. 

141. Cuscuta epilinum, Wich. 
. 143. Datura Stramonium, L. 

145. Solanum nigrum, L. 

— S Carolinense, L. 

154. Chenopodium album, L. 

155. Amaranthus albus, L. 
^— A hybrid us, L. 

— A spinosus, L. 

157. Rumex crispus, L. 

— R obtusifolius, L. 

— R Acetosella. 

158. Polygonum sagittatum, L. 

— P arifolium, L. 

185. Urtica dioica, L. 



vl99. Smilax rotui>difolia, L. 

— S— «— caduca, L. 

200. Ornithogalum umbella- 

TUM, L. 

201. Allium vineale, L. 

203. Juncus communis, E. Mey 3 

204. Carex acuta, Gooden. 
206. Cyperus repens, Ell. 



— C 



Hydra, Mx. 



214. Panicum sanguinale, L. 
217. Cenchrus tribuloides, L. 
229. Bromus secalinus, L. 
232. Triticum repens, L. 
245. Merulius lachrymans, 
Schum. 

247. Ascophora Mucedo, Link. 

248. Uredo segetum, Pers. 

249. Puccinia Graminis, Pers. 
Seventy-three in number ; of 

which some 16 or 18 are eminent- 
ly pernicious. 



251 



VII. Plants which are chiefly mere Weeds, upon Farms,— and 

ought to be expelledj or superseded by more useful ones. 

Sisymbrium officinale, Scop. 130. Prunella vulgaris, L. 



9. 
15. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 
Moench. 
x 19. Portulaca oleraoea, L. 
20. Malva rotundifolia, L. 
29. Rhus glabra, L. 
% 43. Trifolium arvense, L. 
52. Potentilla Norvegica, L. 

— P Canadensis, L. 

54. Rubus (all the wild species). 
59. Oenothera biennis, L. (and 

all others). 
65. Saxifraga Pennsylvanica,L. 

83. Eupatorium (all the species) 

84. Aster ericoides, L. (and all 
others). 

/ 85. Erigeron (all the species). 

86. Solidago nemoralis, Ait. 
(and all others). 

87. Ambrosia triflda, L. 
93. Achillea Millefolium, L. 

97. Gnaphalium polvcephalum, 
Mx. 

98. Erechtites hieracifolia, Raf. 

99. Senecio aureus, L. 
103. Cirsium (all the species). 
106. Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 

Desf. 
108. Lobelia (all the species). 
111. Andromeda Mariana, L. 
114. Plantago major, L. 
119. Verbena urticaefolia, L. 



/ 



/ 



131. Nepeta Glechoma, Benth. 

132. Lamium amplexicaule, L. 
135. Teucrium Canadense, L. 
137. Lithospermum arvense, L. 
148. Asclepias tuberosa, L. 
158. Polygonum (all the species). 
160. Phytolacca decandra, L. 
166. Euphorbia (all the species). 
176. Alnus serrulata, Willd. 
194. Symplocarpus foetidus, 

Salisb. 
197. Sagittaria sagittae folia, L. 

203. Juncus (all the species). 

204. Carex (all the spec'.es). 

205. Scirpus (all the species)i 

206. Cyperus (all the species). 

207. Leersia oryzoides, Swartz. 
215. Panicum (all the species). 

215. Setaria glauca, Beauv. 

— S viridis, Beauv. 

216. Oplismenus Crus-galli, K^th 
220. Phragmites communis, Trin 

237. Andropogon scoparius, Mx. 

— A furcatus, Muhl. 

— A nutans, L. 

238. Equisetum (all the species)^ 

240. Pteris (and all other Ferns). 

241. Sphagnum (and all other 
Mosses). 

Abozct 120 species, which infest 
the farm, as mere Weeds. 



INDEX 

OF THE 

ORDERS, TRIBES, GENERA AND SPECIES. 

[Synonyms in Italics.] 





Page. 




Page. 


ABELMOSCHUS, Medil 


•. 16 


ALNUS, Tournef. 


170 


ABIES, L. 


183 


serrulata, Willd. 


170 


Canadensis, Mx. 


183 


Alyssineae, DC. 


10 


Abietineae, Rick. 


181 


AMARANTHACEAE, JWs.140 


ABUTILON, Gaertn. 


17 


AMARANTHUS, L. 


140 


Avicennae, Gaertn. 


18 


albus, L. 


141 


ACER, Moenck. 


26 


graecizans ? Willd. 


141 


dasycarpum, Ehrh. 


26 


hybrid us, L. 


141 


eriocarpum, Mx. 


26 


spinosus, L. 


141 


rubrum, L. 


27 


AMBROSIA, Tottrnef. 


79 


saccharinum, L. 


26 


artemisiaefolia, L. 


80 


ACERACEAE, Juss. 


25 


elatior, L. 


80 


ACHILLEA, L. 


85 


trifida, L. 


80 


Millefolium, L. 


86 


Ammineae, Koch. 


62 


AcHYRANTHEAE, Endl. 


140 


Aiiygdaleae, Jnss. 


41 


ACORUS, L. 


190 


AMYGDALUS, L. 


42 


Calamus, L. 


190 


ANACARDIACEAE, r. 


Br. 23 


ACTAEA, L. 


3 


ANDROMEDA, L. 


103 


racemosa, E. 


3 


Mariana, L. 


103 


AESCULUS, L. 


27 


Andromedeae, DC. 


103 


Hippocastanum, L. 


27 


ANDROPOGON, L. 


235 


AGARICUS, L. 


242 


avenaceus, Mx. 


236 


campestris, L. 


242 


furcatus, Muhl. 


235 


AGROSTEMMA, L. 


15 


nutans, L. 


236 


Githago, L. 


15 


saccharatus, Roxb. 


236 


Agrostideae, Kimth. 


216 


scoparius, Mx. 


235 


AGROSTIS, L. 


217 


Andropogoneae, Kicnth. 


234 


lateriflora, Mx. 


217 


ANTHEMIS, L. 


85 


polymorpha, Hicds. 


217 


Cotida, L. 


84 


vulgaris, With. 


217 


nobilis, L. 


85 


AILANTHUS, De*f. 


25 


ANTHOXANTHUM, L. 


210 


glandulosa, Desf. 


25 


odoratum, L. 


210 


Ajugoideae, Benth. 


121 


Antirrhineae, Chav. 


110 


ALGAE, Jnss. 


246 


APIUM, Hoffm. 


63 


ALISMACEAE, DC. 


191 


graveolens, L. 


63 


Alismeae, Rich. 


191 


Araeideae, DC. 


6 


ALLIUM, L. 


195 


ARACEAE, Jzcss. 


188 


Cepa, L. 


197 


ARACHIS, L. 


32 


Porrum, L. 


196 


hypogaea, L. 


32 


sativum, L. 


196 


ARALIA,i. 


69 


Schoenoprasum, L. 


197 


racemosa, L. 


69 


vineale, L. 


196 


ARALIACEAE, Jnss. 


69 



22 



254 



index Op f fi'fi 



ARCHEMORA, DC. 65 

rigida, DC. 65 

ARCTIUM, L. 97 

Lappa, L. 97 

ARISAEMA, Mart. 188 

atrorubens, Bhime. 189 

ARISTOLOCHIA, Tournef. 137 

Serpentaria, L. 137 

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, J"s. 137 

ARMENIACA, Tournef. 42 

dasycarpa, Pers. 43 

vulgaris, Lam. 43 

ARRHENATHERUM, J5v. 221 

221 

88 

88 

88 

188 

188 

218 

228 

228 

218 

218 



avenaceum, Beauv. 
ARTEMISIA, L. 

Absinthium, L. 

Dracunculus, L. 
ARUM, L. 

triphyllum, L. 
Arundinaceae, Kunth. 
ARUNDINARIA, Rick. 

macrosperma, Mx. 
ARUNDO, L. 

Phragmit.es, L. 
ASCLEPIADACEAE,22. Br.133 

Asclepiadeae, R. Br. 133 

ASCLEPIAS, L. 133 

tuberosa, L. 134 

ASCOPHORA, Tode. 244 

Mucedo, Link. 245 

ASPARAGEAE, Eudl '. 198 

ASPARAGUS, L. 198 

officinalis, L. 198 

ASPHODELEAE, Elldl. 194 

ASTER, Tournef. 76 

ericoides, L. 76 

tenuifolius, Fl. Cestr. 76 

Asteroideae, Less. 76 

Atripliceae, C. A. Meyer. 138 

AURANTIACEAE, Correa. 19 

AVENA, L. 220 

elatior, L. 221 

sativa, D. 221 

Avenaceae, Kunth. 220 

BALSAMIFLUAE, Kw«. 174 

BARBAREA, R. Br. 6 

praecox, R. Br. 6 

BATATAS, Rumph. 124 

edulis, Chois. 125 

BENZOIN, JV««*. 148 

odoriferum, Nees. 148 

BETA, Tournef. 138 

vulgaris, D. 139 



BETULA, Tournef. 169 

lenta, D. 169 

nigra, D. 169 

papyraceae, Ait. 170 

r«£m, iVTr. 169 

BETULA CEAE, Richard. 169 

BIDENS, L. 83 

bipinnata, D. 84 

chrysanthemoides, Mx. 83 

frondosa, D. 83 

quadriaristata? DC. 83 

BIGNONIA, L. 107 

Catalpa, L. 107 

BIGNONIACEAE, JW*. 107 

Bignonieae, Bojer. 107 

Borageae, DC. 122 

BORAGINACEAE, Jttss. 122 

BOTROPHIS,Raf. 3 

BRASSICA, D. 7 

campestris, L. 8 

oleracea, L. 7 

Rapa, -L. 9 

Brassiceae, DC. 7 

BROMELIACEAE, Jnss. 192 

BROMUS, D. 227 

secalinus, L. 227 

BROUSSONETIA, Ferc*. 178 

papyrifera, Vent. 178 

CAMELINA, Crantz. 11 

sativa, Crantz. 11 

Camelineae, DC. 11 

Campylospermae, DC. 67 

Cannabineae, Blume. 179 

CANNABIS, Tour?ief. 180 

sativa, D. 180 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE, Juss. 71 

CAPSELLA, F**f. 12 

Bursa-pastoris, Moench. 12 

CAPSICUM, Tournef. 129 

annuum, D. 129 

CARDUVS, L. 93 

arvensis, Sm. 95 

discolor, Nutt. 91 

lanceolatus, L. 93 

pumilus, Niitt. 94 

spinosissimus , Walt. 94 

CAREX, i. 200 

acuta, Gooden. 201 

multiflora, iVf?</^. 200 

tentaculata, Muhl. 200 

Cariceae, Nees. 199 

CARPINUS, L. 158 

Ostrya, L. 158 



ORDERS, TRIBES. GENERA AND SPECIES 



255 



CARUM, Koch. 


64 


Carui, Z. 


64 


CARYA, Nutt. 


156 


alba, Nutt. 


156 


clivaeformis, Nutt. 


158 


porcina, Nutt. 


157 


tomentosa, Nutt. 


156 



CARYOPHYLLACEAE,J"ww.l4 

Cassieae, Broun. 41 

CASTANEA, Tournef. 167 

pumila, Mill. 168 

vesca, Gaertn. 168 

CATALPA, Scop. 107 

bignonioides, Walt. 107 

cordifolia, Duham. 107 

Celtideae, Rich. 151 

CELTIS, Tournef. 151 

occidentalis, Z. 151 

CENCHRUS, Z. 215 

tribuloides, Z. 215 

CENTAUREA, Z. 91 

Cyanus, Z. 92 

CERASUS, Juss. 45 

avium, Moeneh. 45 

Caproniana? DC. 45 

Chicasa, DC. 44 

hyemalis, DC. 44 

nigra, DC. 44 

serotina, Z>C 46 

Virgiyiiana, Mx. 46 

vulgaris, Mill. 45 

CERCIS, Z. 40 

Canadensis, L. 40 

CETRARIA, ileA. 240 

Islandica, A'ch. 240 

CHAMAEROPS, L.. 188 

Palmetto, Mx. 188 

CHENOPODIACEAE, Tfcw*: 137 

Chexopodieae, C A. Meyer. .138 

CHENOPODIUM, Z. 139 

album, Z. 139 

anthelminticum, L. 140 

CHIMAPHILA, P?^/i. 104 

umbellata, Nutt. 104 

Chlorideae, Kuvth. 219 

CHRYSANTHEMUM, L. 86 

leucanthemum, L. 86 

CICER, Tournef, 31 

arietinum, I/. 31 

Cichoraceae, Vaill. 9.7 

CICHORIUM, Tournef. 97 

Endivia, Wt7W. 98 

Intybus, Z. 97 



CICUTA, Z. 62 

maculata, Z. 62 

CIMICIFUGA, Z. 3 

racemosa, Ell. 3 

Cimicifugeae, Torr. <$• Gr. 2 

CINNA, L. 217 

Mexicana, Kunth. 217 

CIRSIUM, Tournef. 93 

arvense, Scop. 95 

discolor, Spre?ig. 94 

horridulum, .Mir. 94 

lanceolatum, Scop. 93 

pumilum, Spreng. 94 

CITRULLUS, iVec£. 59 

vulgaris, Schrad. 59 

CITRUS, Z. 19 

Aurantium, Risso. 20 

Medica, Risso. 20 

CLADONIA, ITo^m. 241 

rangiferina, Hojjjfyi. 241 

CNICUS, L. 95 

arvensis, Hoffm. 95 

COCHLEARIA, Tournef. 10 

Armoracia, Zr. 10 

CoELOSPERMAE, X>C 6S 

COMPOSITAE, Faitf. 74 

CONIFERAE, .7W*. 181 

Coniomycetes, Fries. 245 

CONIUM, Z. 67 

maculatum, Z. 68 

CONVALLARIEAE, E?ldl. 193 

CONVOLVULACEAE,JWs.l24 

Convolvuleae, Chois. 124 

CONVOLVULUS, Z. 125 

arvensis, Z. 125 

Batatas, L. 125 

CoRIANDREAE, Koch. 68 

CORIANDRUM, iZ#?n. 68 

sativum, Z. 68 

CORNACEAE, DC. 70 

CORNUS, Tournef. 70 

florida, Z. 70 

CORYLUS, Tournef. 159 

Americana, Marsh. 159 

Coryphinae; Martius. 187 

CRATAEGUS, Z. 52 

cordata, -<4i£. 52 

Crus-galli, Z. 52 

Crotoneae, Blume. 153 

CRUCIFERAE, /w, 5 

CUCUMIS, Z. 58 

Anguria, Z. 58 



Citrullus, Ser. 



59 



256 



INDEX OF THE 



Melo, L. 58 

sativus, L. 58 

CUCURBITA, L. 59 

Melopepo, L. 60 

Pepo, L. 60 

suhverrucosa ? Willd. 60 

verrucosa, L. 60 

CUCURBIT ACEAE, Juss. 57 

CtJCURBITEAE, DC. 57 

Cupressineae, Rich. 184 

CUPRESSUS, L. 185 

disticha, L. 185 

thyoides, L. 186 
CUPULIFERAE, Richard. 158 

CUSCUTA, Tournef. 126 

epilinum, TFei'/i. 127 

Europaea ? L. 127 

Cuscuteae, Chois. 126 
Cyclolobeae, C ^4. Mey. 138 

CYDONIA, Tournef. 54 

vulgaris, Pers. 54 

CYNARA, Fat7/. 92 

Scolymus, £. 92 

Cynareae, ie5*. 91 

CYNODON, Bic/i. 219 

Dactvlon. P«; s. 219 
CYNOGLOSSUM, Tournef. 124 

Morisoni, -DC. 124 

CYPERACEAE,Jmm. 199 

Cypereae, Nees. 202 

CYPERUS, £. 203 

Hydra, Mx. 204 

phymatodes, Muhl. 203 

repens, J?//. 203 

rotundus ? L. 204 

strigosus, L. 203 

DACTYLIS, £. 225 

glomerata, L. 225 

DATURA, L. 128 

Stramonium, L. 128 

Datureae, Endl. 128 

Daucineae, Koch. 66 

DAUCUS, Tournef. 66 

Carota, Z.. 67 

DELPHINIUM, £. 2 

Consolida, L. 2 

DIGIT ARIA, Scop. 212 

sanguinalis, Scop. 212 

DIOSPYROS, £. 105 

Virginiana, £». 105 

DIPSACEAE, Juss. 73 

DIPSACUS, Tournef. 73 

Fullonum, ikKtf. ' 73 



sylvestris, Mill. 73 

Dryadeae, Few£. 46 

EBENACEAE, Vent. 104 
ECHINOS PERM JIM, Sw. 124 

Virginicitm, Lehm. 124 

ECHIUM, Tournef. 122 

vulgare, L. 122 

ELEUSINE, GW*w. 220 

Indica, Gaertn. 220 

EQUISETACEAE, DC. 237 

EQUISETUM, L. 237 

hyemale, L. 237 

ERECHTITES, #«/. 89 

hieracifolia, Raf. 90 

ERICACEAE, J"^s. 101 

Ericineae, Desv. 103 

ERIGERON, L. 77 

annuum, Pers. 77 

Canadense, Z». 77 

heterophyllus , Muhl. 77 

strigosum, Muhl. 78 

ERVUM, Toumef. 33 

Lens, Zj. 33 

Eupatoriaceae, Less. 7-5 
EUPATORIUM, Tournef. 75 

perfoliatum, X». 75 

EUPHORBIA, L. 152 

hypericifolia, L. 152 
EUPHORBIACEAE, Juss. 152 

Euphorbieae, Bartl. 152 

FAB A, Tournef. 32 

vulgaris, Moench. 33 

FAGOPYRUM, Tournef. 146 

esculentum, Moench. 146 

FAGUS, Tournef. 166 

sylvatica, Z*. 167 

sylvestris, Mx. 167 

FESTUCA, L. • 226 

pratensis, Htids. 226 

Festucaceae, Ktmth. 222 

FICUS, Tournef. 178 

Carica, Z>. 178 

FILICES, L. Jzw*. 238 

Flavifxorae, Nees. 147 

FOENICULUM, iiifaw*. 64 

vulgare, Gaertn. 65 

FRAG ARIA, Tournef. 41 

vesca, Z<. 48 

Virginiana, Ehrh. 48 

Fraxineae, Bartl. 134 

FRAXINUS, Tournef. 134 

acuminata, Lam. 135 

Americana, £. 135 



ORDERS, TRIBES, GENERA AND SPECIES 



257 



pubescens, Walt. 


135 


JUGLANS, L. 


154 


sambucifolia, Lam. 


135 


alba, L. 


157 


tomentosa, Mx. 


135 


cathartiea, Mx. 


155 


FUCUS, Agardh. 


246 


cinerea, L. 


155 


vesiculosus, L. 


246 


compressa, Mx. 


156 


FUNGI, Jus*. 


242 


glabra, Willd. 


157 


Galegeae, Torr. <$* Gr. 


35 


nigra, L. 


154 


Gasteromycetes, Fries. 


244 


obcordata, Lam. 


157 


GENTIANACEAE, Juss. 


132 


olivaeformis, Mx. 


158 


Gentianeae, DC. 


132 


por ciiia, Mx. 


157 


GLECHOMA, L. 


119 


regia, L. 


155 


hederacea, L. 


119 


squamosa, Mx. 


156 


GLEDITSCHIA, L. 


41 


tomentosa, Mx. 


157 


triacanthos, L. 


41 


JUNCACEAE, Juss. 


19S 


GLYCERIA, R. Br. 


224 


JUNCUS, L. 


198 


fluitans, R. Br. 


225 


communis, E. Mey. 


199 


GNAPHALIUM, L. 


89 


effusits, L. 


199 


polycephalum, Mx. 


89 


JUNIPERUS, L. 


186 


GOSSYPIUM, L. 


17 


Virginiana, L. 


186 


berbaceum, L. 


17 


LABIATAE, Juss. 


111 


GRAMINEAE, Juss. 


204 


LACTUCA, Toumef. 


100 


GROSSULACEAE, DC. 


55 


sativa, L. 


100 


HEDEOMA, Pers. 


117 


LAGENARIA, Ser. 


57 


pulegioides, Pers. 


117 


vulgaris, Ser. 


57 


HELIANTHUS, L. 


82 


LAMIUM, L. 


119 


tuberosus, L. 


82 


amplexicaule, L. 


120 


Heli.eboreae, DC. 


2 


LAPPA, Toumef. 


96 


HIBISCUS, L. 


16 


major, Gaertn. 


97 


esculentus, L. 


16 


LARIX, Neck. 


184 


HIPPOCASTANACEAE,Z>C\27 


Americana, Mx. 


184 


HOLCUS, L. 


209 


LAURACEAE, Juss. 


147 


aveiiaceus, Scop. 


221 


LAURUS, L. 


148 


lanatus, L. 


210 


Benzoin, L. 


148 


IIORDEACEAE, KlCllth. 


228 


Sassafras, L. 


148 


EORDEUM, L. 


232 


LAVANDULA, L. 


112 


distichum, L. 


232 


Spica, DC. 


112 


vulgare, L. 


232 


vera, DC. 


112 


HUMULUS, L. 


180 


LEERSIA, Soland. 


205 


Lupulus, L. 


180 


oryzoides, Stvartz. 


205 


Hyacintheae, LfnZ'. 


194 


LEGUMINOSAE, Juss. 


31 


HYDROCHLOA, Endl. 


206 


LEONTODON, L. 


99 


HYDR OPYR UM, Link . 


207 


Taraxacum, L. 


99 


escirfeiitum, Link. 


207 


LEONURUS, L. 


120 


Hymenomycetes, Fries. 


242 


Cardiaca, L. 


120 


HYPERICACEAE, Jtiss. 


13 


Lepidikeae, DC. 


11 


Kypericeae, Chois. 


13 


LEPIDIUM, R. Br. 


11 


HYPERICUM, L. 


14 


sativum, L. 


11 


perforatum, L. 


14 


LEUCANTHEMUM,ZWwe/.S6 


HYSSOPUS, L. 


116 


vulgare, Lam. 


86 


officinalis, L. 


116 


LEUCOTHOE, G. Don. 


104 


INDIGOFERA, L. 


35 


Mariana, DC. 


104 


tinctoria, L. 


36 


LICHENES, Ach. 


240 


JUGLANDACEAE, DC. 


154 


LlGULAEFLORAE, DC. 


97 




2U 


* 





258 



INDEX OP THE 



LIGUSTRUM, Tournef. 

vulgare, L. 
LILIACEAE, Juss. 
LINACEAE, DC. 
LINARIA, Tournef. 

vulgaris, Mill. 
LINUM, L. 

usitatissimum, L. 
LIQUID AMBAR, L. 

styraciflua, L. 
LIRIODENDRON, L. 

tulipifera, L. 
LITHOSPERMUM, Ton mef. 

arvense, L. 
LOBELIA, L. 

infiata, L. 
LOBELIACEAE, Jus*. 
Loeelieae, Presl. 
LOLIUM, L. 

perenne, L. 
LYCHNIS, DC. 

Git ha go, Lain. 
LYCOPERSICUM, Tournef. 

esculentum, Mill. 
LYCOPODIACEAE,' Sw. 
LYCOPODIUM, L. 

dendroideum, Sw. 
MACLURA, Nutt. 

aurantiaca, Nutt. 
MAGNOLIA, L. 

acuminata, L. 
MAGNOLIACEAE, Juss. 
Magnolieae, DC. 
MAJOR AN A, Moench. 

hortensis, Moench. 
MALUS, Tournef. 

coronaria. Mill. 
MALVA, L. 

rotnndifolia, L. 
MALVACEAE, Juss. 
MARRUBIUMjL. 

vulgare, L. 
MARTYNIA, L. 

proboscidea, Glox. 
MARUTA, Cass. 

Cotula, DC. 
MEDICAGO, Tournef. 

sativa, L. 
MELIA, L. 

Azedarach, L. 
MELIACEAR, Juss. 
MfcXILOTUS, Tournef. 

leucantha, Koch. 



136 


MELISSA, Benth. 


117 


136 


officinalis, L. 


117 


194 


Melissineae, Benth. 


116 


21 


MENTHA, L. 


113 


110 


piperita, L. 


113 


110 


viridis, L. 


113 


21 


Menthoideae, Benth. 


113 


21 


MERULIUS, Hall. 


243 


174 


lachrymans, Schum. 


243 


174 


Monardeae, Benth. 


114 


4 


Moreae, Gaiidich. 


176 


4 


MORUS, Tournef. 


176 


123 


alba, L. 


176 


123 


rubra, L. 


176 


101 


MUCOR 


245 


101 


Mucedo 


245 


100 


MUHLENBERGIA, Schreb. 


216 


100 


diffusa, Willd. 


216 


228 


Mexicana, Trin. 


217 


229 


MUSCt, Dillen. 


239 


15 


NASTURTIUM, R. Br. 


6 


15 


officinale, R. Br. 


6 


13] 


NEPETA, Benth. 


118 


131 


Cataria, L. 


119 


237 


Glechoma, Benth. 


119 


237 


Nepeteae, Benth. 


118 


237 


NICOTIANA, L. 


127 


177 


Tabacum, L. 


127 


177 


NlCOTIANEAE, E'/ldl. 


127 


3 


NYSSA, L. 


149 


4 


multiflora, Walt. 


149 


3 


sylvatica, Mx. 


149 


3 


villosa, Willd. 


149 


114 


Ocimoideae, Benth. 


111 


115 


OCIMUM, L. 


111 


54 


basilicum, L. 


112 


54 


OENOTHERA, L. 


55 


16 


biennis, L. 


55 


16 


OL-E.ACEAT,,Hoffmsg.\Linl 


.131 


16 


Oleiiveae, DC. 


136 


121 


ON A GRACE A E, Juss. 


51 


121 


Onagreae, DC. 


55 


108 


OPLISMENUS, Beauv. 


214 


108 


Crus-galli, Kuvth. 


214 


81 


ORNITHOGALUM, Link. 


195 


84 


umbellatum, L. 


195 


39 


Orthospermae, DC. 


62 


39 


ORYZA, L. 


206 


20 


sativa, L. 


206 


21 


Orvzeae, Kunth. 


205 


20 


OSTRY A, Michel. 


158 


39 


Virginica, Willd. 


158 


39 


OXYCOCCUS, Tournef. 


103 



ORDERS, TRIBES, GENERA AND SPECIES 



259 



macrocarpus, Pers. 
PALMAE, L. Juss. 
PANAX, L. 

quinquefolium, L. 
Paniceae, Kunth. 
PANICUM, Z. 

capillare, L. 

Crus-galli, L. 

sanguinale, L. 

viride, L. 
PAPAVER, L. 

dubium, L. 
PAPAVERACEAE, Juss. 
Papilionaceae, L. 
PASTINACA, Tournef. 

sativa, L. 
PEDALIACEAE, R. Br. 
Pedalineaf, R. Br. 
PENNISETUM, Rich. 
PERSIC A, Tournef. 

Jaevis, DC. 

vulgaris, Mill. 
PETROSELINUM, lloffm. 

sativum, Hoffm. 
Peucedaneae, DC. 
PHALACROLOMA] Cass. 

obtusifolium, Cass. 
Phal,arideae, Kunth. 
Phaseoleae, Broun. 
PHASEOLUS, L. 

lunatus, L. 

vulgaris, Savi. 
PHLEUM, L. 

pratense, L. 
PHRaGMITES, Trin. 

communis, Trin. 
PHYTOLACCA, To urnef. 

decandra, L. 
PHYTOLACCACEAE,.R.2?r 
PINUS, L. 

australis, Mx. 

Canadensis, L. 

microcarpa, Lamb. 

mitis, Mx. 

palustris, L.. 

Strobus, L. 

variabilis, Lamb. 
PISUM, Tourwf. 

sativum, L. 
PLANTAGINACEAE,^*. 
PLANTAGO, L. 

lanceolata, L. 

major, L. 



103 


PLATANACEAE, Lestib. 


174 


187 


PLATANUS, L. 


175 


69 


occidentalis, L. 


175 


70 


POA, L. 


222 


211 


annua, L. 


222 


211 


compressa, L. 


224 


212 


pratensis, L. 


223 


215 


trivialis, L. 


223 


211 


viridisy JMuhl. 


223 


213 


POL YG A LA, Tournef. 


30 


5 


Senega, L. 


30 


5 


POLYG\LACEAE,JWs. 


30 


4 


POLYGONACEAE, Juss. 


142 


31 


PoLYGONEAE, Endl % 


142 


66 


POLYGONUM, L. 


144 


66 


arifolium, L. 


145 


10S 


Fagopyrum, L. 


146 


108 


Hydropipe*, L. 


144 


213 


Pennsylvanicum, L. 


145 


42 


Persicaria, &. 


144 


42 


pi.inctatii7n, Ell? 


144 


42 


sagittatum, L. 


145 


63 


Pomeae, Juss. 


52 


61 


POPULUS, Tournef. 


172 


65 


angulata, Ait. 


173 


78 


dilatata, Ait- 


173 


78 


Graeea, Ait. 


173 


207 


laevigata ? Ait. 


172 


34 


tremuloides, Mx. 


172 


31 


trepida ? Willd. 


172 


34 


PORTULACA, Tournef. 


15 


34 


oleracea, L. 


15 


209 


PORTULACACEAE, Juss. 


15 


209 


POTENTILLA, L. 


46 


218 


Canadensis, L. 


47 


218 


Norvegica, L. 


47 


146 


simplex, Mx. 


47 


147 


PRUNELLA, L. 


118 


146 


vulgaris, L. 


118 


181 


PRUNUS, Tournef. 


43 


182 


Americana, Marsh. 


44 


18" 


Chicasa, Mx. 


44 


1S-I 


dornestica, L. 


44 


182 


PTERIS, L. 


238 


182 


aquilina, L. 


238 


182 


PUCCINIA, Pers. 


245 


182 


Graminis, Pers. 


245 


33 


PYROLA, L. 


101 


33 


vmbellata, L. 


104 


105 


Pyroleae, DC. 


104 


105 


PYRUS, L. 


53 


106 


communis, L. 


53 


101 


i coronaria, L. 


54 



260 



INDEX OF THE 



Malus, L. 
QUERCUS, L. 

alba, L. 

bicolor, Willd. 

Castanea, Muhl. 

coccinea, Wangenh. 

elongata, Willd. 

falcata, Mx. 

ferruginea, Mx. 

imbricaria, Mx. 

montana, Willd. 

nigra, Willd. 

obtusiloba, Mx. 

palustris, Mx. 

Phellos, L. 

Prinus, L. 

Primes acuminata, Mx. 
" discolor, Mx. 
" monticola; Mx. 
11 palustris, Mx. 

rubra, L. 

stellata, Wangenh. 

tinctoria, Bartr. 

virens, Ait. 
RANUNCULACEAE, Juss. 
Ranunculeae, DC. 
RANUNCULUS, L. 

buibosus, L. 
Raphaneae,Z)C 
RAPHANUS, Toicmef. 

sativns, L. 
RHEUM, L. 

Rhaponticum, Ait. 
RHUS, L. 

glabra, L. 

radicans, L. 

toxicodendron, L. 

typliina, L. 

venenata, DC. 

vernix, L. 
RIBES, L. 

nigrum, L. 

rubrum, L. 

Uva-crispa, L. 
RICINUS, Toumef. 

comminiis, L. 
ROBINIA, L. 

Pseud-acacia, L. 
ROSA, Toumef. 

Carolina, L. 
ROSACEAE,^«w. 
Rosaceae proper, Torr. 4* &' 

ROSEAE, JUSS. 



53 


ROTTBOELLIACEAE, 1C. 


233 


160 


RUBIA, Toumef. 


72 


164 


Tinctorum, L. 


72 


165 


RUBIACEAE, Juss. 


72 


166 


RUBUS, Tonmef. 


49 


162 


Canadensis, L. 


50 


163 


Idaeus, L. 


49 


163 


occidentalis, L. 


50 


161 


odoratus, L. 


49 


161 


trivialis, Pursh. 


50 


165 


villosus, Ait. 


51 


161 


RUMEX, L. 


142 


164 


Acetosella, L. 


143 


163 


crispus, L. 


143 


160 


obtusifolius, L. 


143 


165 


SABAL, Adans. 


188 


166 


Palmetto, Loddig. 


188 


165 


SABBATH, Adans. 


132 


166 


angularis, Pursh. 


132 


165 


SACCHARUM, L. 


234 


162 


officinarum, L. 


234 


164 


SAGITTARIA, L. 


191 


162 


sagittaefolia, L. 


191 


161 


SALlCACEAE, Richard. 


171 


. 1 


SALIX, Toumef. 


171 


1 


Babylonica, L. 


172 


1 


vitellina, L. 


171 


1 


SALVIA, L. 


114 


13 


officinalis, L. 


114 


13 


Sambuceae, Kunth. 


71 


13 


SaMBUCUS, Toumef. 


71 


142 


Canadensis, L. 


71 


142 


SXNTALACEAE, R. Br. 


149 


23 


SASSAFRAS, Nees. 


147 


23 


officinale, Nees. 


147 


24 


Satureineae, Benth. 


114 


24 


SATUREJA, l. 


116 


23 


hortensis, L. 


116 


24 


SAXIFR^GA, L. 


61 


24 


Pennsylvanica, L. 


61 


56 


SAXIFR\GACEAE, Juss. 


61 


56 


Saxifrageae, DC 


61 


5G 


SCABIOSEAE, DC. 


73 


56 


Scirpeaw, Nees. 


202 


153 


SCIRPUS, L. 


202 


153 


Amerieanus, Pers. 


202 


35 


pungens, Vahl. 


202 


35 


triqueter, L. 


202 


51 


SCROPHULARIACEAE,Xv 


.109 


51 


SctTTiLLARixEAE, Benth. 


118 


41 


SECALE, L. 


231 


r.46 


cereale, L. 


231 


51 


SENECIO, L. 


90 



ORDERS, TRIBES, GENERA AND SPECIES 



261 



aureus, L. 

Balsamitae, Muhl. 

hieracifolius, L. 

obovatus, Muhl. 
Senecionideae, Less. 
Seselineae, Koch. 
SETARIA, Beauv. 

Germanica, Beattv. 

glauca, Beauv. 

Italica, Beauv. 

viridis, Beauv. 
SID A, L. 

Abutilon, L. 
Sileneae, DC. 
SINAPIS, Tournef. 

alba, L. 

nigra, L. 

SlSYMBRIEAR, DC. 

SISYMBRIUM, All. 

officinale, Scop. 
SMILACE AE, R. Br. 
SMIL AX, Tournef. 

caduca, L. 

rotundifolia, L. 
Smyrnieae, Koch. 
SOLANACEAE, Juss. 

SOLANEAE, Endl. 

SOLANUM, L. 

Carolinense, L. 

escuientum, Dunal. 

insanum, L 

Ly coper sicum, L. 

nigrum, L. 

tuberosum, L. 
SOLIDAGO, L. 

nemoralis, Ait. 
Sophoreae, DC. 
SORGHUM, Pers. 

saccharatum, Moejich. 
SPHAGNUM, Dillen. 

obtusifolivm, Hook. 

palustre, L. 
SPINACH, Tournef. 

oieracea, L. 
Stachydeae, Benth. 
Stellatae, R. Br. 
STENACTIS, Cass. 

ambigua, DC. 

annua, Cass. 

strigosa, DC. 
SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. 

foetidus, Salisb. 
TANACETUM, L. 



90 


vulgare, L. 


87 


90 


TARAXACUM, Hall. 


99 


90 


Dens-leonis, Desf. 


99 


90 


TAXODIUM, Richard. 


184 


79 


disticbum, Richard. 


185 


64 


TEUCRIUM, L. 


121 


213 


Canadense, L. 


121 


214 


THLASPI, Dillen. 


12 


213 


Bursa-pastoris, L. 


12 


214 


THUJA, Tournef. 


185 


213 


spbaeroidalis, Rich. 


185 


18 


THYMUS, L. 


115 


18 


vulgaris, L. 


115 


14 


TILIA, L. 


18 


9 


Americana, L. 


19 


10 


Europaea, L. 


18 


9 


glabra, Vent. 


19 


7 


platypbylla, Scop. 


18 


7 


TILIACEAE, Juss. 


18 


7 


TILLANDSIA, L. 


192 


193 


usneoicles, L. 


192 


193 


TRAGOPOGON, Tournef. 


98 


194 


porrifolium, L. 


99 


193 


Trifolieae, Bronn. 


36 


67 


TRIFOLIUM, Tournef. 


36 


127 


arvense, L. 


36 


129 


pratense, L. 


37 


129 


repens, L. 


38 


131 


TRIPSACUM, L. 


233 


131 


dactyloides, L. 


233 


131 


TRITICUM, L. 


229 


132 


repens, L. 


230 


130 


sativum, Lam. 


230 


130 


vulgare, Vill. 


229 


78 


TROPAEOLACEAE, Juss. 


22 


79 


TROPAEOLUM, L. 


22 


40 


majus, /> 


22 


236 


TUBER, Michel. 


244 


236 


Cibarium, Sibth. 


244 


239 


TuBULIFLORAE, DC. 


74 


239 


TYPHA, Tournef. 


190 


239 


latifolia, L. 


191 


138 


TYPHACEAR, Juss. 


190 


138 


ULMACEAE, Mirb. 


150 


119 


Ulmeae, A. Gray. 


150 


72 


ULMUS, L. 


150 


77 


Americana, L. 


150 


78 


fulva, Mx. 


151 


77 


rubra, Mx. f. 


151 


77 


UMBELLIFERAE, Juss. 


62 


189 


UREDO, Pers. 


245 


189 


Segetum, Pers. 


245 


87 


URTICA, Tournef. 


179 



262 



INDEX OF THE ORDERS, TRIBES, ETC. 



dioica, Z. 
URTICACEAE, Jtiss. 

1 T RTICKAE, JuSS. 

Vaccinieae, Endl. 
VACCINIUM, Z. 

corymbosum, Z. 
Verbasceae, Benth. 
VERBASCUM, Z. 

Thapsus, Z. 
VERBENA, Z. 

urticaefolia, Z. 
VBRBENACEAE, Juss. 
VERNONIA, Sehreb. 

Noveboracensis, Willd. 

■praealtd) Willd* 
Vernoniaceae, Lfiss. 
VICIA, Z. 
Vicieaf, Bronn* 



179 


VITACEAE, Juss. 


28 


175 


V1TIS, Z. 


28 


179 


aestivalis, Mx. 


29 


101 


Labrusca, Z. 


29 


102 


rotundifotta, Mx. 


30 


102 


vinifera, Z. 


28 


109 


vulpina, Z» 


30 


109 


XANTHIUM, Tournef. 


80 


109 


spinosum, Z. 


81 


111 


strumarium, Z. 


8t 


111 


XANTHOXYLACEAE, 


Nees 


110 


&r Mart, 


21 


74 


ZEA, Z. 


207 


75 


Mays, Z. 


208 


75 


ZIZANIA, Z. 


206 


74 


aquatica, Z. 


207 


32 
31 


clavulosa } Mx. 


207 



INDEX 



OF ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES 

[French, German and Spanish names, in Italics.] 



Page 
L'Abricotier 43 

Abridor 42 

IJ Absinthe 88 

Acacia. Three-thor- 

ned 41 

Acederilla 143 

Acelga 139 

Achicoria 98 

Acker- Lauch. Der 196 
Ackerwinde. Die 125 
Acore odorant 190 

Acoro Cdlamo 190 

Agripalma 120 

L'Agripaume 120 

L\Ail 196 

w4i'Z a*es Vignes 196 

Ajedrea 116 

^> 1% 

Alamo de Lombardia 173 
Albahdca 112 

Albaricoque 43 

,/4 Icachqfa 92 

Alcaravea 64 

Alder. Candle, Com- 
mon 170 
AJehoof 119 
Alfalfa 40 
Algodon 17 
Athena 136 
Allspice. WilJ 148 
Alouette. Pied d' 2 
Amapola 5 
Amargon 99 
Ampfer. Krauser 143 
Sauer 143 
./Ina'om. DerWeisse 121 
Anserine blanche 139 
Apfelbaum. Der 53 
^4p/o hortense 63 
Apple-tree. Common53 
" Crab 54 
Apricot. Black 43 
•' Common 

Moor- Park 43 
Aprikosenbaum. Der 43 
L'Arachide 32/ 



Page. 
,<4ro£Z <fe Castor 4 

Arrow-head 192 

^rroz 206 

Artichaud 92 

Artichoke 92 

" Jerusalem 82 

Artischoke. Die 92 

Ash. Black, Water 135 
" Red 135 

" White 135 

Asp. Quaking 172 

Aspen. American 172 
Asparagus 198 

Asperge 198 

Aubergine rouge 131 
.4 vena 221 

Avoine cultivee 221 

" eZevee 222 

ylxercio 83 

BALM. COM- 
MON 11? 
Barba Cabruna 99 
Barddna Lampazo 9 
Barley. Four-rowed232 
" ' Two-rowed232 
Basil. Sweet 112 
Basilic 112 
Basilienkraut. &e- 

meines 112 

Bassinet 1 

Bass-wood 19 

Batata de Malaga 1 35 

Bataten Winde 125 

Batatin 130 

Baume verte 113 

Baumuiolle. Die 17 

Bead-tree 21 

Bean. Carolina, Lima 34 

s « Castor-oil 153 

" Horse, Windsor 33 

" Kidney, Pole 

String 34 

Bean-tree 107 

Beech-tree. White 16? 
Beet. Garden, Sugar 139 
Beggar's Lice 124 





Page. 


Beggar-ticks 
Berro 


83 
6 


Berza 


7 


' * crespa 
" Jlorida 
' ' repolluda 
Bet te- rave 


8 

8 

8 

139 


Bilsted 


174 


Bindweed 


125 


Rough 


193 



Birch. Black, Red 169 
" Canoe, Paper 170 
" Cherry, Sweet 169 

Birnbaum. Der 53 

Bitter-weed 80 

Blackberry 51 

Black-Jack 161 
Bled. Le 

Sara sin 146 

Bleeding-Heart 45 

Blight 245 

Blue-berry 102 

Blue-bonnets 92 

Blue-bottle 92 

Blue-devils 123 

Bluet 92 

Blue-weed 123 

Blumenkohl. Der 8 

Bockbart. Der 99 

Bog-moss 239 
Bohne. Diegemeine 34 

Die Sau 33 

Bolsa de Pastor 12 

Bone-set 75 

Bonnet de Pretre 60 

Bore-cole 8 

Boton de Oro 1 

Bottle-gourd 57 

Bottle-grass 213 

Bouillon blanc 109 

Bourse de Pasteur 12 

Brake, or Bracken 238 

Bramble 51 

Brennessel. Die 179 

Brier. Common 51 

Green, 193 



264 



INDEX OF 



Brier. Running 


50 


Castor-oil Bean 


153 


Broccoli 


8 


Catawba 


107 


Brombeerstrauch. Der 51 


Cat-mint. Cat-nep 


119 


Brome-grass 


227 


Cat-tail 


191 


Brome Seigle 


227 


Cauliflower 


8 


Bromo 


227 


Cebada 


232 


Broom-Corn 


236 


Cebotta 


197 


Brugnon. Le 


42 


Cebollino 


19? 


Brunela 


118 


Cedar. Red 


186 


Brunette. Gemeine 


118 


White 


186 


Brunette ordinaire 


118 


Cedrat 


20 


Bru7i?ie?ikresse. Die 6 


Ceguda 


68 


Buche. Die 


167 


Celeri. Celeri. Der 


63 


Buchwaitzen. Der 


146 


Celery 


63 


Buckwheat 


146 


Centaury 


133 


Bugloss. Viper's 


123 


Centeno 


231 


Bur-dock 


97 


Cerezo 


45 


Bur-grass 


215 


Cerisier. Le 


45 


Bur- marigold 


83 


Chamomile. Garden 85 


Butler and Eggs 


110 


Stinking 85 


Butter-cups 


1 


Champignon 


242 


Butterfly-weed 


134 


Chantre. Herb au 


7 


Butter-nut 


155 


Chanvre. Le 


180 


Butter-weed 


77 


Chardon aux Anes 


95 


Button-wood 


175 


" a Foulon 


74 


CABBAGE. BULB- 


" lanceole 


93 


STALKED 


8 


Chataignier. Le 


168 


" Curled, Savoy 8 


Chats. Her be aux 


119 


" Head, York 


8 


Cheat. Chess. 


227 


" Headless 


8 


Cherry. Bleeding 




" Swamp 


189 


heart, English 


45 


" Tree 


8 


" Morello, Red 


| 


" Tumep-rooted 9 


Sour 


45 


Cabbage-tree 


188 


" Mountain 


44 


Calabash 


57 


" Wild 


46 


Calabaza 


57 


Chesnut. Horse 


27 


Calamus 


190 


Chesnut-tree 


168 


Callebasse 


57 


Chicoree sauvage 


98 


Cameline cultivte 


11 


Chiccory 


98 


Camomille romaine 


85 


Chien dent 


231 


Caua 


218 


Chinquapin 


168 


" dc Azucar 


234 


Chirivia 


56 


Canamo 


180 


Chives, or Cives 


19? 


Cane 


228 


Choufleur 


8 


4i Sugar 


234 


" Navet 


9 


Canne a Sucre 


234 


1 ' potager 


7 


Cantaleupe 


58 


" Rave 


8 


Capuchiua 


22 


" de Savoy e 


8 


Ctipucine. Grande 


22 


1 ' de Suede 


9 


Caraway. Common 64 


" en tete 


8 


Cardencha 


74 


li sails tele 


8 


Car do 


93 


Cidno 


92 


Carrot. Garden, wild 67 


Ciboulette 


197 


Carotle 


67 


Cigue ordinaire 


68 


Carvi 


64 


Cilantro 


68 


Cassis 


56 


Cinquefoil 


47 


CastaTio 


168 


Ciruelo 


44 


" de Indias 


27 


Citronenbaum. Der 


20 


Castor. Arbol de 


4 


Citrouitte. La grosse 60 



Clot-bur 81 

" Thorny 81 

Clover. Bokhara 39 

" Common, Red 37 

" Dutch, White 38 

" French 40 

" Stone, Welsh 37 

" Tree 39 

Cockle. Corn 15 

Cockle-bur 81 

"Coco-grass''? 204 

Cognassier. Le 54 

Concombre. Le 58 

Corazoncillo 14 

Coriander 68 

Coriandre 68 

Corn. Broom 236 

" Indian 203 

Correguela 125 

Cotonnier. Le 17 

Cotton-plant 17 

Cotton-wood 173 

Cotufa 82 

Cowbane 65 

" Spotted 62 

Crab-apple 54 

Crab-tree. Sweet 

scented 54 

Cranberry 103 

Cress. Indian 22 

Water 6 

11 Winter 6 

Cresson — Alenois 12 

" defontaine 6 

Criadilla de tierra 244 

Crow-foot 1 

Cucumber 58 

" Jerusalem 

Prickly 58 

Cucumber-tree 4 

Currant. Black 56 

Red 56 

Cuscuta 127 

Cymling 60 

Cvpress. Bald 185 
DACTYLE PEL- 

OTONNE 225 
Daisy 77 78 
v Ox-eye 86 
Dame d , o?ize heures 195 
Dandelion 99 
Darnel 229 
Date-plum 105 
Dead-nettle 120 
Bent de Lion 99 
Dewberry 50 
Dock. Bitter, Broad- 
leaved 143 
" Bur 97 



ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES 



265 



Dock. Curled, Sour 143 Flax 
Dodder 127 " 

Dog's-Fennel 85 " 

Dog-wood. Common 70 " 
Dotter-weide. Die 
Dry-rot 
EGG-PLANT. 

PURPLE 
Elder-bush. Com- 
mon 
Elder. Poison 



21 
Mountain 30 

Toad 110 

Wild 11 

171 Flaxvine 127 

243 Fleabane 77 76 

\Flechitre commune 192 
131 1 Fleole des Pres 209 

\Floeh-kraut. Das 144 
IvFlouve odorante 210 
24 Foin de Mouton 210 
Elm. Red, Slippery 151 Fougere femelle 235 
" Weeping, white 150 Fox- tail 213 

Endibia 9S| " Green 213 

Endive 98 Fraisier. Le 48 

Endivie. Die 98 Framboisier 50 

Epinard des potagers\38 Frambueso 50 

Equiseto 237'Fresera 48 

Erbse. Gemeine 33 Froment. Le. 23C 

Erd-Artischoke. Die 82 Fuco 246 

Erdbeerpfanze. Die 48' GAENSEFUSS. 
Erd-nuss. Die 32| Der 

Erd-schwamm. Der 242 Galingale. Bristle 
Esdragon 88J spiked 

Espadana 191|Gama-grass 

Espdrrago 198 t Ga?ance. La 

Espinaca 138 Garavances 

Espliego 112 

Espuela de Cabellero 2 
E st r agon 88 

Estramonio 128 

Eye-bright (Euphor- 
bia) 152 
" (Lobelia) 101 

FAERBEE-ROE- 

THE. Die 72 
Fasoles 34 

Feigenbaum. Der 178 
65 
85 
65 
65 
226 
226 
33 
148 



Fenchel. Der 
Fennel. Dog's 

" Garden 
Fenouil 

Fescue. Meadow 
Festuque des Pres 
Feve de JMarais 
Fever-bush 



Fevier a trois Epines. 

Le 41 

Fig-tree 178 

Figuier. Le 178 

Fil de terre 127 

Filbert. Wild 159 

Fire-weed 90 

Five-finger 47 

Flachs. Gemeiner 21 

Flachskraut. Das 11C 

Flachs -seide. Die 127 

Flag. Sweet 19C 



139 

203 

233 

72 

31 

Garbanzo 31 

Garlic. Crow, Field 196 
196 
12 
119 
122 
232 
119 
70 
97 
11 
79 
56 
139 
109 
57 
30 



English 
Garten-kresse. Die 
Gatera 
Germander 
Gerste. Gemeine 
Gill 

Ginseng 
Glouteron 
Gold of Pleasure 
Golden-rod 
Goose-berry 
Goose-foot 
Gordolobo 
Gourd. Bottle 
Grape. Bullet, Bull 



English, Wine 28 
" Fox 29 30 

" Little, Wild 29 

" Muscadine 30 

Grass of the Andes 222 

" Bengal 214 

" Bermuda 219 

" Blue 224 

" Bottle 213 

" Bur 215 

" Cats-tail 209 

" Cocksfoot 225 

" Coco? 204 

" Couch 231 
23 



Grass Crab 212 

" Crowfoot 220 
" Cut 205 

" Dog's-tail 220 
" Dog's-tooth 219 
" Drop-seed 216 
«' Feather 210 

" Fescue 226 

" Finger 212 

" Foxtail 213 

" Gama 233 

" Green 223 

" Hedgehog 215 
" Herd (of New 

England) 209 
11 Herd (of Penn- 
sylvania) 217 
" Indian 235 

" " (Oat-like) 236 
11 Manna 225 

" (Early) Mea- 
dow 222 
" (Flat-stalked) 

Meadow 224 
" (Rough-stalk- 
ed) Meadow 223 
" (Smoot-stalk- 

ed) Meadow 223 
V " Nut" 203-4 
11 Oat 222 

" Orchard 225 

11 Quitch 231 

11 Ray, or Rye 229 
" Reed 218 

" Sesame 233 

" Spear 223 

11 Sweet-scented 

Vernal 210 

11 Wire 224 

" Wood 235-6 

" (Finger spi- 
ked) 235 
" (Purple) 235 

Gremil des champs 123 
Gromwell 123 

Groseillier rouge 56 
1 ' vrai 56 

Ground-Ivy 119 

Ground-nut 32 

Groundsel 90 

Guisante 33 

Gum. Black, Sour 149 
Sweet 174 

Gundelrebe. Die 119 
Gurke. Die 58 

Gurhenbaum. Der 4 
HABA 33 

Hafer. Gemeiner 221 



266 



INDEX Of 



Hafer. Wiesen 222 
Hanf. Der ISO 

Haricot 34 

Hasenklee. Der 37 

Hay a 167 

Hazel-nut 159 

Heal-all 118 

Heaven. Tree of 25 
Hederich. Der 7 

Hedge-mustard 7 

Helecho feminino 238 
Hemlock. Common 68 
(Hemlock). Water 62 
Hem lock- Spruce 183 
Hemp 180 

Henbit 120 

Herbe au Chantre 7 

11 aux Chats 119 
aux Viperes 123 
Herd-grass (of New 

England) 209 

" (of PeJin'a.) 21 
Herzgespann. Das 120 
Hetre. Le 167 

Hickory. Broom, 

Pignut 157 

" Pecan 158 

" Shell-bark 156 

" White-heart 15 
Higuera 178 

Himbeerstaude. Die 50 
Hinojo 65 

Hirte?Uasche. Die 12 
Hisopo 116 

Hoar hound 121 

Hoblon 180 

Honey-Locust 41 

Honig-dom. Der 41 
Honig-grass. IVolli- 

ges 210 

Plop-Hornbeam 158 
Hop-vine. Common 180 
Hopfen. Der 180 

Hornbeam. Hop 158 
Horse- Chesnut 27 

Horse-radish 10 

Horse-weed 77 

Houllon 180 

Houque laineuse 210 
Huckleberry. Swamp 

or Tall 102 

Hysope 116 

Hyssop. Garden 116 
INDIA. PRIDE of 21 
Indigo-plant. Indigo 36 
lndigopflanze. Die 36 
Z.' Indigotier 36 

Iron- weed 75 

Iron-wood 158 



hop. Der 11C 

Ivraie vivace 22S 

Ivy. Ground 119 

" Poison 24 

JAMESTOWN- 
WEED 
Jaramdgo 
Johannisbeere. Ge- 
meine 

" Schwarze 

Johanniskraut. Das 
J one a mcche 
Joyo 

Judas-tree 
Junco 

KALAMUS. Der 
Kamille. Die 

' ' Stinkende 
Kannenkraut. Das 237 
Kartendistel. Aechte 74 
Kartoffel. Die 130 

Kastanienbaum. Der 16? 
Katzenmuenze. Die US 



128 



56 

56 

14 

199 

229 

40 

19 ( j 

190 

85 

85 



Kermesbeere. Die 147 
Richer. Gemeine 31 
Kirschbaum. Der 45 
i£/ee. Per Hasen 37 
" TFeisser 38 

" Der Wiesen 87 
/JTZe«e. Die 97 

Knauel-gras. Gemei- 

nes 225 

Knoblauch. Der 196 

Knot-weed. Spotted 144 

fofti. Der 7 

" jB/o^ 8 

" Blumen. 8 

" ii-V 8 

Savoyer 8 

Kohl-Rabi 8 

Kohl-ruebe. Die 9 

Koriander . Der 68 

Korn-blume. Die 92 

Kratsdistel. Die 93 

Die ^Lc&er 95 

Kresse. Die Brunnen 6 

Kresse. Die Garten 12 

" Kapuziner 22 

Kuemmel. Gemeiner 64 

Kuerbiss. Der 57 

LADY'S THUMB 144 

Laitue. La 100 

Lamb's Quarters 139 

Lamier. Le 120 

Lampazo pequeuo 81 

Lampourde 81 

Larch. Red 184 

Lark-spur 2 

Lauch. Der 196 



Lauch. Der Acker 1915 

" Gemeiner 196 

" Der ScZmiM 197 

TFem&ergs 196 

Lavande. La 

Lavandel. Der 

Lavender. Garden 

Lechuga 

Leek.^Garden 

Leindotter. Der 

Lemon-tree 

Lenteja 

Lentil 

Lentille. La 

Lepidio 

Lettuce. Garden 

Lever-wood 

Lice. Beggar's 

Liebes-Apfel. Der 

Liebre. Pie de 

Lierre terrestre 

Lievre. Pied de 

Life everlasting 

Limonero 

Lin. Lino 

Linaria 

Linde. Die 

Linden, Linn. or Limel9 
" Europaean 18 

Linse. Gemeine 

Liseron des champs 

Llanten 

Locust. Honey 

Locust-tree 

Loewenzahn. Der 

Lolch.Ausdauer7ider229 

Love-Apple 132 

Lucerne. Luzerne.LaiO 

MADDER DY- 



112 

112 

112 

100 

196 

11 

20 

33 

33 

33 

12 

100 

158 

124 

132 

37 

119 

37 

89 

20 

21 

110 

18 



33 
125 
106 
41 
35 
99 



ERS> 73 

Madeira-nut 155 

Magnolia 4 

Magnolier. Le 4 

Maize 203 

Major an. Der 115 

Major ana 115 

Mallow. Indian 8 

" Low, Running 16 
Malva de hoja redonda\6 
Malve. Rundblaet- 

trige 16 

Mangold. Gemeiner 139 
Mani 32 

Manne de Prusse 225 
Ma?izanilla 85 

" fetida 85 

Manzdno 53 

Maple. Red, Swamp 27 

Silver-leaved 26 



ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES 



267 



Maple. Sugar 26 

" White 26 

Margarita mayor 86 

Marigold. Bur 83 

Marjolaine. La 115 

Marjoram. Sweet 115 

Maroute 85 

Marro?inier delude 27 

Marrub blanc 121 

Marrubio 121 

Marygold. Bur 83 

Masse d'eau 191 

Maulbeere. Weisse 176 

Mauve. Petite 16 

May-weed 85 

Meer-rettig. Der 10 

Meer-tang. Der 246 

Mehlthau. Der 246 

Melilot blanc. Le 39 

Meliloto 39 

Melisa 117 
Melisse. Die Mellisse 

La 117 

Melocoton. El 42 
itfeZorc. Melone. Die 58 

Melon armizcleno 58 

Melon d'eau 59 

Melon. Musk 58 

Water 59 
Melone. Die Wasser 59 

Membrillero 54 

Menta piperita 113 

11 puntiaguda 113 

Menthe. La 113 

Miagro 1 1 

Mielga 40 

Mildew 246 

Milenrama 86 

Milfril 86 

Milk-wort 30 

Millefeuille. La 86 

Millepertuis 14 

Millet 214 
Mint. Common, 

Spear 113 

" Pepper 113 

Moehre. Die 67 

itfofo 245 

Moisissure 245 

Morelle a Grappes 147 

woire 130 

Morera 176 

Moss. Bog 239 

" Iceland 240 

" Long 193 

" Rein-deer 241 

Moslazo 9 

11 ftZarcco 10 



Mother-wort 1201 

Mould. Bread 245 

Moutarde blanche 10i 

" rfes Capucins 10 

" fto/re 9 

Mu flier linaire 110 

Mulberry. Paper 178 

Red 176 

White 176 

Mullein. Common 109 

Murier blanc 176 

Mushroom. Eatable 242 

Mustard. Black 

" Hedge 

" White 10 

NABA 9 

Nabiza 9 

Nachtschatten. Ei- 

fruechtiger 131 
" Der Schwarze 130 
20 
22 
123 
9 
9 
42 
84 
15 



Nara?ijo 
Nasturtium 
NatterJiopf. Der 
Navet 

1 ' jaune 
Nectarine 
Needles. Spanish 
Neguillon 
Nektar-Pfirschen- 

baum. Der 42 
Nessel. Die taube 120 
Nettle. Dead 120 

Horse 131 

" Stinging 179 
Nettle-tree 151 

Nielle. La 246 

Nielle des Bles. La 15 
Nightshade 130 

Nimble Will 216 

Noguera 155 

Noyer commun 155 

"Nut-grass" 203-4 
Nut. Ground 32 

" Hazel 159 

" Madeira 155 

" Pea 32 

" Pecan 158 

OAK. BLACK 162 
• " Black-Jack, 161 
Barren 161 
" Chesnut 166 

" (Rock) Ches- 
nut 166 
" (Swamp) Ches- 
nut 165 
" Laurel-leaved 161 
" Live 161 
" Pin 163 



Oak Poison 24 
" Post 164 
" Red 162 
" Scarlet 162 
" Spanish 163 
" White 164 
" Willow, Wil- 
low leaved 160 
11 Yellow 166 

Oats. Common 221 

" Water 207 

V Oeil de Beuf 86 

V Oignon 197 
Okra 17 
Onion. Garden 197 
Orange. China, 

Sweet 20 

" Osage 177 

U O ranger 20 

Oranienbaum. Der 20 

Orge commune 232 

Ornitogalo 195 

Ortie. Grande 179 

Ortiga 179 

" muerta 120 

Oseille. Petite 143 

Osier. Golden 171 

Osier jaune 171 

Oyster-plant 99 
PALMA CHRIS- 

TI 153 

Palmetto. Tall 188 

Panais potager 66 
Pappel. Lombardis- 

che 173 

Parsley 64 

Parsnep. Garden 66 

Wild 65 

PastinaJce. Die 66 

Pastisson 60 

Patate jaune 125 
Patenotres. Arbre 

aux 21 

Patience frisee 143 

Paturin annuel 222 

" applati 224 

" ^des Pres 223 

Pavot batard 5 
Pea. Chick, Coffee 31 

" Garden 33 

Pea-nut 32 

Peach-tree 42 

Pear-tree 53 

Pecan-nut 158 

Pecher. Le 42 

Pennyroyal 117 

Peperidge 149 

Pepino 58 



26S 



INDEX OP 



Pepper. Cayenne, 

Red 129 

" Water 144 

Pepper-grass 11 

Pepper-mint 113 

Feral. El 53 

Perexil 64 

Persicaire 144 

Persicaria 144 

Persil 64 

Persimmon 105 

Petersilie. Die 64 

Peuplier Italien 173 
Pfeffer. Spanischer 129 
Pfeffermuenze. Die 113 
Pfeilkraut. Das 192 
Pfirschenbaum. Der 42 
Pfiaumenbaum. Der 44 
i'mZ d'Alouette 2 

JP/erf rfe Lievre 3? 

Figeon-berry 147 

P intent ero. El 129 

Pine. Ground 238 

" Long-leaved 182 

" Weymouth, 

White 182 

11 Yellow 182 

Pipsissawa 104 

Planetree 175 

Plantain. Common 106 
Buckhorn, 
English 106 
Plantain ordinaire 106 
Plaqueminier . Le 105 
Pleurisy-root 134 

Plum. Chicasaw 44 

" Common, Da- 
mascene 44 

'• Date 105 

" Red, Yellow 44 
Poirier. Le 53 

Pois Chiche. Le 31 

Pois cultivi 33 

Poison-vine 24 

Poivred" Inde 139 

Poke. Poke-weed 14? 
Pomme d? Amour 132 
Pomme epineuse 128 
Pomme de terre 130 

Pommier. Le 53 

Poplar. Athenian 173 
Carolina 173 

'• Italian, Lom- 
bardy 173 

" Tulip 4 

Poppy. Field 5 

Porreau 196 

Portulak. Gemeiner 15 



Potato. Carolina 

Sweet 125 

" Common-, Irish 130 
Potiron 60 

Pourpier potager 15 

Prele. La 237 

Prim. Privet 136 

Primrose. Evening 55 
Prunier 44 

Pseudo-lotus. Der 105 
Puerro 196 

Pumpkin 60 

Purse. Shepherd's 12 
Purslane 15 

QUECKE GE- 

MEINE 231 
Quercitron 162 

Quince-tree 54 

Quittenbaum. Der 54 
RABANO 13 

Rdbano picante 10 

Rabbit-toot 37 

Rade. Gemeine 15 

Radis. Raifort 13 

Radish. Black, Tur- 
nep 13 

" Common, Gar- 
den 13 

" Horse 10 

" Spanish 13 

" Turnep 13 

Rag-weed 80 

Ragged Robbin 92 

Rainfarrn. Dei 8? 

Ranstead-Weed 110 
Ranunhel. Knolliger 1 
Raspberry. Antwerp, 

Garden 49 

" Black 50 

" Rose-flowering 49 
Rave. Grosse 9 

Red-bud 40 

Red- top 21? 

Reed 20? 

" Cooper's 191 
Reed-grass 218 

Reed-mace 191 

Rehwasen 224 

Reiss. Der 206 

Rettig. Der J 3 

Der Meer 10 
Rheinweide. Geme- 
ine 136 
Rhubarb. Pie 142 

Ribes negra 56 

' ' roja 56 

Rice. Common 206 

" Indian 20 



Rice Wild 205 

Ricin ordinaire. Le 153 

Ricino 153 
Rispengras. Jaehri- 

ges 222 

Wiesen 223 

Rittersporn. Der 2 

Riz. Le 206 

Robin. Ragged 92 

Rod. Golden 79 

Roggen. Gemeiner 231 

Roggen- Trespe 227 

Rohr Gemeines 218 

Rohrkolbe. Die 191 

Ronce. La 51 
Roquette des Jardins 6 

Rose, Swamp 51 

Roseau a balais 218 

Rosskostanie. Die 27 

Rot. Dry 243 

Rubta 72 

Ruch-gras. Das 210 

Ruebe- Die 9 
Rush. Chairmakers202 

" Scouring 237 

11 Soft 199 

Ruta baga 9 

Rye. Common 231 

Rye-grass 229 
SAAT-MOHN. Der 5 

Saeta 192 

Sage. Garden 114 

" Indian 75 

" Wood 122 

Salad. Garden 100 

Salat. Der 100 

Salbie. Die 114 

Salsijis. Salsify 99 

Salvia 114 

Sandia 59 

Sarriette. La 116 

Sassafras 148 

Saturey. Die 116 

SawBohne. Die 33 

Sauce 171 

" de Babilonia 172 

Sauge. La 172 

Saide pleureur 114 

Saumfarrn. Adler 238 

Savory. Summer 116 

Saxifrage. Tall 61 

S carole. La 98 

Schofgarbe. Die 86 

SchieHing. Der 68 

Schimmel. De r 245 

Schneckenklee. Der 40 
Schwingel. Essbarer 225 

Wiesen 226 



ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES 



269 



Scurvy-grass 6 

Sea-weed. Seawrack246 
Sedge. Sedge-grass 200 

" Tussock 201 

Seigle. Le 23i 

Self-heal 148 

Sevf. Schtvarzer 

'• Weisser 10 

Serpolet 1 1 5 

Sesame- grass 233 

Shell-bark 156 

Shepherd's Purse 12 
Si?nse. Gemeine 1 99 
Skunk- weed 189 

Smut. Smut-brand 245 
Snake- root. Black, 

Tall 3 

" Seneka 30 

" Virginia 137 
Sorrel. Field,sheep 143 
Spanish-Needles 84 
Spar gel. Der 198 

" Sparrow-grass" 198 
Spice-wood 148 

Spikenard 69 

Spinach, or Spinage 138 
Spinat. Der 138 

Spilzklette. Die 81 

Spilzmuenze. Die 113 
Spruce. Hemlock 183 
Spurge 152 

Squash. Long, War- 
ted 60 

" Round 60 

Squaw-weed 90 

Stachelbeere. Die 56 
Stagger-bush 104 

Stechapfel. Der 128 

Steinklee. Weisser 39 
Steinsame. Acker 123 
Stone-weed 123 

Strawberry. English, 
Garden 48 
Wild 48 
Succory. Garden 98 
Wild 98 

Sugar-berry 151 

Sugar-cane 234 

Sumach. Chinese 25 

" Common, 

Smooth 23 

" Poison 24 

Staghorn 23 
Sycamore 175 

TAB AC. LE 128 
Taback. Der 128 

Tabaco 128 

Tamarack 184 



Tanaceto 


87 


Tanaisie 


87 


Tansey 


87 


Tarragon 


88 


Taube-nessel. Die 


120 


Tear- thumb. Arrow- 


leaved 145 


" Halbert-leavedl45 


Teasel. F'uilers' 


74 


Wild 


73 


Ten -O'clock 


195 


Thimble-berry 


50 


Thistle. Canada, 




Cursed 


95 


" Common 


93 


Yellow 


94 


Thorn. Cockspur, 




New Castle 52 


11 Virginia, Wash- 


ington 


53 


Thorn-apple 


128 


Thorough-stem 


75 


Thumb. Lady's 


144 


Thyme. Garden, 




Standing 


f 115 


Thymian. Der 


115 


Tilleul. Le 


18 


Tilo 


18 


Timothy 


209 


White 


210 


Tizon. El 


246 


Toad-flax 


110 


Tobacco. Common 128 


Indian 


10] 


Tomate 


132 


Tomato, or Toma- 




toes 


132 


Tomillo 


115 


Tongue-grass 


11 


TopinambotiT 


82 


Trebol 


37 


' ' bianco 


38 


Trefle blanche 


38 


" des Pres 


37 


Trefoil. Spanish 


40 


Trespe. Boggen 


527 


Trigo 


230 


' ' Saraceno 


146 


Triolet 


38 


Troene. Le 


136 


Trueffel. Die 


244 


Truffe 


244 


Truffle 


244 


Tulipie r . Le 


4 


Tulip-tree 


4 


Tulpenbaum. Der 


4 


Turnep. Common 


9 


" Indian 


189 



Turnep Swedish 9 
Tussock- Sedge 201 
UNICORN- 
PLANT 108 
Uva espi?ia 56 

VABEC 246 

Velvet-leaf 18 

Verdolaga 1 5 

Vervain. Common 1 ) 1 
Vibora. Yerba de la 123 
Vid. La 28 

Vieh-gras. Das 223 
Vigne. La *-3 

Vine. Flax 127 

" Grape 23 

11 Poison 24 

Viptres. Herbeaux 123 
Vogelmilch. Die 195 
WALLNUSS. 

DIE 155 

Walnut. Black 154 

" English 155 

White 155 
Water-Cress 6 

Water- Pepper 144 

Way-bread 106 

Wegetritt. Der gros- 

se 106 
Wegewart. Der 98 

Weide. Babylon- 

ische 1 72 
DieDotterl71 
Weinstock. Der 28 
Weitzen Gemeiner 230 
Wermulh. Der 88 

Wheat. Spring, Win- 
ter 230 
White-weed 86 
White-wood 19 
Wiesen-Hafer 222 
Wiesvn-Lieschgras. 

Das 209 
Will. Nimble 216 

Willow. Drooping, 

Weeping 172 

" Yellow 171 

Willow-herb. Night 55 
Wind e. Die Acker 1 25 

11 Bataten 125 
Winter-green 104 

W inter -kr esse. Die 6 
Wood. Iron, Lever 158 
Wollkraut. Das 109 
Worm-seed 140 

Worm-wood S3 

Wort. St. John's 14 
TVucherblume. Die 86 
Wu?iderbaum. Der 153 



270 INDEX OF ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES 



YARROW 


86 


" de Santa. Barl 


ara 6 


Yedra terrestre 


119 


" de la Vibora 


123 


Yerba Caxmih 


147 


ZANAHORIA 


67 


' ' Mora 


130 


Zvrza 


51 



Zederach. Der 21 

Zucher-Tohr.Aech.lcs 234 
Zwiebel. Die.. 197 



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